Disaggregating and reexamining issue ownership and voter choice

Polity

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 283-299

  Kaufmann, Karen M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442481705     PISSN: 00323497     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/POLv36n2ms3235482     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. John R. Petrocik, "Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study," American Journal of Political Science 4 (1996):825-50. Stephen Ansolobehere and Shanto Iyengar, "Riding the Wave and Claiming Ownership Over Issues: The Joint Effects of Advertising and News Coverage in Campaigns," Public Opinion Quarterly 58 (1994):335-57.
2. John R. Petrocik, "Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study," American Journal of Political Science 4 (1996):825-50. Stephen Ansolobehere and Shanto Iyengar, "Riding the Wave and Claiming Ownership Over Issues: The Joint Effects of Advertising and News Coverage in Campaigns," Public Opinion Quarterly 58 (1994):335-57.
3. Helmut Norpoth and Bruce Buchanan, "Wanted: The Education President: Issue Trespassing by Political Candidates," Public Opinion Quarterly 56 (1992):87-99.
4. Patrick J. Sellers, "Strategy and Background in Congressional Campaigns," American Political Science Review 92 (1998):159-71.
5. Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Election (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960). Philip E. Converse, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964). This generalization, of course, refers to sociological and social psychological perspectives on voting behavior. From an economics perspective, issues have long been seen as important voting criteria. See Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).
6. Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Election (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960). Philip E. Converse, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964). This generalization, of course, refers to sociological and social psychological perspectives on voting behavior. From an economics perspective, issues have long been seen as important voting criteria. See Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).
7. Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Election (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960). Philip E. Converse, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964). This generalization, of course, refers to sociological and social psychological perspectives on voting behavior. From an economics perspective, issues have long been seen as important voting criteria. See Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).
8. Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Election (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960). Philip E. Converse, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964). This generalization, of course, refers to sociological and social psychological perspectives on voting behavior. From an economics perspective, issues have long been seen as important voting criteria. See Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).
9. Norman H. Nie, Sidney Verba and John R. Petrocik, The Changing American Voter, Enlarged Edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979).
10. Melvin J. Hinich and James M. Enelow, The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). George Rabinowitz and Stuart Elaine McDonald, "A Directional Theory of Voting," American Political Science Review 83 (1989):93-121.
11. Melvin J. Hinich and James M. Enelow, The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). George Rabinowitz and Stuart Elaine McDonald, "A Directional Theory of Voting," American Political Science Review 83 (1989):93-121.
12. Petrocik, "Issue Ownership."
13. In Petrocik's work, performance issues were limited to foreign relations, the economy and government failures such as corruption.
14. Sellers, "Strategy and Background."
15. Paul S. Herrnson, Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington (Washington D.C.: CQ Press, 2000). Gary C. Jacobson, The Politics of Congressional Elections (New York: Longman, 1997).
16. Paul S. Herrnson, Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington (Washington D.C.: CQ Press, 2000). Gary C. Jacobson, The Politics of Congressional Elections (New York: Longman, 1997).
17. Gary C. Jacobson and Samuel Kernell, Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983).
18. The Kentucky Senate contest was also extremely close, with Bunning (R) winning this open seat with only 50% of the vote. The VNS exit poll for this race, however, did not include a sufficient number of relevant issue questions and thus was excluded from this analysis.
19. Gun Control was included on the California and New York ballots and was chosen as the most important by 7% and 5% of respondents, respectively. The Environment was included on four polls: Colorado (12%), North Carolina (8%), Ohio (3%), and Washington (9%). Foreign policy was on two polls; Wisconsin (2%) and Georgia (2%). Nuclear Waste was on the Nevada poll (13%). Tobacco was on the North Carolina poll (3%). Crime and drugs was on the New York poll (8%). And Trade was on two polls: Ohio (1%) and Washington (1%).
20. Empty cells indicate that the issue was not included on that state's questionnaire.
21. This research builds upon the earlier findings of Petrocik and presumes that Education, Social Security, and Health Care are Democrat-owned issues, whereas Taxes are owned by the Republicans. The "ownership advantage" is not an alternative measure of issue ownership, but rather a way to explore variations in the partisan advantage that candidates enjoy on party-owned issues.
22. The notion of issue publics in this work is consistent with other research that identifies personal importance as a main criterion of identification. For a more elaborate discussion of issue publics see J. A. Krosnick, "Government Policy and Citizen Passion: A Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America," Political Behavior 12 (1990):59-92. J. A. Krosnick. and S. Telhami, "Public Attitudes Toward Israel: A Study of The Attentive and Issue Publics," International Studies Quarterly 39 (1995):535-54. D. S. Boninger, J. A. Krosnick, M. K. Berent, and L. R. Fabrigar, "The Causes and Consequences of Attitude Importance," in Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences, ed. R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
23. The notion of issue publics in this work is consistent with other research that identifies personal importance as a main criterion of identification. For a more elaborate discussion of issue publics see J. A. Krosnick, "Government Policy and Citizen Passion: A Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America," Political Behavior 12 (1990):59-92. J. A. Krosnick. and S. Telhami, "Public Attitudes Toward Israel: A Study of The Attentive and Issue Publics," International Studies Quarterly 39 (1995):535-54. D. S. Boninger, J. A. Krosnick, M. K. Berent, and L. R. Fabrigar, "The Causes and Consequences of Attitude Importance," in Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences, ed. R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
24. The notion of issue publics in this work is consistent with other research that identifies personal importance as a main criterion of identification. For a more elaborate discussion of issue publics see J. A. Krosnick, "Government Policy and Citizen Passion: A Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America," Political Behavior 12 (1990):59-92. J. A. Krosnick. and S. Telhami, "Public Attitudes Toward Israel: A Study of The Attentive and Issue Publics," International Studies Quarterly 39 (1995):535-54. D. S. Boninger, J. A. Krosnick, M. K. Berent, and L. R. Fabrigar, "The Causes and Consequences of Attitude Importance," in Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences, ed. R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
25. Robert M. Stein, "Economic Voting for Governor and U.S. Senator: The Electoral Consequences of Federalism, " Journal of Politics 52 (1990):29-53. Lonnie Rae Atkeson and Randall W. Partin, "Economic and Referendum Voting: A Comparison of Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections, " American Political Science Review 89 (1995):99-107. Thomas M. Carsey and Gerald C. Wright, "State and National Factors in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections," American Journal of Political Science 42: (1998):994-1002.
26. Robert M. Stein, "Economic Voting for Governor and U.S. Senator: The Electoral Consequences of Federalism, " Journal of Politics 52 (1990):29-53. Lonnie Rae Atkeson and Randall W. Partin, "Economic and Referendum Voting: A Comparison of Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections, " American Political Science Review 89 (1995):99-107. Thomas M. Carsey and Gerald C. Wright, "State and National Factors in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections," American Journal of Political Science 42: (1998):994-1002.
27. Robert M. Stein, "Economic Voting for Governor and U.S. Senator: The Electoral Consequences of Federalism, " Journal of Politics 52 (1990):29-53. Lonnie Rae Atkeson and Randall W. Partin, "Economic and Referendum Voting: A Comparison of Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections, " American Political Science Review 89 (1995):99-107. Thomas M. Carsey and Gerald C. Wright, "State and National Factors in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections," American Journal of Political Science 42: (1998):994-1002.
28. Party identification in this set of exit polls was measured with the following question: "No matter how you voted today, do you usually think of yourself as a Democrat, Republican, Independent, or Something else?"
29. Darrel Rowland, "A U.S. Senate Race?" The Columbus Dispatch (September 13, 1998), 1B.
30. Rowland, "Senate Race."
31. "Endorsement: U.S. Senator," editorial. The Atlanta Journal (November 2, 1998), Constitution Edition, 06A. Rebecca Carr, "Budget good to Georgia; Federal dollars flow into state," The Atlanta Journal (October 22, 1998), Constitution Edition, 01A. David Pendered, "News for Kids; Kids still count in elections; You may not vote, but you should care about who wins on Nov. 3," The Atlanta Journal (October 19, 1998), Constitution Edition, 03C.
32. "Endorsement: U.S. Senator," editorial. The Atlanta Journal (November 2, 1998), Constitution Edition, 06A. Rebecca Carr, "Budget good to Georgia; Federal dollars flow into state," The Atlanta Journal (October 22, 1998), Constitution Edition, 01A. David Pendered, "News for Kids; Kids still count in elections; You may not vote, but you should care about who wins on Nov. 3," The Atlanta Journal (October 19, 1998), Constitution Edition, 03C.
33. "Endorsement: U.S. Senator," editorial. The Atlanta Journal (November 2, 1998), Constitution Edition, 06A. Rebecca Carr, "Budget good to Georgia; Federal dollars flow into state," The Atlanta Journal (October 22, 1998), Constitution Edition, 01A. David Pendered, "News for Kids; Kids still count in elections; You may not vote, but you should care about who wins on Nov. 3," The Atlanta Journal (October 19, 1998), Constitution Edition, 03C.
34. James Dao, "Schumer Says D'Amato Puts 'Ideology Ahead of People,'" The New York Times (October 15, 1998) Late Edition, B5. David Firestone, "The 1998 Campaign: The Ad Campaign; A Schumer Counterpunch," The New York Times (October 24, 1998), Late Edition, B3. Adam Nagourney, "The 1998 Campaign: The Senate; Senate Rivals, Skirting Issues, Cap Bitter Race," The New York Times (November 1, 1998) Late Edition, 1. Tracy Tully and Douglas Feiden, "Differences come clear in the mud," The New York Daily News (October 18, 1998), 46.
35. James Dao, "Schumer Says D'Amato Puts 'Ideology Ahead of People,'" The New York Times (October 15, 1998) Late Edition, B5. David Firestone, "The 1998 Campaign: The Ad Campaign; A Schumer Counterpunch," The New York Times (October 24, 1998), Late Edition, B3. Adam Nagourney, "The 1998 Campaign: The Senate; Senate Rivals, Skirting Issues, Cap Bitter Race," The New York Times (November 1, 1998) Late Edition, 1. Tracy Tully and Douglas Feiden, "Differences come clear in the mud," The New York Daily News (October 18, 1998), 46.
36. James Dao, "Schumer Says D'Amato Puts 'Ideology Ahead of People,'" The New York Times (October 15, 1998) Late Edition, B5. David Firestone, "The 1998 Campaign: The Ad Campaign; A Schumer Counterpunch," The New York Times (October 24, 1998), Late Edition, B3. Adam Nagourney, "The 1998 Campaign: The Senate; Senate Rivals, Skirting Issues, Cap Bitter Race," The New York Times (November 1, 1998) Late Edition, 1. Tracy Tully and Douglas Feiden, "Differences come clear in the mud," The New York Daily News (October 18, 1998), 46.
37. James Dao, "Schumer Says D'Amato Puts 'Ideology Ahead of People,'" The New York Times (October 15, 1998) Late Edition, B5. David Firestone, "The 1998 Campaign: The Ad Campaign; A Schumer Counterpunch," The New York Times (October 24, 1998), Late Edition, B3. Adam Nagourney, "The 1998 Campaign: The Senate; Senate Rivals, Skirting Issues, Cap Bitter Race," The New York Times (November 1, 1998) Late Edition, 1. Tracy Tully and Douglas Feiden, "Differences come clear in the mud," The New York Daily News (October 18, 1998), 46.
38. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Tom Held, "Milwaukee politicians rail against Neumann, Campaign official points out that congressman isn't representing critics' area," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 24, 1998), 3. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Kenneth P. Roesslein, "Here come the commercials...," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 4, 1998), 2. Bill Ainsworth and Dana Wilkie, "First lady campaigns hard for Boxer; Fong makes speeches on protecting environment," The San Diego Union-Tribune (October 31, 1998), A3. Tony Perry and Amy Pyle, "California and the West; California Elections/US Senate; the Issues; Boxer, Fong Focusing on Education; Polls Show Voters Prefer Democratic Incumbent's Views. But Republican Who Backs Vouchers Refuses to Concede the Issue to Her," Los Angeles Times (October 27, 1998), Home Edition, A3.
39. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Tom Held, "Milwaukee politicians rail against Neumann, Campaign official points out that congressman isn't representing critics' area," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 24, 1998), 3. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Kenneth P. Roesslein, "Here come the commercials...," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 4, 1998), 2. Bill Ainsworth and Dana Wilkie, "First lady campaigns hard for Boxer; Fong makes speeches on protecting environment," The San Diego Union-Tribune (October 31, 1998), A3. Tony Perry and Amy Pyle, "California and the West; California Elections/US Senate; the Issues; Boxer, Fong Focusing on Education; Polls Show Voters Prefer Democratic Incumbent's Views. But Republican Who Backs Vouchers Refuses to Concede the Issue to Her," Los Angeles Times (October 27, 1998), Home Edition, A3.
40. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Tom Held, "Milwaukee politicians rail against Neumann, Campaign official points out that congressman isn't representing critics' area," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 24, 1998), 3. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Kenneth P. Roesslein, "Here come the commercials...," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 4, 1998), 2. Bill Ainsworth and Dana Wilkie, "First lady campaigns hard for Boxer; Fong makes speeches on protecting environment," The San Diego Union-Tribune (October 31, 1998), A3. Tony Perry and Amy Pyle, "California and the West; California Elections/US Senate; the Issues; Boxer, Fong Focusing on Education; Polls Show Voters Prefer Democratic Incumbent's Views. But Republican Who Backs Vouchers Refuses to Concede the Issue to Her," Los Angeles Times (October 27, 1998), Home Edition, A3.
41. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Tom Held, "Milwaukee politicians rail against Neumann, Campaign official points out that congressman isn't representing critics' area," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 24, 1998), 3. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Kenneth P. Roesslein, "Here come the commercials...," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 4, 1998), 2. Bill Ainsworth and Dana Wilkie, "First lady campaigns hard for Boxer; Fong makes speeches on protecting environment," The San Diego Union-Tribune (October 31, 1998), A3. Tony Perry and Amy Pyle, "California and the West; California Elections/US Senate; the Issues; Boxer, Fong Focusing on Education; Polls Show Voters Prefer Democratic Incumbent's Views. But Republican Who Backs Vouchers Refuses to Concede the Issue to Her," Los Angeles Times (October 27, 1998), Home Edition, A3.
42. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Tom Held, "Milwaukee politicians rail against Neumann, Campaign official points out that congressman isn't representing critics' area," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 24, 1998), 3. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Kenneth P. Roesslein, "Here come the commercials...," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 4, 1998), 2. Bill Ainsworth and Dana Wilkie, "First lady campaigns hard for Boxer; Fong makes speeches on protecting environment," The San Diego Union-Tribune (October 31, 1998), A3. Tony Perry and Amy Pyle, "California and the West; California Elections/US Senate; the Issues; Boxer, Fong Focusing on Education; Polls Show Voters Prefer Democratic Incumbent's Views. But Republican Who Backs Vouchers Refuses to Concede the Issue to Her," Los Angeles Times (October 27, 1998), Home Edition, A3.
43. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Tom Held, "Milwaukee politicians rail against Neumann, Campaign official points out that congressman isn't representing critics' area," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 24, 1998), 3. Dave Umhoefer, "Election 98: Feingold, Neumann vie on fiscal turf in first joint appearance, Senate foes talk of taxes, restraint in Milwaukee," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 13, 1998), 5. Kenneth P. Roesslein, "Here come the commercials...," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (October 4, 1998), 2. Bill Ainsworth and Dana Wilkie, "First lady campaigns hard for Boxer; Fong makes speeches on protecting environment," The San Diego Union-Tribune (October 31, 1998), A3. Tony Perry and Amy Pyle, "California and the West; California Elections/US Senate; the Issues; Boxer, Fong Focusing on Education; Polls Show Voters Prefer Democratic Incumbent's Views. But Republican Who Backs Vouchers Refuses to Concede the Issue to Her," Los Angeles Times (October 27, 1998), Home Edition, A3.
44. Schuyler Kropf, "Senate candidates trade views," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 15, 1998), B12. Schuyler Kropf, "Hollings seeks 7th term to cap service," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 4, 1998), A1. Brian Hicks and Schuyler Kropf, "Inglis, Fritz talk health care, farming; Senate Race: Sen. Hollings told tobacco growers that he'll fight for their survival, while Rep Bob Inglis courted the medical establishment," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 23, 1998), B1. Brian Hicks, "Hollings, Inglis play hardball; Public Forums: A couple of times, the moderator at a forum sponsored by AARP had to reprimand the two candidates for attacking each other," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 20, 1998), A1.
45. Schuyler Kropf, "Senate candidates trade views," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 15, 1998), B12. Schuyler Kropf, "Hollings seeks 7th term to cap service," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 4, 1998), A1. Brian Hicks and Schuyler Kropf, "Inglis, Fritz talk health care, farming; Senate Race: Sen. Hollings told tobacco growers that he'll fight for their survival, while Rep Bob Inglis courted the medical establishment," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 23, 1998), B1. Brian Hicks, "Hollings, Inglis play hardball; Public Forums: A couple of times, the moderator at a forum sponsored by AARP had to reprimand the two candidates for attacking each other," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 20, 1998), A1.
46. Schuyler Kropf, "Senate candidates trade views," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 15, 1998), B12. Schuyler Kropf, "Hollings seeks 7th term to cap service," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 4, 1998), A1. Brian Hicks and Schuyler Kropf, "Inglis, Fritz talk health care, farming; Senate Race: Sen. Hollings told tobacco growers that he'll fight for their survival, while Rep Bob Inglis courted the medical establishment," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 23, 1998), B1. Brian Hicks, "Hollings, Inglis play hardball; Public Forums: A couple of times, the moderator at a forum sponsored by AARP had to reprimand the two candidates for attacking each other," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 20, 1998), A1.
47. Schuyler Kropf, "Senate candidates trade views," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 15, 1998), B12. Schuyler Kropf, "Hollings seeks 7th term to cap service," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 4, 1998), A1. Brian Hicks and Schuyler Kropf, "Inglis, Fritz talk health care, farming; Senate Race: Sen. Hollings told tobacco growers that he'll fight for their survival, while Rep Bob Inglis courted the medical establishment," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 23, 1998), B1. Brian Hicks, "Hollings, Inglis play hardball; Public Forums: A couple of times, the moderator at a forum sponsored by AARP had to reprimand the two candidates for attacking each other," The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), (October 20, 1998), A1.