Profiles in Transition: Of adventurers and administrators in south India, 1750-1810

Indian Economic and Social History Review

Volumn 39, Issue 2-3 SPEC. ISS., 2002, Pages 197-231

  Subrahmanyam, Sanja ^a  

^a ÉCOLE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES   (France)

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EID: 2442496370     PISSN: 00194646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/001946460203900205     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. The present essay forms part of a larger reflection on European views of India, centering on the figure of Niccolò Manuzzi (ca. 1638-1720). For help in its preparation, I am grateful to Jorge Manuel Flores, Maurice Kriegel and Kapil Raj; a particular debt is to Jonathan Spencer, who was largely instrumental in having me visit Edinburgh.
2. T.E. Lawrence, Oriental Assembly, ed., A.W. Lawrence, London. 1939. p. 143.
3. An exception to this rule was Burton Stein, Thomas Munro: The Origins of the Colonial State and His Vision of Empire, Delhi, 1989.
4. Dharma Kumar, Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labour in the Madras Presidency in the Nineteenth Century, 2nd edn, New Delhi, 1992, p. xv.
5. For a recent reiteration of this viewpoint, see Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, Le devisement du monde: De la pluralité des espaces à l'espace global de l'humanité, XVème-XVIème siècles, Lisbon, 2000.
6. Donald F. Lach and Edwin J. Van Kley, Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance, Book I, Chicago, 1993, pp. 596-97.
7. Partha Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art, 2nd edn, Chicago, 1992, p. xiii (original publication 1977).
8. For such a 'heroic' view in respect of figures such as F.W. Ellis, see Thomas R. Trautmann, 'Inventing the History of South India', in Daud Ali, ed., Invoking the Fast: The Uses of History in South Asia, Delhi, 1999, pp. 36-54.
9. Joan-Pau Rubiés, Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India through European Eyes, 1250-1625, Cambridge, 2000, p. 287.
10. For instance Ismael Gracias, O Bispo de Halicarnasso D. António José de Noronha: Memória Histórica, Nova Goa, 1903; the most recent biographical sketch is that by Carmen Radulet, 'D. António José de Noronha: ficha biográfica', in D. António José de Noronha, Sistema Marcial Asiático, Político, Histórico, Genealógico, Analítico e Miscelânico, ed., Carmen M. Radulet, Lisbon, 1994, pp. xi-xxvi.
11. For instance Ismael Gracias, O Bispo de Halicarnasso D. António José de Noronha: Memória Histórica, Nova Goa, 1903; the most recent biographical sketch is that by Carmen Radulet, 'D. António José de Noronha: ficha biográfica', in D. António José de Noronha, Sistema Marcial Asiático, Político, Histórico, Genealógico, Analítico e Miscelânico, ed., Carmen M. Radulet, Lisbon, 1994, pp. xi-xxvi.
12. Halicarnassus corresponds to the modern Bodrum in Turkey. Noronha was thus named titular or non-resident Bishop in partibus infidelium, a term meaning 'in the lands of the unbelievers'.
13. Noronha, Sistema, p. xxi.
14. Ibid., p. xxiii.
15. D. António José de Noronha, Diário dos sucessos da viagem que fez do Reino de Portugal para a cidade de Goa, D. António José de Noronha, Bispo de Halicarnasse, principiada aos 21 de Abril de 1773, eds, Carmen M. Radulet and Francisco Contente Domingues, Lisbon, 1995.
16. Cf. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History, London, 1993, pp. 188-96; Glenn J. Ames, Renascent Empire?: The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683, Amsterdam, 2000.
17. Cf. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History, London, 1993, pp. 188-96; Glenn J. Ames, Renascent Empire?: The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683, Amsterdam, 2000.
18. For the relative importance of the Old and New Conquests, see Rudy Bauss, 'A demographic study of Portuguese India and Macau as well as comments on Mozambique and Timor, 1750-1850', The Indian Economic and Social History Review (hereafter IESHR), Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, 1997, pp. 199-216; and Maria de Jesus dos Mártires Lopes, Goa setecentista: Tradição e modernidade, Lisbon, 1996.
19. For the relative importance of the Old and New Conquests, see Rudy Bauss, 'A demographic study of Portuguese India and Macau as well as comments on Mozambique and Timor, 1750-1850', The Indian Economic and Social History Review (hereafter IESHR), Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, 1997, pp. 199-216; and Maria de Jesus dos Mártires Lopes, Goa setecentista: Tradição e modernidade, Lisbon, 1996.
20. The text is published in D. António José de Noronha, Obras políticas, ed., Carmen M. Radulet, Lisbon, 2001, pp. 39-54; and had earlier been published by J.H. da Cunha Rivara in O Chronista de Tissuary, Nos 10 and 11, 1866, pp. 260-66, 288-94.
21. The text is published in D. António José de Noronha, Obras políticas, ed., Carmen M. Radulet, Lisbon, 2001, pp. 39-54; and had earlier been published by J.H. da Cunha Rivara in O Chronista de Tissuary, Nos 10 and 11, 1866, pp. 260-66, 288-94.
22. Cf. N.K. Sinha, Haidar Ali, Calcutta, 1941.
23. British Library, London, Oriental and India Office Collections (henceforth OIOC), Orme Mss. No. 33, Document 7, 'An Account of Hyderally's Revenues, his provinces, his expences, sent by G. Mackay to R.O.', pp. 111-19.
24. Noronha, Sistema, pp. 66-67.
25. This is a creative use of the legend of Alexander and the Jews, for which see Andrew Gow, The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age, 1200-1600, Leiden, 1995, Ch. 2; and Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Tradition in the Middle Ages, New York, 1979, p. 56. The distant origins may be found in the Greek text from the third century C.E. of Pseudo-Callisthène, Le Roman d'Alexandre: La vie et les hauts faits d'Alexandre de Macédonie, trans. Gilles Bounoure and Blandine Serret, Paris, 1992.
26. This is a creative use of the legend of Alexander and the Jews, for which see Andrew Gow, The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age, 1200-1600, Leiden, 1995, Ch. 2; and Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Tradition in the Middle Ages, New York, 1979, p. 56. The distant origins may be found in the Greek text from the third century C.E. of Pseudo-Callisthène, Le Roman d'Alexandre: La vie et les hauts faits d'Alexandre de Macédonie, trans. Gilles Bounoure and Blandine Serret, Paris, 1992.
27. This is a creative use of the legend of Alexander and the Jews, for which see Andrew Gow, The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age, 1200-1600, Leiden, 1995, Ch. 2; and Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Tradition in the Middle Ages, New York, 1979, p. 56. The distant origins may be found in the Greek text from the third century C.E. of Pseudo-Callisthène, Le Roman d'Alexandre: La vie et les hauts faits d'Alexandre de Macédonie, trans. Gilles Bounoure and Blandine Serret, Paris, 1992.
28. Noronha, Sistema, pp. 50-51.
29. Ibid., pp. 77-78.
30. Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Seção de Iconografia, C. I, 2, 8, 'Notícia summaria do gentilismo da Asia com dez Riscos Iluminados ...'. For a brief discussion of the author, also see Lygia da Fonseca Fernandes da Cunha, Riscos Illuminados de figurinhos de brancos e negros dos uzos do Rio de Janeiro e Serro do Frio, Rio de Janeiro, 1960.
31. Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Seção de Iconografia, C. I, 2, 8, 'Notícia summaria do gentilismo da Asia com dez Riscos Iluminados ...'. For a brief discussion of the author, also see Lygia da Fonseca Fernandes da Cunha, Riscos Illuminados de figurinhos de brancos e negros dos uzos do Rio de Janeiro e Serro do Frio, Rio de Janeiro, 1960.
32. Noronha, Obras Políticas, pp. 117-44, 161-83.
33. Noronha, Sistema, p. 139.
34. For standard works, see Marc Chassaigne, Bussy en Inde, Paris, 1976, and Roger Glachant, 'Un conquérant sans étoile, le marquis de Bussy (1720-1785)', Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1968, No. 4, pp. 289-314.
35. For standard works, see Marc Chassaigne, Bussy en Inde, Paris, 1976, and Roger Glachant, 'Un conquérant sans étoile, le marquis de Bussy (1720-1785)', Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1968, No. 4, pp. 289-314.
36. He is also an excellent example of the 'portfolio capitalist' of the period, for which see Sanjay Subrahmanyam and C.A. Bayly, 'Portfolio Capitalists and the Political Economy of Early Modern India', IESHR, Vol. XXV (4), 1988, pp. 401-24.
37. On Dupleix, see most recently Marc Vigié, Dupleix, 1993; and on questions of private trade, Catherine Manning, Fortunes à faire: The French in Asian Trade, 1719-1748, Aldershot, 1996.
38. On Dupleix, see most recently Marc Vigié, Dupleix, 1993; and on questions of private trade, Catherine Manning, Fortunes à faire: The French in Asian Trade, 1719-1748, Aldershot, 1996.
39. Charles-Joseph de Bussy, Mémoire pour le sieur de Bussy, brigadier des armées du roi, expositif de ses créances sur la Compagnie des Indes, Paris, 1764; Charles-Joseph de Bussy, Mémoire pour le marquis de Bussy (...) contre les syndics et directeurs de la Compagnie des Indes, Paris, 1767.
40. Charles-Joseph de Bussy, Mémoire pour le sieur de Bussy, brigadier des armées du roi, expositif de ses créances sur la Compagnie des Indes, Paris, 1764; Charles-Joseph de Bussy, Mémoire pour le marquis de Bussy (...) contre les syndics et directeurs de la Compagnie des Indes, Paris, 1767.
41. This is largely the implication of Jean-Marie Lafont, 'India and the Age of Enlightenment, 1612-1849', in Lafont, Indika: Essays in Indo-French Relations, 1630-1976, New Delhi, 2000, pp. 23-50, and also seems to underlie Guy Deleury, Les Indes Florissantes: Anthologie des voyageurs français (1750-1820), Paris, 1991.
42. This is largely the implication of Jean-Marie Lafont, 'India and the Age of Enlightenment, 1612-1849', in Lafont, Indika: Essays in Indo-French Relations, 1630-1976, New Delhi, 2000, pp. 23-50, and also seems to underlie Guy Deleury, Les Indes Florissantes: Anthologie des voyageurs français (1750-1820), Paris, 1991.
43. Alfred Martineau, Dupleix et l'Inde française, 1749-54, Vol. IV, Paris, 1928, p. 17, letter dated 24 May 1751.
44. Alfred Martineau, Bussy et l'Inde française, 1720-1785, Paris, 1935, p. 71.
45. Martineau, Bussy, p. 80.
46. 'Mémoire instructif sur l'état politique des Maures et des Français dans le Décan et sur leurs intérêts réciproques', 10 July 1753, in Ibid., p. 108.
47. Ibid., pp. 185-86.
48. Jean Deloche, 'Le mémoire de Moracin sur Macilipattinamu: Un tableau des conditions économiques et sociales des provinces côtières de l'Andhra au milieu du XVIIIe siècle', Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême Orient, Vol. 62, 1975, pp. 125-50.
49. Martineau, Bussy, p. 310.
50. Ibid., pp. 130-31.
51. Hanno (or Hannon) being a famous navigator from Carthage of the fourth century B.C.E., We may presume that this verse was in fact taken from a French tragedy in which he was a character, or from a translation of the so-called Periplus of Hanno.
52. The reference is to the mahi maratib, or 'fish standard', which had been held earlier by such high umara as Ghazi-ud-Din Khan and Zu'lfiqar Khan; cf. Satish Chandra, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740, reprint, Delhi, 2002.
53. Martineau, Bussy, pp. 136-37.
54. Ibid., pp. 126, 132-33.
55. The career of Paul Benfield (1741-1810), who claimed that 'by long and extensive dealings as a merchant, he had gained credit at Fort St. George and confidence with the natives of India ... to an extent never before experienced by any European in that country', would undoubtedly repay closer study. See OIOC, Mss. Eur. C. 307, 'The Paul Benfield papers', in 5 vols.
56. Cf. Sylvia Murr, L'Indologie du Père Cœurdoux: Stratégies, Apologétique et Scientificité, Paris, 1987. Incidentally, Duperron did meet Bussy at least once, in Srikakulam in June 1757, and was in general much in awe of him; cf. Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil Duperron, Voyage en Inde, 1754-1762: Relation de voyage en préliminaire à la traduction du Zend-Avesta, eds, Jean Deloche, Manonmani Filliozat and Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat, Paris, 1997, pp. 146-48.
57. Cf. Sylvia Murr, L'Indologie du Père Cœurdoux: Stratégies, Apologétique et Scientificité, Paris, 1987. Incidentally, Duperron did meet Bussy at least once, in Srikakulam in June 1757, and was in general much in awe of him; cf. Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil Duperron, Voyage en Inde, 1754-1762: Relation de voyage en préliminaire à la traduction du Zend-Avesta, eds, Jean Deloche, Manonmani Filliozat and Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat, Paris, 1997, pp. 146-48.
58. See Edward Moor, Hindu Infanticide: An Account of the Measures Adopted for Suppressing the Practice of the Systematic Murder by their Parents of Female Infants, London, 1811, pp. 216-19. Also see the entry for John Parker Boyd (1764-1830), in John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds, American National Biography, Oxford and New York, 1999, Vol. 3, pp. 311-12.
59. See Edward Moor, Hindu Infanticide: An Account of the Measures Adopted for Suppressing the Practice of the Systematic Murder by their Parents of Female Infants, London, 1811, pp. 216-19. Also see the entry for John Parker Boyd (1764-1830), in John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds, American National Biography, Oxford and New York, 1999, Vol. 3, pp. 311-12.
60. Alexander Walker, An Account of a Voyage to the North West Coast of America in 1785 and 1786, eds, Robin Fisher and J.M. Bumsted, Seattle 1982.
61. Cf. Colonel Alexander Walker, Reports on the Resources and c. of the Districts of Neriad, Matur, Mondeh (...) in Guzerat (...), with memoirs on the Districts of Jhalawar, Kattywar proper; Reports of the Measures adopted (...) by Colonel Alexander Walker and by his successors, for the suppression of female infanticide, compiled and edited by R. Hughes Thomas, 2 vols, Bombay, 1856.
62. Moor, Hindu Infanticide, p. iv. Walker's Report occupies pp. 42-103 of the work, with a postscript (also by him, pp. 103-7) discussing human sacrifice among the Karada Brahmins. On Duncan's interests in such questions, see Radhika Singha, A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India, Delhi, 1998.
63. Moor, Hindu Infanticide, p. iv. Walker's Report occupies pp. 42-103 of the work, with a postscript (also by him, pp. 103-7) discussing human sacrifice among the Karada Brahmins. On Duncan's interests in such questions, see Radhika Singha, A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India, Delhi, 1998.
64. Fisher and Bumsted, 'Introduction', in Walker, An Account, p. 12.
65. Rosane Rocher, Alexander Hamilton (1762-1824): A Chapter in the Early History of Sanskrit Philology, New Haven, 1968; Stein, Thomas Munro; Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, 2001, Ch. 5.
66. Rosane Rocher, Alexander Hamilton (1762-1824): A Chapter in the Early History of Sanskrit Philology, New Haven, 1968; Stein, Thomas Munro; Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, 2001, Ch. 5.
67. Rosane Rocher, Alexander Hamilton (1762-1824): A Chapter in the Early History of Sanskrit Philology, New Haven, 1968; Stein, Thomas Munro; Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, 2001, Ch. 5.
68. James Fraser, A Catalogue of Manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and Sanskerrit Languages Collected in the East by James Fraser, London, 1742. The collection includes a number of Persian versions of Sanskrit works, as also original works by Badayuni, Iskandar Beg Munshi, and a number of other historians. Also see Fraser, The History of Nadir Shah, Formerly Called Thomas Kuli Khan, 2nd edn, London, 1742, for his reflections on Mughal chronicles.
69. James Fraser, A Catalogue of Manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and Sanskerrit Languages Collected in the East by James Fraser, London, 1742. The collection includes a number of Persian versions of Sanskrit works, as also original works by Badayuni, Iskandar Beg Munshi, and a number of other historians. Also see Fraser, The History of Nadir Shah, Formerly Called Thomas Kuli Khan, 2nd edn, London, 1742, for his reflections on Mughal chronicles.
70. Falconer Madan, A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, Vol. IV, Oxford, 1897, pp. 674-79.
71. National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh (henceforth NLS), Walker of Bowlands Papers, Mss. 13817 and 13818, Preface, ff. 6-7.
72. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England, Chicago, 1994.
73. For a development of the notion of 'civility' in an Indian context, see Kapil Raj, 'Refashioning Civilities, Engineering Trust: William Jones, Indian Intermediaries and the Production of Reliable Legal Knowledge in Late 18th-Century Bengal', Studies in History, n.s., Vol. XVII (2), 2001.
74. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13813, fl. 110.
75. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13886, fl. 517. Compare Peter J. Marshall, 'Edmund Burke and India: The Vicissitudes of a Reputation', in Rudrangshu Mukherjee and Lakshmi Subramanian, eds, Politics and Trade in the Indian Ocean World: Essays in honour of Ashin Das Gupta, Delhi, 1998, pp. 250-69.
76. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13886, fl. 517. Compare Peter J. Marshall, 'Edmund Burke and India: The Vicissitudes of a Reputation', in Rudrangshu Mukherjee and Lakshmi Subramanian, eds, Politics and Trade in the Indian Ocean World: Essays in honour of Ashin Das Gupta, Delhi, 1998, pp. 250-69.
77. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13813, fl. 110-110v.
78. Peter Burke, 'The Philosopher as Traveller: Bernier's Orient', in Jas Elsner and Joan-Pau Rubiés, eds, Voyages and Visions: Towards a Cultural History of Travel, London, 1999, p. 137.
79. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Miscellaneous Notices, No. 13881, 'Preface', p. xiv.
80. Ibid., pp. xviii-xix.
81. Ibid., Ms. 13886, Miscellaneous Notices, Vol. 6, pp. 487-88.
82. Walker, An Account, p. 75.
83. Fisher and Bumsted, 'Introduction', in Walker, An Account, p. 11.
84. For example, NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13816, 'Figures and Drawings'.
85. Dirks, Castes of Mind, p. 91.
86. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13903.
87. Edward Moor, The Hindu Pantheon, London, 1810, has been described as 'a work of considerable value, which for more than fifty years remained the only book of authority in English upon its subject' (entry for Edward Moor, 1771-1848, in Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XIII, Oxford, 1921-22, pp. 781-82). For a discussion, also see Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters, pp. 178-81.
88. Edward Moor, The Hindu Pantheon, London, 1810, has been described as 'a work of considerable value, which for more than fifty years remained the only book of authority in English upon its subject' (entry for Edward Moor, 1771-1848, in Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XIII, Oxford, 1921-22, pp. 781-82). For a discussion, also see Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters, pp. 178-81.
89. Edward Moor, The Hindu Pantheon, London, 1810, has been described as 'a work of considerable value, which for more than fifty years remained the only book of authority in English upon its subject' (entry for Edward Moor, 1771-1848, in Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XIII, Oxford, 1921-22, pp. 781-82). For a discussion, also see Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters, pp. 178-81.
90. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13903, 'An Account of various Hindoo Deities', pp. 1-3.
91. Ibid., Ms. 13813, fls. 104, 112, 114. Again, it is interesting to compare Walker's modus operandi with that of the nineteenth-century German missionary scholar in Kerala, Hermann Gundert, for which see the materials surveyed in Albrecht Frenz and Scaria Zacharia, Hermann Gundert: Quellen zu seinem Leben und Werk, Ulm, 1991.
92. Ibid., Ms. 13813, fls. 104, 112, 114. Again, it is interesting to compare Walker's modus operandi with that of the nineteenth-century German missionary scholar in Kerala, Hermann Gundert, for which see the materials surveyed in Albrecht Frenz and Scaria Zacharia, Hermann Gundert: Quellen zu seinem Leben und Werk, Ulm, 1991.
93. Ibid., Ms. 13818, 'Arbores et Herbae Malabaricae', Vol. II, fl. 285. The texts in question are Vahata's Astangahrdayasamhita and the Amarakosa respectively; they are discussed in Francis Zimmermann, Le discours des remèdes au pays des épices: Enquête sur la médecine hindoue, Paris, 1989, pp. 40-42, 248-49.
94. Ibid., Ms. 13818, 'Arbores et Herbae Malabaricae', Vol. II, fl. 285. The texts in question are Vahata's Astangahrdayasamhita and the Amarakosa respectively; they are discussed in Francis Zimmermann, Le discours des remèdes au pays des épices: Enquête sur la médecine hindoue, Paris, 1989, pp. 40-42, 248-49.
95. Unfortunately, the Walker Papers have not been used so far to study the rule of Tipu Sultan, as we see from two recent works: Kate Brittlebank, Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain, Delhi, 1997; and Irfan Habib, ed., Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan, New Delhi, 1999.
96. Unfortunately, the Walker Papers have not been used so far to study the rule of Tipu Sultan, as we see from two recent works: Kate Brittlebank, Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain, Delhi, 1997; and Irfan Habib, ed., Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan, New Delhi, 1999.
97. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13615-A, 'Narrative of the Operations of the Army under General Mathews', fls. 1-25.
98. Ibid., 'An Account of Tippoo Sultan, His Family, and the Revenues of His Country etc', Fort St. George, 14 December 1789, fls. 27-34v.
99. Ibid., Ms. 13794-A, 'Preface', p. iv, to a text entitled 'Memoir of the Life and principal transactions of Tippoo Sultaun written by a Mahrattah Sirdar in his service'.
100. This estimate may be found in Ibid., Ms. 13615-B; for its wider context, see Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'The Politics of Fiscal Decline: A Reconsideration of Maratha Tanjavur, 1676-1799', IESHR, Vol. XXXII (2), 1995, pp. 177-217.
101. This estimate may be found in Ibid., Ms. 13615-B; for its wider context, see Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'The Politics of Fiscal Decline: A Reconsideration of Maratha Tanjavur, 1676-1799', IESHR, Vol. XXXII (2), 1995, pp. 177-217.
102. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13793, Description of Seringapatam etc, written December 1800.
103. Dilip M. Menon, 'Houses by the Sea: State-Formation Experiments in Malabar, 1760-1800', Economic and Political Weekly, 17 July 1999, p. 2001. Menon makes extensive use in the essay of the Walker Papers to examine the political situation in Malabar in the 1790s.
104. NLS, Walker of Bowlands Papers, Ms. 13886, pp. 494-97.
105. William R. Pinch, 'Same Difference in India and Europe', History and Theory, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1999, pp. 389-407; the critique is directed at Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, Princeton, 1996. For a response, see Dirks, Castes of Mind, pp. 311-12.
106. William R. Pinch, 'Same Difference in India and Europe', History and Theory, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1999, pp. 389-407; the critique is directed at Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, Princeton, 1996. For a response, see Dirks, Castes of Mind, pp. 311-12.
107. William R. Pinch, 'Same Difference in India and Europe', History and Theory, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1999, pp. 389-407; the critique is directed at Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, Princeton, 1996. For a response, see Dirks, Castes of Mind, pp. 311-12.
108. Also see Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'The Career of Colonel Polier and Late Eighteenth-Century Orientalism', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. X, No. 1, 2000, pp. 43-60.
109. The discussion by Peter J. Marshall, 'British Assessments of the Dutch in Asia in the Age of Raffles', Itinerario, Vol. XII, No. 1, 1988, pp. 1-15, is ambiguous on this point.
110. Juan R.I. Cole, 'Invisible Occidentalism: Eighteenth-Century Indo-Persian Constructions of the West', Iranian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3-4, 1992, pp. 3-16, and Tapan Raychaudhuri, 'Europe in India's Xenology: The Nineteenth-Century Record', Past and Present, No. 137, 1992, pp. 156-82.
111. Juan R.I. Cole, 'Invisible Occidentalism: Eighteenth-Century Indo-Persian Constructions of the West', Iranian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3-4, 1992, pp. 3-16, and Tapan Raychaudhuri, 'Europe in India's Xenology: The Nineteenth-Century Record', Past and Present, No. 137, 1992, pp. 156-82.