Jagadis Bose, Augustus Waller and the discovery of 'vegetable electricity'

Notes and Records of the Royal Society

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 307-322

  Dasgupta, Subrata ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA AT LAFAYETTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442495301     PISSN: 00359149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.1998.0052     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Bose's first name is also spelt in English as Jagadish; his middle name is sometimes written as Chunder.
2. J.C. Bose, Prelim. Notice, The Royal Society Archives 1899-1903, Ref. No. AP 75.7.
3. J.C. Bose, 'The response of inorganic matter to mechanical and electrical stimulus, Friday Evening Discourse, 10 May 1901, The Royal Institution, London. Reprinted in J.C. Bose, Collected Physical Papers (hereafter referred to as CPP), pp. 259-276 (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1927).
4. J.C. Bose, 'The response of inorganic matter to mechanical and electrical stimulus, Friday Evening Discourse, 10 May 1901, The Royal Institution, London. Reprinted in J.C. Bose, Collected Physical Papers (hereafter referred to as CPP), pp. 259-276 (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1927).
5. For a discussion of physical ideas belonging to the 'Indian scientific tradition', see S.N. Dasgupta, Natural Science of the Ancient Hindus (ed. D.P. Chattopadhaya) (Indian Council of Philosophical Research, New Delhi/Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1987). See also the collection of articles in Studies in the History of Science in India, vol. 1 (ed. D.P. Chattopadhaya) (Editorial Enterprises,New Delhi, 1982); also, B.V. Subbarayappa, 'The physical world: views and concepts', in A Concise History of Science in India (ed. D.M. Bose, S.N. Sen and B.V. Subbarayappa), pp. 445-481 (Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1971).
6. For a discussion of physical ideas belonging to the 'Indian scientific tradition', see S.N. Dasgupta, Natural Science of the Ancient Hindus (ed. D.P. Chattopadhaya) (Indian Council of Philosophical Research, New Delhi/Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1987). See also the collection of articles in Studies in the History of Science in India, vol. 1 (ed. D.P. Chattopadhaya) (Editorial Enterprises,New Delhi, 1982); also, B.V. Subbarayappa, 'The physical world: views and concepts', in A Concise History of Science in India (ed. D.M. Bose, S.N. Sen and B.V. Subbarayappa), pp. 445-481 (Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1971).
7. For a discussion of physical ideas belonging to the 'Indian scientific tradition', see S.N. Dasgupta, Natural Science of the Ancient Hindus (ed. D.P. Chattopadhaya) (Indian Council of Philosophical Research, New Delhi/Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1987). See also the collection of articles in Studies in the History of Science in India, vol. 1 (ed. D.P. Chattopadhaya) (Editorial Enterprises,New Delhi, 1982); also, B.V. Subbarayappa, 'The physical world: views and concepts', in A Concise History of Science in India (ed. D.M. Bose, S.N. Sen and B.V. Subbarayappa), pp. 445-481 (Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1971).
8. G.J. Pierce, 'Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose and his latest book', Science LXVI (1721), 621-622 (1927).
9. St Xavier's College, Calcutta, was established by Belgian Jesuits in 1860. See U. Namboodiry, St. Xavier's: The Making of a Calcutta Institution (Viking, New Delhi, 1995).
10. Namboodiry, op. cit. (note 6), pp. 68-84.
11. Namboodiry, op. cit. (note 6); A. Basu, 'The Indian response to scientific and technical education in the colonial era 1820-1920, in Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context (ed. D. Kumar), pp. 126-138 (Anamika Prakashan, Delhi, 1991); A Century, pp. 1-28 (The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, 1976).
12. Namboodiry, op. cit. (note 6); A. Basu, 'The Indian response to scientific and technical education in the colonial era 1820-1920, in Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context (ed. D. Kumar), pp. 126-138 (Anamika Prakashan, Delhi, 1991); A Century, pp. 1-28 (The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, 1976).
13. Namboodiry, op. cit. (note 6); A. Basu, 'The Indian response to scientific and technical education in the colonial era 1820-1920, in Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context (ed. D. Kumar), pp. 126-138 (Anamika Prakashan, Delhi, 1991); A Century, pp. 1-28 (The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, 1976).
14. P. Ghose, 'Scientific studies in Calcutta: the colonial period', in Calcutta, The Living City, vol. 1. The Past (ed. S.Chaudhury), pp. 195-202 (Oxford University Press, Calcutta, 1990).
15. J. Piele, Biographical Register of Christ's College, p. 685 (Christ's College, Cambridge, 1913).
16. J.G. Crowther, The Cavendish Laboratory 1874-1974 (Science History Publications, New York, 1974).
17. G.L. Gieson, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology, Appendix IV (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1978).
18. G.B. Osborn, 'Vines, Sidney Howard', in The Dictionary of National Biography (ed. L.G. Wickham Legg), pp. 881-882 (Oxford University Press, London, 1949); W. George, 'Darwin, Francis', in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (ed. C.C. Gillespie), pp. 581-582 (Scribner's, New York, 1971).
19. G.B. Osborn, 'Vines, Sidney Howard', in The Dictionary of National Biography (ed. L.G. Wickham Legg), pp. 881-882 (Oxford University Press, London, 1949); W. George, 'Darwin, Francis', in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (ed. C.C. Gillespie), pp. 581-582 (Scribner's, New York, 1971).
20. A.B. Costa, 'Dewar, James', in Gillespie, op. cit. (note 13), pp. 78-81.
21. W.C.D. Dampier, 'Liveing, George Downing, 1827-1924', in The Dictionary of National Biography, 1922-1930 (ed. J.R.H. Weaver) (Oxford University Press, London, 1937.
22. Piele, op. cit. (note 10).
23. Presidency College, Centenary Volume 1955 (West Bengal Government Press, Calcutta, 1956). Presidency College was founded in 1817 as Hindu College and assumed its present name in 1855. It has enjoyed and continues to enjoy the reputation of being among the most prestigous undergraduate colleges in India in the sciences and the humanities.
24. In 1876, Mahendra Lal Sircar (1833-1904), a remarkable, visionary physician, with the active support of Father Eugene Lafont and others founded the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Calcutta, with the intent that the institution would bear 'the character, the scope and object of the Royal Institution of London (A Century, p. 5 (The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, 1976)). However, original research, one of Sircar's hopes, was not to happen at the IACS in his lifetime. That would have to wait till 1907 and the arrival at IACS of (later Sir) Chandrasekhar Venkata (C.V.) Raman (1888-1970).
25. Bose was not, however, the only pioneer of a 'new' Indian science. The other person whose name is inevitably associated with that of Bose - indeed, two long segments of the same road in Calcutta bear their names! - was the chemist Sir Prafulla Chandra (P.C.) Ray (1861-1944), Bose's almost exact contemporary and colleague. Ray obtained a D.Sc. degree from Edinburg i University in 1887 and joined Presidency College as professor of chemistry in 1889. He s best known as the discoverer of mercurous nitrite, his book The History of Hindu Chemistry, and as the founder of what came to be known as the 'Indian school of chemistry'. (P.C. Ray, Life and Experiences of a Bengali Chemist (Chuckervertty, Chatterjee & Co., Calcutta/Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, 1932)).
26. S. Dasgupta, 'Forgotten history: Sir Jagadis Bose and the origins of radio', Trans. Newcomen Soc. 67, 207-219 (1995-96).
27. For a short history of the Bose Institute, see Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose: Post-Centennial Silver Jubilee Celebration Commemoration Volume 1858-1983 (ed. S. Chanda and B. Mitra), pp. 59-117 (The Bose Institute, Calcutta, 1983). See also S.M. Sircar, 'The Bose Institute Golden Jubilee Symposium', Science and Culture 34(9) (1968); and D.M. Bose, 'Opening address', Science and Culture 34(9), 2-4 (1968, Supplement).
28. For a short history of the Bose Institute, see Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose: Post-Centennial Silver Jubilee Celebration Commemoration Volume 1858-1983 (ed. S. Chanda and B. Mitra), pp. 59-117 (The Bose Institute, Calcutta, 1983). See also S.M. Sircar, 'The Bose Institute Golden Jubilee Symposium', Science and Culture 34(9) (1968); and D.M. Bose, 'Opening address', Science and Culture 34(9), 2-4 (1968, Supplement).
29. For a short history of the Bose Institute, see Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose: Post-Centennial Silver Jubilee Celebration Commemoration Volume 1858-1983 (ed. S. Chanda and B. Mitra), pp. 59-117 (The Bose Institute, Calcutta, 1983). See also S.M. Sircar, 'The Bose Institute Golden Jubilee Symposium', Science and Culture 34(9) (1968); and D.M. Bose, 'Opening address', Science and Culture 34(9), 2-4 (1968, Supplement).
30. An engineer, Adaseer Cursetjee, was, in fact, the first Indian to be elected to the Royal Society in 1841. The second was the mathematician Srinivas Ramanujan, elected in 1918.
31. This was Bose's second 'deputation' across the seas. The first was in 1896-97. At that time, he attended and presented a paper at the British Association meeting in Liverpool, and delivered a Friday Evening Discourse at the Royal Institution, both historic occasions for Indian science. See J.C. Bose, 'On a complete apparatus for the study of the properties of electric waves', Report of the 66th Meeting of the British Association, September 1896, p. 725 (John Murray, London, 1896); J.C. Bose, 'Electromagnetic radiation and the polarisation of the electric ray, Friday Evening Discourse, The Royal Institution, 29 January 1897, reprinted in Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 77-101.
32. This was Bose's second 'deputation' across the seas. The first was in 1896-97. At that time, he attended and presented a paper at the British Association meeting in Liverpool, and delivered a Friday Evening Discourse at the Royal Institution, both historic occasions for Indian science. See J.C. Bose, 'On a complete apparatus for the study of the properties of electric waves', Report of the 66th Meeting of the British Association, September 1896, p. 725 (John Murray, London, 1896); J.C. Bose, 'Electromagnetic radiation and the polarisation of the electric ray, Friday Evening Discourse, The Royal Institution, 29 January 1897, reprinted in Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 77-101.
33. This was Bose's second 'deputation' across the seas. The first was in 1896-97. At that time, he attended and presented a paper at the British Association meeting in Liverpool, and delivered a Friday Evening Discourse at the Royal Institution, both historic occasions for Indian science. See J.C. Bose, 'On a complete apparatus for the study of the properties of electric waves', Report of the 66th Meeting of the British Association, September 1896, p. 725 (John Murray, London, 1896); J.C. Bose, 'Electromagnetic radiation and the polarisation of the electric ray, Friday Evening Discourse, The Royal Institution, 29 January 1897, reprinted in Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 77-101.
34. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
35. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
36. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
37. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
38. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
39. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
40. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
41. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
42. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
43. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 59, 160-167 (1895); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 60, 167-168 (1896); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 61, 433-436 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 293-300 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 62, 301-310 (1897); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 146-152 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 63, 152-155 (1898); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 65, 166-172 (1899); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 450-451 (1900); Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 66, 452-474 (1900).
44. Phil. Mag. 43, 55-68 (1897).
45. The Electrician 36, 289-290; 290-291; 291-292 (1895).
46. The Royal Society, 'Register of papers 1885-1905', MS 422-3.
47. The Royal Society, ibid.
48. The Electrician 45, 780 (1900).
49. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), poet, composer, dramatist, novelist, short story writer, painter, essayist and Nobel Prize winner in Literature in 1913 was a close friend and supporter of Bose.
50. Letter of 16 March 1900, J.C. Bose, Letters to Tagore (in Bengali) (edited and annotated by D.Sen), p. 18 (The Bose Institute, Calcutta, 1994). The Bengali title of this volume is Patrabali. All quotations and paraphrases are my free translations. Henceforth, this volume is referred to as Letters.
51. J.C. Bose, 'De la généralité des phénomènes moleculaires produits par l'electricité sur la matière inorganique et sur la matière vivante',
52. translated and reprinted as 'On the similarity of effect of electrical stimulus on inorganic and living substances', Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 253-258.
53. Bose did not use the word 'fatigue' in the sense of 'metal fatigue'. The latter term and the phenomenon it describes were well known to engineers in Britain and the Continent by the middle of the nineteenth century. (S. Timoshenko, History of Strength of Materials, pp. 162-172 (Dover, New York, 1983; 1st edn 1953).) Rather, Bose drew upon the physiological sense of the word.
54. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 253.
55. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 254.
56. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 255.
57. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 256.
58. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 258.
59. Bose, ibid.
60. Letter of 31 August 1900, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 29-30.
61. 'Augustus Desire Waller, 1856-1922' (Obituary notice), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B XCIII, xxvii-xxx (1922).
62. The Dictionary of National Biography (Missing Persons) (ed. C.S. Nicholls), p. 696 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993).
63. A.D. Waller, 'A brief summary of the principal phenomena of animal electricity', The Royal Institution, London, 1897.
64. A.D. Waller, An Introduction to Human Physiology, 3rd edn (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1896).
65. J.C. Bose, 'On the similarity of effect of electrical stimulus on inorganic and living substances', Report of the 70th Meeting of the British Association, Bradford, September 1900, pp. 637-638 (John Murray, London, 1900).
66. The Electrician 45, 774-777; 864-865; 897-901 (1900).
67. The Electrician 45, 780-781 (1900).
68. Letter of 2 November 1900, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 40-41.
69. The Royal Institution, Card Index.
70. The Royal Institution, Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory Minute Book, 26 November 1900.
71. Bose, ibid.
72. Letter of 3 January 1901, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 48-50.
73. The Royal Institution, Card Catalogue.
74. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 259-276.
75. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 256.
76. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 273.
77. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), p. 275.
78. Bose, ibid.
79. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 264-265.
80. As, e.g. in A.D. Waller, An Introduction to Human Physiology, Chapter XI, 'Animal electricity', pp. 385-404 (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1896).
81. The Royal Society, 'Register of papers 1885-1905', MS 422-3.
82. The Royal Society, ibid.
83. J.C. Bose, 'On electric response of inorganic substances', Prelim. Notice, Reed. 7 May 1901, Read 6 June 1901, The Royal Society Archives 1899-1903, London, Ref. AP 75.7.
84. Letter of 21 March 1902, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), p. 96.
85. G.L. Gieson, 'Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott', in C.C. Gillespie, op. cit. (note 13), pp. 598-599.
86. J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, 'On the electromotive properties of the leaf of dionaea in the excited and unexcited states', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 173, 1-55 (1882); 'On the electromotive properties of the leaf of dionaea in the excited and unexcited states. II', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 179, 417-149 (1888).
87. J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, 'On the electromotive properties of the leaf of dionaea in the excited and unexcited states', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 173, 1-55 (1882); 'On the electromotive properties of the leaf of dionaea in the excited and unexcited states. II', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 179, 417-149 (1888).
88. A. Desmond and J. Moore, Darwin, pp. 607-610 (Penguin Books, London, 1992).
89. Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), p. 96.
90. The Royal Society, 'Register of papers 1885-1905', MS 422-3.
91. The Royal Society Archives 1899-1903, Ref. AP 75.7.
92. The Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory Minutes, 24 June 1901, p. 119, The Royal Institution, London.
93. Letter of 15 October 1901, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 88-89.
94. Letter of 8 November 1901, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 90-91.
95. Letter of 15 October 1901, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 88-89.
96. Letter of 8 November 1901, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), p. 91.
97. A.D. Waller, J. Physiol. XVII (1901-02) (Proc. Physiol. Soc., 9 November 1901, xxv-xxviii).
98. A.D. Waller, J. Physiol. XVII (1901-02) (Proc. Physiol. Soc., 9 November 1901, xxv-xxviii).
99. Waller, op. cit. (note 76), p. xxvi.
100. Waller, op. cit. (note 76), p. xxvii.
101. Letter of 1 May 1902, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), p. 103.
102. 'International Meeting of Physiologists at Turin - 5th Triennial International Congress of Physiologists', Nature 65(1673), 65(1901).
103. 'International Meeting of Physiologists at Turin - 5th Triennial International Congress of Physiologists', Nature 65(1673), 65(1901).
104. Nature, ibid.
105. A.D. Waller, 'The eyeball as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVI (1900-01) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 10 November 1900, i-ii); 'The frog's skin as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVII (1901-02) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 8 December 1900, xv-xviii); 'The electrical response of surviving human skin', J. Physiol. Soc. XXVII (1901-02)
106. A.D. Waller, 'The eyeball as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVI (1900-01) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 10 November 1900, i-ii); 'The frog's skin as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVII (1901-02) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 8 December 1900, xv-xviii); 'The electrical response of surviving human skin', J. Physiol. Soc. XXVII (1901-02)
107. A.D. Waller, 'The eyeball as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVI (1900-01) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 10 November 1900, i-ii); 'The frog's skin as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVII (1901-02) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 8 December 1900, xv-xviii); 'The electrical response of surviving human skin', J. Physiol. Soc. XXVII (1901-02)
108. A.D. Waller, 'The eyeball as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVI (1900-01) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 10 November 1900, i-ii); 'The frog's skin as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVII (1901-02) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 8 December 1900, xv-xviii); 'The electrical response of surviving human skin', J. Physiol. Soc. XXVII (1901-02)
109. A.D. Waller, 'The eyeball as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVI (1900-01) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 10 November 1900, i-ii); 'The frog's skin as an electrical organ', J. Physiol. XXVII (1901-02) (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 8 December 1900, xv-xviii); 'The electrical response of surviving human skin', J. Physiol. Soc. XXVII (1901-02)
110. (Proc. Physiol. Soc. 20 July 1901, xxvii-xxix).
111. This book, Bose's first of 11, appeared in the late summer of 1902 as Response in the Living and Nonliving (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1902).
112. Letter of 21 March 1902, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 96-97.
113. In particular, between 1903 and 1917, Bose submitted six papers to the Royal Society. All were communicated by Vines. [The Royal Society, 'Register of papers 1885-1905', 'Register of papers 1905-1920', MS 422-3].
114. The Linnean Society, Minute Book of Council, No. 12, Thursday 20 March 1902.
115. J.C. Bose, 'On electrical response in ordinary plants under mechanical stimulus', J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 35, 275-304 (1902); reprinted in Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 306-316; especially p. 307.
116. J.C. Bose, 'On electrical response in ordinary plants under mechanical stimulus', J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 35, 275-304 (1902); reprinted in Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 306-316; especially p. 307.
117. Bose, CPP, op. cit. (note 3), pp. 307-308.
118. Nature 65(1693), 548 (1902).
119. The Botanical Gazette XXXIV (July-Dec), 463-464 (1902).
120. Letter of 1 May 1902, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), p. 103.
121. The Linnean Society, Council Minute Book No. 8, 1 May 1902.
122. Bose, J. Linn. Soc., op. cit. (note 87), p. 304.
123. A.D. Waller, 'Re: vegetable electricity', Nature 66(1716), 491-492 (1902).
124. Waller, ibid.
125. Letter of 3 January 1901, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), p. 49.
126. J.C. Bose, 'Re: vegetable electricity', Nature 66(1718), 549 (1902).
127. Bose, ibid.
128. Bose, ibid. Italics in the original.
129. Bose, ibid.
130. A.D. Waller, Nature, 66(1718), 549-550 (1902).
131. Waller, op. cit. (note 101), p. 550.
132. Waller, ibid.
133. Letter of 1 May 1902, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), pp. 103-104.
134. Letter from Sister Nivedita to Tagore, 18 April 1903, R. Tagore, Collected Letters, vol. 6, pp. 151-152 (Visvabharati Press, Calcutta, 1957). (Almost all the letters in this volume are in Bengali. The letter by Nivedita is, however, in English.)
135. P. Geddes, The Life and Works of Sir Jagadis C. Bose, p. 105 (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1920).
136. J.C. Bose, A speech to the citizens of Calcutta, 25 January 1921, reprinted in J. C. Bose Speaks (ed. D. Sen and A.K. Chakraborty), pp. 178-184 (Puthipatra, Calcutta, 1986).
137. Memo from Sir William Duke to J.C. Walton, 18 October 1920, India Office Records, File J & P 5720/1920, The British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, London.
138. A.D. Waller, Eight Lectures on the Signs of Life from their Electrical Aspect, pp. 12-14 (John Murray, London, 1903).
139. Waller, op. cit. (note 109), p. 17.
140. Letter of 29 June 1904, Bose, Letters, op. cit. (note 31), p. 127.
141. J.C. Bose, 'On mechanical and electrical response in plants, The Royal Society Archives 1903-1905, Ref. No. AP76.1.
142. The Royal Society, 'Register of papers 1885-1905', MS 422-3.
143. A.D. Waller, 'Note on a paper "On the mechanical and electrical response in plants" by J.C. Bose', The Royal Society Archives 1903-05, Ref. No. AP76.4.
144. The Royal Society, 'Register of papers 1905-1920', MS 422-3.