Grand master of bedlam: Roy Porter and the history of psychiatry

History of Science

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 269-286

  Andrews, Jonathan ^a  

^a OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; PSYCHIATRY; UNITED KINGDOM;

ENGLAND; HISTORIOGRAPHY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; PSYCHIATRY;

EID: 2442477373     PISSN: 00732753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/007327530304100304     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. In truth, the nearest this jazz and classical music aficionado got (as I recall) to being an actual MC, was dancing a fool's jig with his wife, Natsu Hattori, on the conference hall stage of the London Wellcome Institute, to the delight of onlookers and to the traditional tune of Tom o' Bedlam, rendered expertly by Vivian Nutton at the harpsichord. Tailor-made to underline Natsu's paper on the performative aspects of Elizabethan and Jacobean representations of folly and madness, this highlight of the conference Roy organized to mark the publication of the multi-authored A history of Bethlem in 1997 exemplifies the way he combined demanding levels of scholarship with equally high grade entertainment. Addison-like, Roy regularly employed diversionary wit to efficacious educative effect.
2. Research Assessment Exercise, the dubious process by which UK universities' research is periodically monitored and rewarded/penalized by HEFCE (Higher Education Funding Council for England).
3. See e.g. Jonathan Miller's "Madness" series, BBC 1, 1991, in which Roy made numerous appearances; Roy Porter, "The archive hour: Madness in its place" (London, BBC Radio 4, 2000); Porter, "In praise of folly", BBC history, iii (2002), 12-17; Porter, "Being mad in eighteenth century England", History today, xxxi (1981), 42-48; and Porter, "Bethlem/Bedlam: Methods of madness?", History today, xlvii (1997), 41-46.
4. See e.g. Jonathan Miller's "Madness" series, BBC 1, 1991, in which Roy made numerous appearances; Roy Porter, "The archive hour: Madness in its place" (London, BBC Radio 4, 2000); Porter, "In praise of folly", BBC history, iii (2002), 12-17; Porter, "Being mad in eighteenth century England", History today, xxxi (1981), 42-48; and Porter, "Bethlem/Bedlam: Methods of madness?", History today, xlvii (1997), 41-46.
5. See e.g. Jonathan Miller's "Madness" series, BBC 1, 1991, in which Roy made numerous appearances; Roy Porter, "The archive hour: Madness in its place" (London, BBC Radio 4, 2000); Porter, "In praise of folly", BBC history, iii (2002), 12-17; Porter, "Being mad in eighteenth century England", History today, xxxi (1981), 42-48; and Porter, "Bethlem/Bedlam: Methods of madness?", History today, xlvii (1997), 41-46.
6. See e.g. Jonathan Miller's "Madness" series, BBC 1, 1991, in which Roy made numerous appearances; Roy Porter, "The archive hour: Madness in its place" (London, BBC Radio 4, 2000); Porter, "In praise of folly", BBC history, iii (2002), 12-17; Porter, "Being mad in eighteenth century England", History today, xxxi (1981), 42-48; and Porter, "Bethlem/Bedlam: Methods of madness?", History today, xlvii (1997), 41-46.
7. See e.g. Jonathan Miller's "Madness" series, BBC 1, 1991, in which Roy made numerous appearances; Roy Porter, "The archive hour: Madness in its place" (London, BBC Radio 4, 2000); Porter, "In praise of folly", BBC history, iii (2002), 12-17; Porter, "Being mad in eighteenth century England", History today, xxxi (1981), 42-48; and Porter, "Bethlem/Bedlam: Methods of madness?", History today, xlvii (1997), 41-46.
8. Roy Porter, Mind-forg'd manacles: A history of madness in England from the Restoration to the Regency (London and Cambridge, MA, 1987; paperback, London, 1990).
9. See e.g. Roy Porter, "The patient's view: Doing medical history from below", Theory and society, xiv (1985), 175-98. See, also, Porter, "The patient in England, c. 1660-c. 1880", in Andrew Wear (ed.), Medicine in society (Cambridge, 1992), 91-118.
10. See e.g. Roy Porter, "The patient's view: Doing medical history from below", Theory and society, xiv (1985), 175-98. See, also, Porter, "The patient in England, c. 1660-c. 1880", in Andrew Wear (ed.), Medicine in society (Cambridge, 1992), 91-118.
11. One of his best early explorations of the mad voice is Roy Porter, "Bedlam and Parnassus: Mad people's writings in Georgian England", in George Levine (ed.), One culture: Essays in science and literature (Madison, 1987), 258-84.
12. Roy Porter, The social history of madness: Stories of the insane (London, 1987; reissued, 1989). This book was also translated into Portuguese and Italian, but did not go into paperback until 1996.
13. Dale A. Peterson (ed.), Mad people's history of madness (Pittsburgh, 1982) was one of the first to gather together a collection of narratives from persons with experiences of madness and confinement.
14. E.g. Roy Porter, "Margery Kempe and the meaning of madness", History today, xxxviii (1988), 39-44, 60-61.
15. E.g. Anne Digby, in Journal of the Historical Association, lxxiv (1989), 88-89. Auberon Waugh referred to the book in his Telegraph Saturday book review, "Votes cast in the name of madness", as "a fraud", because it was packaged rather like an anthology of writings by the mad.
16. E.g. Roy wrote the foreword for Allan Ingram (ed.), Voices of madness: Four pamphlets, 1683-1796 (Thrupp, 1997). He was also a reader for the edition of and commentary on Dr John Monro's 1766 casebook, Jonathan Andrews and Andrew T. Scull, Customers and patrons of the mad-trade: The management of lunacy in eighteenth-century London (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2003).
17. E.g. Roy wrote the foreword for Allan Ingram (ed.), Voices of madness: Four pamphlets, 1683-1796 (Thrupp, 1997). He was also a reader for the edition of and commentary on Dr John Monro's 1766 casebook, Jonathan Andrews and Andrew T. Scull, Customers and patrons of the mad-trade: The management of lunacy in eighteenth-century London (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2003).
18. Roy Porter, "The diary of a madman, 17th-century style: Goodwin Wharton, MP and communer with the fairy world", Psychological medicine, xvi (1986), 503-13, based on his Squibb Lecture, Institute of Psychiatry, London, June 1985; reprinted in R. M. Murray and Trevor H. Turner (eds), Lectures on the history of psychiatry: The Squibb series (London, 1990), 128-43.
19. Roy Porter, "The diary of a madman, 17th-century style: Goodwin Wharton, MP and communer with the fairy world", Psychological medicine, xvi (1986), 503-13, based on his Squibb Lecture, Institute of Psychiatry, London, June 1985; reprinted in R. M. Murray and Trevor H. Turner (eds), Lectures on the history of psychiatry: The Squibb series (London, 1990), 128-43.
20. Roy Porter, "The prophetic body: Lady Eleanor Davies and the meanings of madness", Women's writing, i (1994), 51-63.
21. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 236-40, 243-4, 260, 262, 274, and Social history of madness (ref. 7), 35, 54-59, 151, 240.
22. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 236-40, 243-4, 260, 262, 274, and Social history of madness (ref. 7), 35, 54-59, 151, 240.
23. John Haslam, Illustrations of madness (1810), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1988).
24. Roy Porter, Madness: A brief history (Oxford and New York, 2002), 1.
25. See e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 2, 98, and Roy Porter (ed.), The Faber book of madness (London, 1991), i, 262-3.
26. See e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 2, 98, and Roy Porter (ed.), The Faber book of madness (London, 1991), i, 262-3.
27. See e.g. Roy Porter, "Hearing the mad: Communication and excommunication", in Leonie De Goei and Joost Vijselaar (eds), Proceedings of the 1st European Congress on the History of Psychiatry and Mental Health Care (Rotterdam, 1993), 338-52.
28. E.g. Roy Porter, "Expressing yourself ill: The language of sickness in Georgian England", in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), Language, self and society: A social history of language (Oxford, 1991), 276-99.
29. William Shakespeare, Macbeth, v (v).
30. Allan Ingram, The madhouse of language: Writing and reading madness in the eighteenth century (London and New York, 1991), chap. 3.
31. Michel Foucault, Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965), transl, and abridged from Folie et déraison (Paris, 1961); Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (New York, 1961; Harmondsworth, 1991); David J. Rothman, The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971; rev. edn, 1990); and Klaus Dörner, Madmen and the bourgeoisie: A social history of insanity and psychiatry (Oxford, 1981), transl. from Bürger und Irre (Frankfurt, 1969). For an early crystallization of Roy's differences with Goffman's (and Foucault's) vision of the asylum, see especially Roy Porter, "In the eighteenth century were lunatic asylums total institutions?", Ego, iv (1983), 12-34.
32. Michel Foucault, Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965), transl, and abridged from Folie et déraison (Paris, 1961); Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (New York, 1961; Harmondsworth, 1991); David J. Rothman, The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971; rev. edn, 1990); and Klaus Dörner, Madmen and the bourgeoisie: A social history of insanity and psychiatry (Oxford, 1981), transl. from Bürger und Irre (Frankfurt, 1969). For an early crystallization of Roy's differences with Goffman's (and Foucault's) vision of the asylum, see especially Roy Porter, "In the eighteenth century were lunatic asylums total institutions?", Ego, iv (1983), 12-34.
33. Michel Foucault, Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965), transl, and abridged from Folie et déraison (Paris, 1961); Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (New York, 1961; Harmondsworth, 1991); David J. Rothman, The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971; rev. edn, 1990); and Klaus Dörner, Madmen and the bourgeoisie: A social history of insanity and psychiatry (Oxford, 1981), transl. from Bürger und Irre (Frankfurt, 1969). For an early crystallization of Roy's differences with Goffman's (and Foucault's) vision of the asylum, see especially Roy Porter, "In the eighteenth century were lunatic asylums total institutions?", Ego, iv (1983), 12-34.
34. Michel Foucault, Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965), transl, and abridged from Folie et déraison (Paris, 1961); Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (New York, 1961; Harmondsworth, 1991); David J. Rothman, The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971; rev. edn, 1990); and Klaus Dörner, Madmen and the bourgeoisie: A social history of insanity and psychiatry (Oxford, 1981), transl. from Bürger und Irre (Frankfurt, 1969). For an early crystallization of Roy's differences with Goffman's (and Foucault's) vision of the asylum, see especially Roy Porter, "In the eighteenth century were lunatic asylums total institutions?", Ego, iv (1983), 12-34.
35. Michel Foucault, Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965), transl, and abridged from Folie et déraison (Paris, 1961); Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (New York, 1961; Harmondsworth, 1991); David J. Rothman, The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971; rev. edn, 1990); and Klaus Dörner, Madmen and the bourgeoisie: A social history of insanity and psychiatry (Oxford, 1981), transl. from Bürger und Irre (Frankfurt, 1969). For an early crystallization of Roy's differences with Goffman's (and Foucault's) vision of the asylum, see especially Roy Porter, "In the eighteenth century were lunatic asylums total institutions?", Ego, iv (1983), 12-34.
36. Michel Foucault, Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965), transl, and abridged from Folie et déraison (Paris, 1961); Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (New York, 1961; Harmondsworth, 1991); David J. Rothman, The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971; rev. edn, 1990); and Klaus Dörner, Madmen and the bourgeoisie: A social history of insanity and psychiatry (Oxford, 1981), transl. from Bürger und Irre (Frankfurt, 1969). For an early crystallization of Roy's differences with Goffman's (and Foucault's) vision of the asylum, see especially Roy Porter, "In the eighteenth century were lunatic asylums total institutions?", Ego, iv (1983), 12-34.
37. Michel Foucault, Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965), transl, and abridged from Folie et déraison (Paris, 1961); Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (New York, 1961; Harmondsworth, 1991); David J. Rothman, The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971; rev. edn, 1990); and Klaus Dörner, Madmen and the bourgeoisie: A social history of insanity and psychiatry (Oxford, 1981), transl. from Bürger und Irre (Frankfurt, 1969). For an early crystallization of Roy's differences with Goffman's (and Foucault's) vision of the asylum, see especially Roy Porter, "In the eighteenth century were lunatic asylums total institutions?", Ego, iv (1983), 12-34.
38. See e.g. Porter, Social history of madness (ref. 7), 14.
39. Ibid., 17.
40. See Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 8. His views are also endorsed by Andrew Scull, The most solitary of afflictions: Madness and society in Britain, 1700-1900 (New Haven and London, 1993), 8, note 20.
41. See Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 8. His views are also endorsed by Andrew Scull, The most solitary of afflictions: Madness and society in Britain, 1700-1900 (New Haven and London, 1993), 8, note 20.
42. For Roy's most focused critique of Foucault see Roy Porter, "Foucault's great confinement", History of the human sciences, iii (1990), 47-54. For further commentary, see e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 5-9, 110-11, 162-3, 225, 279-80; Porter, Social history of madness (ref. 7), 3, 14-16, 36, 54; Porter, "Madness and its institutions", in Wear (ed.), Medicine and society (ref. 5), 277-301, pp. 281-3; and Porter, "Total institutions" (ref. 22). Roy's views were clearly influenced by H. C. Erik Midelfort,"Madness and civilization in early modern Europe", in B. Malamont (ed.), After the Reformation: Essays in honour of J. H. Hexter (Philadelphia, 1980), 247-65.
43. For Roy's most focused critique of Foucault see Roy Porter, "Foucault's great confinement", History of the human sciences, iii (1990), 47-54. For further commentary, see e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 5-9, 110-11, 162-3, 225, 279-80; Porter, Social history of madness (ref. 7), 3, 14-16, 36, 54; Porter, "Madness and its institutions", in Wear (ed.), Medicine and society (ref. 5), 277-301, pp. 281-3; and Porter, "Total institutions" (ref. 22). Roy's views were clearly influenced by H. C. Erik Midelfort,"Madness and civilization in early modern Europe", in B. Malamont (ed.), After the Reformation: Essays in honour of J. H. Hexter (Philadelphia, 1980), 247-65.
44. For Roy's most focused critique of Foucault see Roy Porter, "Foucault's great confinement", History of the human sciences, iii (1990), 47-54. For further commentary, see e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 5-9, 110-11, 162-3, 225, 279-80; Porter, Social history of madness (ref. 7), 3, 14-16, 36, 54; Porter, "Madness and its institutions", in Wear (ed.), Medicine and society (ref. 5), 277-301, pp. 281-3; and Porter, "Total institutions" (ref. 22). Roy's views were clearly influenced by H. C. Erik Midelfort,"Madness and civilization in early modern Europe", in B. Malamont (ed.), After the Reformation: Essays in honour of J. H. Hexter (Philadelphia, 1980), 247-65.
45. For Roy's most focused critique of Foucault see Roy Porter, "Foucault's great confinement", History of the human sciences, iii (1990), 47-54. For further commentary, see e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 5-9, 110-11, 162-3, 225, 279-80; Porter, Social history of madness (ref. 7), 3, 14-16, 36, 54; Porter, "Madness and its institutions", in Wear (ed.), Medicine and society (ref. 5), 277-301, pp. 281-3; and Porter, "Total institutions" (ref. 22). Roy's views were clearly influenced by H. C. Erik Midelfort,"Madness and civilization in early modern Europe", in B. Malamont (ed.), After the Reformation: Essays in honour of J. H. Hexter (Philadelphia, 1980), 247-65.
46. For Roy's most focused critique of Foucault see Roy Porter, "Foucault's great confinement", History of the human sciences, iii (1990), 47-54. For further commentary, see e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 5-9, 110-11, 162-3, 225, 279-80; Porter, Social history of madness (ref. 7), 3, 14-16, 36, 54; Porter, "Madness and its institutions", in Wear (ed.), Medicine and society (ref. 5), 277-301, pp. 281-3; and Porter, "Total institutions" (ref. 22). Roy's views were clearly influenced by H. C. Erik Midelfort,"Madness and civilization in early modern Europe", in B. Malamont (ed.), After the Reformation: Essays in honour of J. H. Hexter (Philadelphia, 1980), 247-65.
47. For Roy's most focused critique of Foucault see Roy Porter, "Foucault's great confinement", History of the human sciences, iii (1990), 47-54. For further commentary, see e.g. Porter, Manacles (ref. 4), 5-9, 110-11, 162-3, 225, 279-80; Porter, Social history of madness (ref. 7), 3, 14-16, 36, 54; Porter, "Madness and its institutions", in Wear (ed.), Medicine and society (ref. 5), 277-301, pp. 281-3; and Porter, "Total institutions" (ref. 22). Roy's views were clearly influenced by H. C. Erik Midelfort,"Madness and civilization in early modern Europe", in B. Malamont (ed.), After the Reformation: Essays in honour of J. H. Hexter (Philadelphia, 1980), 247-65.
48. Colin Jones and Roy Porter (eds), Reassessing Foucault: Power, medicine and the body (London and New York, 1994).
49. See especially Roy Porter, "Was there a moral therapy in eighteenth-century psychiatry", Lychnos, 1981-82, 12-26.
50. E.g. Scull, Most solitary (ref. 25), 61-62; Andrew Scull, "The domestication of madness", Medical history, xxvii (1983), 233-48, reprinted in Scull, Social order/mental disorder: Anglo-American psychiatry in historical perspective (London, 1989), 54-79.
51. E.g. Scull, Most solitary (ref. 25), 61-62; Andrew Scull, "The domestication of madness", Medical history, xxvii (1983), 233-48, reprinted in Scull, Social order/mental disorder: Anglo-American psychiatry in historical perspective (London, 1989), 54-79.
52. E.g. Scull, Most solitary (ref. 25), 61-62; Andrew Scull, "The domestication of madness", Medical history, xxvii (1983), 233-48, reprinted in Scull, Social order/mental disorder: Anglo-American psychiatry in historical perspective (London, 1989), 54-79.
53. See e.g. Edward Shorter's wholehearted endorsement in A history of psychiatry: From the era of the asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York, 1997), 20. See, also, Leonard D. Smith's qualified leaning towards Roy's view in Cure, comfort and safe custody: Public lunatic asylums in early nineteenth century England (London, 1999). Busfield and Laffey disagree with Roy more substantially: Joan Busfield, Managing madness: Changing ideas and practice (London, 1986), 216; Paul Laffey, "Two registers of madness in Enlightenment Britain", History of psychiatry, xiii (2002), 367-80.
54. See e.g. Edward Shorter's wholehearted endorsement in A history of psychiatry: From the era of the asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York, 1997), 20. See, also, Leonard D. Smith's qualified leaning towards Roy's view in Cure, comfort and safe custody: Public lunatic asylums in early nineteenth century England (London, 1999). Busfield and Laffey disagree with Roy more substantially: Joan Busfield, Managing madness: Changing ideas and practice (London, 1986), 216; Paul Laffey, "Two registers of madness in Enlightenment Britain", History of psychiatry, xiii (2002), 367-80.
55. See e.g. Edward Shorter's wholehearted endorsement in A history of psychiatry: From the era of the asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York, 1997), 20. See, also, Leonard D. Smith's qualified leaning towards Roy's view in Cure, comfort and safe custody: Public lunatic asylums in early nineteenth century England (London, 1999). Busfield and Laffey disagree with Roy more substantially: Joan Busfield, Managing madness: Changing ideas and practice (London, 1986), 216; Paul Laffey, "Two registers of madness in Enlightenment Britain", History of psychiatry, xiii (2002), 367-80.
56. See e.g. Edward Shorter's wholehearted endorsement in A history of psychiatry: From the era of the asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York, 1997), 20. See, also, Leonard D. Smith's qualified leaning towards Roy's view in Cure, comfort and safe custody: Public lunatic asylums in early nineteenth century England (London, 1999). Busfield and Laffey disagree with Roy more substantially: Joan Busfield, Managing madness: Changing ideas and practice (London, 1986), 216; Paul Laffey, "Two registers of madness in Enlightenment Britain", History of psychiatry, xiii (2002), 367-80.
57. See e.g. Akihito Suzuki, "Anti-Lockean Enlightenment? Mind and body in early eighteenth-century English medicine", in Roy Porter (ed.), Medicine and the Enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995), 336-59, and idem, "Dualism and the transformation of psychiatric language in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries", History of science, xxxiii (1995), 417-47.
58. See e.g. Akihito Suzuki, "Anti-Lockean Enlightenment? Mind and body in early eighteenth-century English medicine", in Roy Porter (ed.), Medicine and the Enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995), 336-59, and idem, "Dualism and the transformation of psychiatric language in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries", History of science, xxxiii (1995), 417-47.
59. E.g. Porter's Manacles (ref. 4) is replete with discussion of nervous afflictions. See also introduction to George Cheyne, The English malady (1733), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1991), and Roy Porter, "Il male inglese: La follia in epoca Georgiana", Kos, ii (1985), 33-48.
60. E.g. Porter's Manacles (ref. 4) is replete with discussion of nervous afflictions. See also introduction to George Cheyne, The English malady (1733), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1991), and Roy Porter, "Il male inglese: La follia in epoca Georgiana", Kos, ii (1985), 33-48.
61. E.g. Porter's Manacles (ref. 4) is replete with discussion of nervous afflictions. See also introduction to George Cheyne, The English malady (1733), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1991), and Roy Porter, "Il male inglese: La follia in epoca Georgiana", Kos, ii (1985), 33-48.
62. Roy Porter, with Sander Gilman, Helen King, George Rousseau and Elaine Showalter, Hysteria beyond Freud (Berkeley, 1993).
63. See e.g. Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (eds), Fin de siècle and its legacy (Cambridge, 1990).
64. Sarah Dunant and Roy Porter (eds), The Age of Anxiety (London, 1996).
65. Marieke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Roy Porter, Cultures of neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Basingstoke, 2001); review by Gayle L. Davis, Social history of medicine, xv (2002), 525-7. Roy's contribution to this volume entails a typically reflexive reworking of his earlier analyses of nervousness during 1700-1900: "Nervousness, eighteenth and nineteenth century style: From luxury to labour", ibid., 31-50.
66. Marieke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Roy Porter, Cultures of neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Basingstoke, 2001); review by Gayle L. Davis, Social history of medicine, xv (2002), 525-7. Roy's contribution to this volume entails a typically reflexive reworking of his earlier analyses of nervousness during 1700-1900: "Nervousness, eighteenth and nineteenth century style: From luxury to labour", ibid., 31-50.
67. Marieke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Roy Porter, Cultures of neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Basingstoke, 2001); review by Gayle L. Davis, Social history of medicine, xv (2002), 525-7. Roy's contribution to this volume entails a typically reflexive reworking of his earlier analyses of nervousness during 1700-1900: "Nervousness, eighteenth and nineteenth century style: From luxury to labour", ibid., 31-50.
68. Jonathan Andrews, Asa Briggs, Roy Porter, Penny Tucker and Keir Waddington, The history of Bethlem (London, 1997).
69. William F. Bynum, Roy Porter and Michael Shepherd (eds), The anatomy of madness: Essays in the history of psychiatry (3 vols, London and New York, 1985-88).
70. Roy Porter, "The rage of party: A Glorious Revolution in English psychiatry?", Medical history, xxix (1983), 35-50.
71. Most notably Roy Porter, "Love, sex, and madness in eighteenth-century England", Social research, iii (1986), 211-42.
72. E.g. Roy Porter, "The body and mind, the doctor and the patient: Negotiating hysteria" in Porter et al., Hysteria beyond Freud (ref. 33), 225-85.
73. Roy Porter, "Barely touching: A social perspective on mind and body", in Roy Porter and George S. Rousseau (eds), The languages of psyche: Mind and body in Enlightenment thought (Berkeley, 1990), 45-80.
74. See Roy's eloquent introductions to the following: Haslam, Illustrations (ref. 15), and its recent translation, Porter, Politiquement Fou: James Tilly Matthews (Paris, 1999); Thomas Trotter, An essay, medical, philosophical, and chemical, on drunkenness, and its effects on the human body (1804), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1988); and George Cheyne, English malady, ed. by Porter (ref. 32).
75. See Roy's eloquent introductions to the following: Haslam, Illustrations (ref. 15), and its recent translation, Porter, Politiquement Fou: James Tilly Matthews (Paris, 1999); Thomas Trotter, An essay, medical, philosophical, and chemical, on drunkenness, and its effects on the human body (1804), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1988); and George Cheyne, English malady, ed. by Porter (ref. 32).
76. See Roy's eloquent introductions to the following: Haslam, Illustrations (ref. 15), and its recent translation, Porter, Politiquement Fou: James Tilly Matthews (Paris, 1999); Thomas Trotter, An essay, medical, philosophical, and chemical, on drunkenness, and its effects on the human body (1804), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1988); and George Cheyne, English malady, ed. by Porter (ref. 32).
77. See Roy's eloquent introductions to the following: Haslam, Illustrations (ref. 15), and its recent translation, Porter, Politiquement Fou: James Tilly Matthews (Paris, 1999); Thomas Trotter, An essay, medical, philosophical, and chemical, on drunkenness, and its effects on the human body (1804), ed. by Roy Porter (London and New York, 1988); and George Cheyne, English malady, ed. by Porter (ref. 32).
78. This journal was published until 2003 by Alpha Academic, in collaboration with the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Even better things are hoped for now the press ownership has changed hands to Sage.
79. E.g. Roy Porter, "Brunonian psychiatry", in William F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Brunonianism in Britain and Europe (Medical history, Supplement 8; London, 1988), 89-99.
80. E.g. Roy Porter, "The drinking man's disease: The 'pre-history' of alcoholism in Georgian Britain", British journal of addiction, lxxx (1985), 385-96. Roy also wrote an introduction to the English translation of Jean-Charles Sournia's path-breaking A history of alcoholism (New York and Oxford, 1990).
81. E.g. Roy Porter, "The drinking man's disease: The 'pre-history' of alcoholism in Georgian Britain", British journal of addiction, lxxx (1985), 385-96. Roy also wrote an introduction to the English translation of Jean-Charles Sournia's path-breaking A history of alcoholism (New York and Oxford, 1990).
82. German Berrios and Roy Porter (eds), A history of clinical psychiatry (London, 1995). Roy's informative accounts of various disease categories in their social settings include dementia, Parkinson's Disease, chorea and Huntingdon's Disease, 52-62, 113-22, but the most helpful are those on epilepsy and mood disorders, 164-73, 409-20.
83. E.g. Roy Porter, "Can the stigma of mental illness be changed?", Lancet, ccclii (1998), 1049-50.
84. See Roy Porter, "Reason and madness in the French Revolution", in Leslie Ellen Brown and Patricia B. Craddock (eds), Studies in eighteenth century culture, x (East Lansing, Michigan, 1990), 55-80, and Porter, "'Coming under the French influence': The early history of mesmerism in England", unpubl. typescript, London, 1985.
85. See Roy Porter, "Reason and madness in the French Revolution", in Leslie Ellen Brown and Patricia B. Craddock (eds), Studies in eighteenth century culture, x (East Lansing, Michigan, 1990), 55-80, and Porter, "'Coming under the French influence': The early history of mesmerism in England", unpubl. typescript, London, 1985.
86. See the brief introduction in De Goei and Vijselaar (eds), Proceedings (ref. 18).
87. Marieke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Roy Porter (eds), Cultures of psychiatry and mental health care in postwar Britain and the Netherlands (Amsterdam, 1998).
88. See also, e.g., Roy Porter, "Two cheers for psychiatry!: The social history of mental disorder in twentieth century Britain", in German Berrios and Hugh Freeman (eds), 150 years of British psychiatry (London, 1996), 383-406.
89. My thanks to German Berrios for alerting me to this point
90. For examples of Roy's many forewords, see Allan Ingram (ed.), Voices of madness: Four pamphlets, 1683-1796 (Thrupp, 1997); Peter Melville Logan, Nerves and narratives: A cultural history of hysteria in nineteenth-century British prose (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1997); and David H. Clark, The story of a mental hospital: Fulbourn, 1858-1983 (London, 1996).
91. For examples of Roy's many forewords, see Allan Ingram (ed.), Voices of madness: Four pamphlets, 1683-1796 (Thrupp, 1997); Peter Melville Logan, Nerves and narratives: A cultural history of hysteria in nineteenth-century British prose (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1997); and David H. Clark, The story of a mental hospital: Fulbourn, 1858-1983 (London, 1996).
92. For examples of Roy's many forewords, see Allan Ingram (ed.), Voices of madness: Four pamphlets, 1683-1796 (Thrupp, 1997); Peter Melville Logan, Nerves and narratives: A cultural history of hysteria in nineteenth-century British prose (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1997); and David H. Clark, The story of a mental hospital: Fulbourn, 1858-1983 (London, 1996).
93. See e.g. Roy's cover credits to Jan Goldstein's, Console and classify: The French psychiatric profession in the nineteenth century (Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 1987); David Wright and Peter Bartlett (eds), Outside the walls of the asylum: The history of care in the community 1750-2000 (London, 1999); Peter Bartlett, The poor law of lunacy: The administration of pauper lunatics in mid-nineteenth-century England (London and New York, 1999); and Peter Leese, Shell shock: Traumatic neurosis and the British soldiers of the First World War (Basingstoke, 2002).
94. See e.g. Roy's cover credits to Jan Goldstein's, Console and classify: The French psychiatric profession in the nineteenth century (Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 1987); David Wright and Peter Bartlett (eds), Outside the walls of the asylum: The history of care in the community 1750-2000 (London, 1999); Peter Bartlett, The poor law of lunacy: The administration of pauper lunatics in mid-nineteenth-century England (London and New York, 1999); and Peter Leese, Shell shock: Traumatic neurosis and the British soldiers of the First World War (Basingstoke, 2002).
95. See e.g. Roy's cover credits to Jan Goldstein's, Console and classify: The French psychiatric profession in the nineteenth century (Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 1987); David Wright and Peter Bartlett (eds), Outside the walls of the asylum: The history of care in the community 1750-2000 (London, 1999); Peter Bartlett, The poor law of lunacy: The administration of pauper lunatics in mid-nineteenth-century England (London and New York, 1999); and Peter Leese, Shell shock: Traumatic neurosis and the British soldiers of the First World War (Basingstoke, 2002).
96. See e.g. Roy's cover credits to Jan Goldstein's, Console and classify: The French psychiatric profession in the nineteenth century (Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 1987); David Wright and Peter Bartlett (eds), Outside the walls of the asylum: The history of care in the community 1750-2000 (London, 1999); Peter Bartlett, The poor law of lunacy: The administration of pauper lunatics in mid-nineteenth-century England (London and New York, 1999); and Peter Leese, Shell shock: Traumatic neurosis and the British soldiers of the First World War (Basingstoke, 2002).
97. See e.g. Roy Porter et al., The Western medical tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (Cambridge, 1995); Porter (ed.), The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine (Cambridge, 1996); Porter, "The greatest benefit to mankind": A medical history of humanity (London, 1997); Porter (ed.), Medicine: A history of healing. Ancient traditions to modern practice (London, 1997); and Porter, Blood and guts: A short history of medicine (Harmondsworth, 2002). Most of these texts include engaging sections by Roy on the history of mental disorders, asylums and psychiatry. Roy also contributed a short section on madness to the Routledge dictionary of ethics, theology and society (London, 1995), 987-93.
98. See e.g. Roy Porter et al., The Western medical tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (Cambridge, 1995); Porter (ed.), The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine (Cambridge, 1996); Porter, "The greatest benefit to mankind": A medical history of humanity (London, 1997); Porter (ed.), Medicine: A history of healing. Ancient traditions to modern practice (London, 1997); and Porter, Blood and guts: A short history of medicine (Harmondsworth, 2002). Most of these texts include engaging sections by Roy on the history of mental disorders, asylums and psychiatry. Roy also contributed a short section on madness to the Routledge dictionary of ethics, theology and society (London, 1995), 987-93.
99. See e.g. Roy Porter et al., The Western medical tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (Cambridge, 1995); Porter (ed.), The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine (Cambridge, 1996); Porter, "The greatest benefit to mankind": A medical history of humanity (London, 1997); Porter (ed.), Medicine: A history of healing. Ancient traditions to modern practice (London, 1997); and Porter, Blood and guts: A short history of medicine (Harmondsworth, 2002). Most of these texts include engaging sections by Roy on the history of mental disorders, asylums and psychiatry. Roy also contributed a short section on madness to the Routledge dictionary of ethics, theology and society (London, 1995), 987-93.
100. See e.g. Roy Porter et al., The Western medical tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (Cambridge, 1995); Porter (ed.), The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine (Cambridge, 1996); Porter, "The greatest benefit to mankind": A medical history of humanity (London, 1997); Porter (ed.), Medicine: A history of healing. Ancient traditions to modern practice (London, 1997); and Porter, Blood and guts: A short history of medicine (Harmondsworth, 2002). Most of these texts include engaging sections by Roy on the history of mental disorders, asylums and psychiatry. Roy also contributed a short section on madness to the Routledge dictionary of ethics, theology and society (London, 1995), 987-93.
101. See e.g. Roy Porter et al., The Western medical tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (Cambridge, 1995); Porter (ed.), The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine (Cambridge, 1996); Porter, "The greatest benefit to mankind": A medical history of humanity (London, 1997); Porter (ed.), Medicine: A history of healing. Ancient traditions to modern practice (London, 1997); and Porter, Blood and guts: A short history of medicine (Harmondsworth, 2002). Most of these texts include engaging sections by Roy on the history of mental disorders, asylums and psychiatry. Roy also contributed a short section on madness to the Routledge dictionary of ethics, theology and society (London, 1995), 987-93.
102. See e.g. Roy Porter et al., The Western medical tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (Cambridge, 1995); Porter (ed.), The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine (Cambridge, 1996); Porter, "The greatest benefit to mankind": A medical history of humanity (London, 1997); Porter (ed.), Medicine: A history of healing. Ancient traditions to modern practice (London, 1997); and Porter, Blood and guts: A short history of medicine (Harmondsworth, 2002). Most of these texts include engaging sections by Roy on the history of mental disorders, asylums and psychiatry. Roy also contributed a short section on madness to the Routledge dictionary of ethics, theology and society (London, 1995), 987-93.
103. William F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Companion encyclopaedia of the history of medicine (Cambridge, 1993), and Richard L. Gregory, Oxford companion to the mind (Oxford and New York, 1987).
104. William F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Companion encyclopaedia of the history of medicine (Cambridge, 1993), and Richard L. Gregory, Oxford companion to the mind (Oxford and New York, 1987).
105. See e.g. Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in national context (Cambridge, 1981); Porter, The Enlightenment (London, 1990; 2nd rev. edn, Basingstoke, 2001); John W. Yolton, Roy Porter, Pat Rogers, and Barbara Maria Stafford (eds), The Blackwell companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1991); Porter, Medicine in the Enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995); Jeremy Black and Roy Porter (eds), The Penguin dictionary of eighteenth century history (London, 1996); and Porter, Enlightenment Britain and the creation of the modern world (Harmondsworth, 2000).
106. See e.g. Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in national context (Cambridge, 1981); Porter, The Enlightenment (London, 1990; 2nd rev. edn, Basingstoke, 2001); John W. Yolton, Roy Porter, Pat Rogers, and Barbara Maria Stafford (eds), The Blackwell companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1991); Porter, Medicine in the Enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995); Jeremy Black and Roy Porter (eds), The Penguin dictionary of eighteenth century history (London, 1996); and Porter, Enlightenment Britain and the creation of the modern world (Harmondsworth, 2000).
107. See e.g. Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in national context (Cambridge, 1981); Porter, The Enlightenment (London, 1990; 2nd rev. edn, Basingstoke, 2001); John W. Yolton, Roy Porter, Pat Rogers, and Barbara Maria Stafford (eds), The Blackwell companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1991); Porter, Medicine in the Enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995); Jeremy Black and Roy Porter (eds), The Penguin dictionary of eighteenth century history (London, 1996); and Porter, Enlightenment Britain and the creation of the modern world (Harmondsworth, 2000).
108. See e.g. Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in national context (Cambridge, 1981); Porter, The Enlightenment (London, 1990; 2nd rev. edn, Basingstoke, 2001); John W. Yolton, Roy Porter, Pat Rogers, and Barbara Maria Stafford (eds), The Blackwell companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1991); Porter, Medicine in the Enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995); Jeremy Black and Roy Porter (eds), The Penguin dictionary of eighteenth century history (London, 1996); and Porter, Enlightenment Britain and the creation of the modern world (Harmondsworth, 2000).
109. See e.g. Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in national context (Cambridge, 1981); Porter, The Enlightenment (London, 1990; 2nd rev. edn, Basingstoke, 2001); John W. Yolton, Roy Porter, Pat Rogers, and Barbara Maria Stafford (eds), The Blackwell companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1991); Porter, Medicine in the Enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995); Jeremy Black and Roy Porter (eds), The Penguin dictionary of eighteenth century history (London, 1996); and Porter, Enlightenment Britain and the creation of the modern world (Harmondsworth, 2000).
110. See e.g. Roy Porter, "Madness and the family before Freud: The view of the mad-doctors", Journal of family history, xxiii (1998), 159-72, and Porter, "Madness and the family before Freud", in Gijswijt-Hofstra and Porter, Cultures of psychiatry (ref. 51), 257-83.
111. See e.g. Roy Porter, "Madness and the family before Freud: The view of the mad-doctors", Journal of family history, xxiii (1998), 159-72, and Porter, "Madness and the family before Freud", in Gijswijt-Hofstra and Porter, Cultures of psychiatry (ref. 51), 257-83.
112. See e.g. Roy Porter, "Madness and the family before Freud: The view of the mad-doctors", Journal of family history, xxiii (1998), 159-72, and Porter, "Madness and the family before Freud", in Gijswijt-Hofstra and Porter, Cultures of psychiatry (ref. 51), 257-83.
113. Roy was not the first to use this quote in a title. See Gertrud Lenzer, "Mind-forged manacles: Auguste Comte and the future", in Times higher education supplement, 27 Jan 1978. Literary scholars have also inevitably been there before and after him. See Melanie Bandy, Mind forged manacles: Evil in the poetry of Blake & Shelley (Alabama, 1981); Daniela Tandecki, Mind-forg'd manacles: William Blake und das Moralgesetz (Frankfurt am Main and New York, 1987); and Joan Baum, Mind-forg'd manacles: Slavery & the English Romantic Poets (Hamden, Conn., 1994).
114. Roy was not the first to use this quote in a title. See Gertrud Lenzer, "Mind-forged manacles: Auguste Comte and the future", in Times higher education supplement, 27 Jan 1978. Literary scholars have also inevitably been there before and after him. See Melanie Bandy, Mind forged manacles: Evil in the poetry of Blake & Shelley (Alabama, 1981); Daniela Tandecki, Mind-forg'd manacles: William Blake und das Moralgesetz (Frankfurt am Main and New York, 1987); and Joan Baum, Mind-forg'd manacles: Slavery & the English Romantic Poets (Hamden, Conn., 1994).
115. Roy was not the first to use this quote in a title. See Gertrud Lenzer, "Mind-forged manacles: Auguste Comte and the future", in Times higher education supplement, 27 Jan 1978. Literary scholars have also inevitably been there before and after him. See Melanie Bandy, Mind forged manacles: Evil in the poetry of Blake & Shelley (Alabama, 1981); Daniela Tandecki, Mind-forg'd manacles: William Blake und das Moralgesetz (Frankfurt am Main and New York, 1987); and Joan Baum, Mind-forg'd manacles: Slavery & the English Romantic Poets (Hamden, Conn., 1994).
116. Roy was not the first to use this quote in a title. See Gertrud Lenzer, "Mind-forged manacles: Auguste Comte and the future", in Times higher education supplement, 27 Jan 1978. Literary scholars have also inevitably been there before and after him. See Melanie Bandy, Mind forged manacles: Evil in the poetry of Blake & Shelley (Alabama, 1981); Daniela Tandecki, Mind-forg'd manacles: William Blake und das Moralgesetz (Frankfurt am Main and New York, 1987); and Joan Baum, Mind-forg'd manacles: Slavery & the English Romantic Poets (Hamden, Conn., 1994).
117. For good examples, see Roy Porter, "'The whole secret of health': Mind, body and medicine in Tristram Shandy", in John Christie and Sally Shuttleworth (eds), Nature transfigured (Manchester, 1989), 61-84.
118. Roy Porter, "'The hunger of imagination': Approaching Samuel Johnson's melancholy", in Bynum, Porter & Shepherd (eds), Anatomy (ref. 38), i, 63-88.
119. See e.g. Porter, "Madness and the family" (ref. 59), where Roy culled evocatively from Burton.
120. Porter, Madness (ref. 16).
121. In this connection see e.g. Roy Porter, "Making faces: Physiognomy and fashion in eighteenth-century England", Études anglaises, xxxviii (1985), 385-96.
122. See, e.g., Roy Porter, "Madness and society in England: The historiography reconsidered", in Studies in history, iii (1987), 275-90. Lesser contributions include Porter, "Shutting people up", Social studies of science, xii (1982), 467-76, and Porter, "Psychiatry pre-1800", Current opinion in psychiatry, iv (1991), 738-42 and ibid., v (1992), 718-21.
123. See, e.g., Roy Porter, "Madness and society in England: The historiography reconsidered", in Studies in history, iii (1987), 275-90. Lesser contributions include Porter, "Shutting people up", Social studies of science, xii (1982), 467-76, and Porter, "Psychiatry pre-1800", Current opinion in psychiatry, iv (1991), 738-42 and ibid., v (1992), 718-21.
124. See, e.g., Roy Porter, "Madness and society in England: The historiography reconsidered", in Studies in history, iii (1987), 275-90. Lesser contributions include Porter, "Shutting people up", Social studies of science, xii (1982), 467-76, and Porter, "Psychiatry pre-1800", Current opinion in psychiatry, iv (1991), 738-42 and ibid., v (1992), 718-21.
125. See, e.g., Roy Porter, "Madness and society in England: The historiography reconsidered", in Studies in history, iii (1987), 275-90. Lesser contributions include Porter, "Shutting people up", Social studies of science, xii (1982), 467-76, and Porter, "Psychiatry pre-1800", Current opinion in psychiatry, iv (1991), 738-42 and ibid., v (1992), 718-21.
126. Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter (eds), Discovering the history of psychiatry (Oxford, 1994). See their comprehensive historiographical introduction to this book, "Reflections on psychiatry and its histories", ibid., 3-36. For other of Roy's excellent historiographical surveys, see e.g. Porter, "History of psychiatry in Britain", History of psychiatry, ii (1991), 271-80, and Porter, "Madness and its institutions" (ref. 26).
127. Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter (eds), Discovering the history of psychiatry (Oxford, 1994). See their comprehensive historiographical introduction to this book, "Reflections on psychiatry and its histories", ibid., 3-36. For other of Roy's excellent historiographical surveys, see e.g. Porter, "History of psychiatry in Britain", History of psychiatry, ii (1991), 271-80, and Porter, "Madness and its institutions" (ref. 26).
128. Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter (eds), Discovering the history of psychiatry (Oxford, 1994). See their comprehensive historiographical introduction to this book, "Reflections on psychiatry and its histories", ibid., 3-36. For other of Roy's excellent historiographical surveys, see e.g. Porter, "History of psychiatry in Britain", History of psychiatry, ii (1991), 271-80, and Porter, "Madness and its institutions" (ref. 26).
129. Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter (eds), Discovering the history of psychiatry (Oxford, 1994). See their comprehensive historiographical introduction to this book, "Reflections on psychiatry and its histories", ibid., 3-36. For other of Roy's excellent historiographical surveys, see e.g. Porter, "History of psychiatry in Britain", History of psychiatry, ii (1991), 271-80, and Porter, "Madness and its institutions" (ref. 26).
130. Roy Porter, "Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter: History between psychoanalysis and psychiatry", in Micale and Porter (eds), Discovering (ref. 67), 83-94.
131. Roy Porter, "Shaping psychiatric knowledge: The role of the asylum", in Porter (ed.), Medicine in the Enlightenment (ref. 58), 256-73.
132. Roy Porter and David Wright (eds), The confinement of the insane, 1800-1965: International perspectives (Cambridge, 2003). The jointly written introduction to this book is an agenda setting survey of the state of current work in the field.
133. R. A. Houston, Madness and society in eighteenth-century Scotland (Oxford and New York, 2000), 4.
134. See e.g. Helen Small, Love's madness: Medicine, the novel, and female insanity, 1800-1865 (Oxford and New York, 1996), 38. Small's assessment refers to Porter's Manacles, and is also cited in Houston's Madness and society (ref. 71), 357 and note 5.
135. See e.g. Helen Small, Love's madness: Medicine, the novel, and female insanity, 1800-1865 (Oxford and New York, 1996), 38. Small's assessment refers to Porter's Manacles, and is also cited in Houston's Madness and society (ref. 71), 357 and note 5.
136. See e.g. Helen Small, Love's madness: Medicine, the novel, and female insanity, 1800-1865 (Oxford and New York, 1996), 38. Small's assessment refers to Porter's Manacles, and is also cited in Houston's Madness and society (ref. 71), 357 and note 5.
137. Roy Porter, "Introduction", in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), Language, self, and society: A social history of language (Cambridge, 1991), 2.