Clinical neurophysiology and quantitative sensory testing in the investigation of orofacial pain and sensory function

Journal of Orofacial Pain

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 85-107

  Jääskeläinen, Satu K ^a  

^a TURKU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Neuropathy; Neurophysiological diagnostic techniques; Orofacial pain; Quantitative sensory testing; Trigeminal nerve

Indexed keywords

AFFERENT NERVE GROUP 1; ATYPICAL FACIAL PAIN; AXONAL INJURY; BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CORNEA REFLEX; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; EYELID REFLEX; FACE PAIN; HUMAN; INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE; JAW OPENING REFLEX; NERVE CONDUCTION; NERVE FIBER C; NEUROGRAPHY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SENSORY SYSTEM EXAMINATION; SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM; TRIGEMINAL NERVE; TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASE; TRIGEMINUS NEURALGIA;

BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FACIAL PAIN; HEAT; HUMANS; NEURAL CONDUCTION; REFLEX; SENSATION DISORDERS; SENSORY THRESHOLDS; TRIGEMINAL NERVE; TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA;

EID: 2442446400     PISSN: 10646655     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Sandstedt P, Sörensen S. Neurosensory disturbances of the trigeminal nerve: A long-term follow-up of traumatic injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;53:498-505.
2. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988;8(suppl 7):1-96.
3. Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: Review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain 1992;6:301-355.
4. Pfaffenrath V, Rath M, Pöllman W, Keeser W. Atypical facial pain - Application of the IHS criteria in a clinical sample. Cephalalgia 1993;13(suppl 12):84-88.
5. Cruccu G, Leandri M, Feliciani M, Manfredi M. Idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:1034-1042.
6. Jääskeläinen S, Forssell H, Tenovuo O. Electrophysiological testing of the trigeminofacial system: Aid in the diagnosis of atypical facial pain. Pain 1999;80:191-200.
7. Forssell H, Jääskeläinen SK, Tenovuo O, Hinkka S. Sensory dysfunction in burning mouth syndrome. Pain 2002;99:41-47.
8. Teerijoki-Oksa T, Jääskeläinen S, Forssell K, Virtanen A, Forssell H. An evaluation of clinical and electrophysiologic tests in nerve injury diagnosis after mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 32:15-23.
9. Majoie CBLM, Aramideh M, Hulsmans F-JH, Castelijns JA, van Beek EJR, Ongerboer de Visser BW. Correlation between electromyographic reflex and MR imaging examinations of the trigeminal nerve. Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1119-1125.
10. Wedekind C, Hesselmann V, Klug N. Comparison of MRI and electrophysiological studies for detecting brainstem lesions in traumatic brain injury. Muscle Nerve 2002;26:270-273.
11. Kimura J. The blink reflex. In: Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice (3rd ed). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2001:409-438.
12. Kimura J. H, T, masseter, and other reflexes. In: Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice (3rd ed). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2001:466-494.
13. Ongerboer de Visser BW, Cruccu G. Neurophysiologic examination of the trigeminal, facial, hypoglossal, and spinal accessory nerves in cranial neuropathies and brainstem disorders. In: Brown WF, Bolton CF (eds). Clinical Electromyography. Boston: ButterworthHeinemann, 1993:61-92.
14. Jääskeläinen SK, Peltola JK. Clinical application of the blink reflex with stimulation of the mental nerve in lesions of the inferior alveolar nerve. Neurology 1994;44:2356-2361.
15. Jääskeläinen S. Blink reflex with stimulation of the mental nerve. Methodology, reference values, and some clinical vignettes. Acta Neurol Scand 1995;91:477-482.
16. Jääskeläinen SK. Electrophysiological study of blink reflex in man: Differences in mental and supraorbital nerves. Acta Physiol Scand 1995;154:143-150.
17. Jääskeläinen SK, Peltola JK. Electrophysiologic evidence for extremely late sensory collateral reinnervation in humans. Neurology 1996;46:1703-1705.
18. Cruccu G, Agostino R, Inghilleri M, Innocenti P, Romaniello A, Manfredi M. Mandibular nerve involvement in diabetic polyneuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21:1673-1679.
19. Cruccu G, Romaniello A, Amantini A, Lombardi M, Innocenti P, Manfredi M. Assessment of trigeminal small-fiber function: Brain and reflex responses evoked by laser stimulation. Muscle Nerve 1999;22:508-516.
20. Cruccu G, Deuschl G. The clinical use of brainstem reflexes and hand-muscle reflexes. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111:371-387.
21. Ellrich J, Hopf HC, Treede RD. Nociceptive masseter inhibitory reflexes evoked by laser radiant heat and electrical stimuli. Brain Res 1997;764:214-220.
22. Ellrich J, Bromm B, Hopf HC. Pain-evoked blink reflex. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:265-270.
23. Kaube H, Katsarava Z, Kaufer T, Diener H, Ellrich J. A new method to increase nociception specificity of the human blink reflex. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111: 413-416.
24. Romaniello A, Valls-Solé J, Iannetti GD, Truini A, Manfredi M, Cruccu G. Nociceptive quality of the laser-evoked blink reflex in humans. J Neurophysiol 2002; 87:1386-1394.
25. Jääskeläinen SK, Peltola JK, Forssell K, Vähätalo K. Evaluating the function of the inferior alveolar nerve during mandibular sagittal split osteotomy with repeated nerve conduction tests. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;53: 269-279.
26. Jääskeläinen SK. A new technique for recording the sensory conduction velocity of the inferior alveolar nerve. Muscle Nerve 1999;22:455-459.
27. Jääskeläinen SK, Teerijoki-Oksa T, Forssell K, Vähätalo K, Peltola J, Forssell H. Intraoperative monitoring of the inferior alveolar nerve during mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Muscle Nerve 2000;23:368-375.
28. Liguori R, Cevoli S, Montagna P. Electroneurographic investigation of the mandibular nerve in lingual neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:410-412.
29. Colin W. Conduction velocity of the human inferior alveolar nerve: A preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;51:1018-1023.
30. Leandri M, Parodi CI, Favale E. Normative data on scalp responses evoked by infraorbital nerve stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988;71:415-421.
31. Agostino R, Cruccu G, Iannetti GD, et al. Trigeminal small-fibre dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus: A study with laser evoked potentials and corneal reflex. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111:2264-2267.
32. Becser N, Sand T, Zwart J-A. Reliability of cephalic thermal thresholds in healthy subjects. Cephalalgia 1998;18: 574-582.
33. Westermark A, Bystedt H, von Konow L. Inferior alveolar nerve function after mandibular osteotomies. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;36:425-428.
34. Westermark A, Englesson L, Bongenhielm U. Neurosensory function after sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible: A comparison between subjective evaluation and objective assessment. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1999;14:268-275.
35. De Laat A, Svensson P, Macaluso GM. Are jaw and facial reflexes modulated during clinical or experimental orofacial pain? J Orofac Pain 1998;12:260-271.
36. Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice (3rd ed). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2001.
37. Pascual-Leone A, Wasserman E, Davey N, Rothwell J (eds). Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (1st ed). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002.
38. Gosling JA, Harris PF, Humpherson JR, Whitmore I, Willan PLT. Head and neck. In: Atlas of Human Anatomy with Intergrated Text. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1985:7.1-7.56.
39. Wilson-Pauwels L, Akesson EJ, Stewart PA. V Trigeminal nerve. In: Cranial Nerves. Anatomy and Clinical Comments. Toronto: B. C. Decker, 1988:49-69.
40. Rushworth G. Observations on blink reflexes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1962;25:93-108.
41. Säring W, von Cramon D. The acoustic blink reflex: Stimulus dependence, excitability and localizing value. J Neurol 1981;224:243-252.
42. Yates SK, Brown WF. Light-stimulus-evoked blink reflex: Methods, normal values, relation to other blink reflexes, and observations in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1981;31:272-281.
43. Kimura J, Powers JM, Van Allen MW. Reflex response of orbicularis oculi muscle to supraorbital nerve stimulation. Arch Neurol 1969;21:193-199.
44. Shahani B. The human blink reflex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:792-800.
45. Ongerboer de Visser BW. Anatomical and functional organization of reflexes involving the trigeminal system in man: Jaw reflex, blink reflex, corneal reflex, and exteroceptive suppression. In: Desmedt JE (ed). Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. New York: Raven Press, 1983:727-738.
46. Hopf HC. Topodiagnostic value of brainstem reflexes. Muscle Nerve 1994;17:475-484.
47. Sanes JN, Foss JA, Ison JR. Conditions that affect the thresholds of the components of the eyeblink reflex in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982;45: 543-549.
48. Rossi B, Risaliti R, Rossi A. The R3 component of the blink reflex in man: A reflex response induced by activation of high threshold cutaneous afferents. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989;73:334-340.
49. Ellrich J, Katsarava Z, Przywara S, Kaube H. Is the R3 component of the human blink reflex nociceptive in origin? Pain 2001;91:389-395.
50. Dengler R, Rechl F, Struppler A. Recruitment of single motor units in the human blink reflex. Neurosci Lett 1982;34:301-305.
51. Snow BJ, Frith RW. The relationship of eyelid movement to the blink reflex. J Neurol Sci 1989;91:179-189.
52. Cruccu G, Ferracuti S, Leardi MG, Fabbri A, Manfredi M. Nociceptive quality of the orbicularis oculi reflexes as evaluated by distinct opiate- and benzodiazepine-induced changes in man. Brain Res 1991;556:209-217.
53. Pellegrini JJ, Horn AK, Evinger C. The trigeminally evoked blink reflex. I. Neuronal circuits. Exp Brain Res 1995;107:166-180.
54. Jääskeläinen SK, Forssell H, Tenovuo O. Abnormalities of the blink reflex in burning mouth syndrome. Pain 1997;73:455-460.
55. 1 in blink reflex. Muscle Nerve 1988;11:848-851.
56. Aramideh M, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Koelman JH, Majoie CB, Holstege G. Late blink reflex response abnormality due to lesion of the lateral tegmental field. Brain 1997;120:1685-1692.
57. Inagaki M, Takeshita K, Nakao S, Shiraishi Y, Oikawa T. An electrophysiologically defined trigemino-reticulofacial pathway related to the blink reflex in cats. Neurosci Lett 1989;96:64-69.
58. Ellrich J, Treede RD. Characterization of blink reflex interneurons by activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in man. Brain Res 1998;803:161-168.
59. Kiers L, Carroll WM. Blink reflexes and magnetic resonance imaging in focal unilateral central trigeminal pathway demyelination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:526-529.
60. Evinger C, Basso MA, Manning KA, Sibony PA, Pellegrini JJ, Horn AKE. A role for the basal ganglia in nicotinic modulation of the blink reflex. Exp Brain Res 1993;92:507-515.
61. Basso MA, Strecker RE, Evinger C. Midbrain 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesions modulate blink reflex excitability. Exp Brain Res 1993;95:88-96.
62. Basso MA, Powers AS, Evinger C. An explanation for reflex blink hyperexcitability in Parkinson's disease. I. Superior colliculus. J Neurosci 1996;16:7308-7317.
63. Penders CA, Delwaide PJ. Blink reflex studies in patients with parkinsonism before and during therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1971;34:674-678.
64. Kimura J. Disorder of the interneurons in parkinsonism. The orbicularis oculi reflex to paired stimuli. Brain 1973; 96:87-96.
65. Ferguson IT, Lenman JAR, Johnston BB. Habituation of the orbicularis oculi reflex in dementia and dyskinetic states. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978;41:824-828.
66. Lowitzsch K, Lüder G. Habituation of the blink reflex: Computer assisted quantitative analysis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;60:525-531.
67. Berardelli A, Cruccu G, Manfredi M, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD. The corneal reflex and the R2 component of the blink reflex. Neurology 1985;35:797-801.
68. Cruccu G, Inghilleri M, Fraioli B, Guidetti B, Manfredi M. Neurophysiologic assessment of trigeminal function after surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology 1987;37:631-638.
69. Sandrini G, Alfonsi E, Ruiz L, et al. Impairment of corneal pain perception in cluster headache. Pain 1991;47:299-304.
70. Antonaci F, Sandrini G, Danilov A, Sand T. Neurophysiological studies in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and hemicrania continua. Headache 1994;34:479-483.
71. McIntyre AK, Robinson RG. Pathway for the jaw jerk in man. Brain 1959;82:468-474.
72. Goor C, Ongerboer de Visser BW. Jaw and blink reflexes in trigeminal nerve lesions. An electrodiagnostic study. Neurology 1976;26:95-97.
73. Ongerboer de Visser BW, Goor C. Electromyographic and reflex study in idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgias: Latency of the jaw and blink reflexes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974;37:1225-1230.
74. Ferguson IT. Electrical study of jaw and orbicularis oculi reflexes after trigeminal nerve surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978;41:819-823.
75. Jääskeläinen SK. The jaw reflex: Maturation in the neonatal period and childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 1993;35:708-714.
76. Murray GM, Klineberg IJ. Electromyographic recordings of human jaw-jerk reflex characteristics evoked under standardized conditions. Arch Oral Biol 1984;29: 537-549.
77. Cruccu G, Agostino R, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M, Ongerboer de Visser BW. The masseter inhibitory reflex is evoked by innocuous stimuli and mediated by A beta afferent fibres. Exp Brain Res 1989;77:447-450.
78. 2 laser stimulation of the perioral region in man. Exp Brain Res 1998;118:564-568.
79. Ongerboer de Visser BW, Cruccu G, Manfredi M, Koelman JH. Effects of brainstem lesions on the masseter inhibitory reflex. Functional mechanisms of reflex pathways. Brain 1990;113:781-792.
80. Valls-Solé J, Vila N, Obach V, Alvarez R, Gonzalez LE, Chamorro A. Brain stem reflexes in patients with Wallenberg's syndrome: Correlation with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Muscle Nerve 1996;19:1093-1099.
81. Valls-Solé J, Graus F, Font J, Pou A, Tolosa ES. Normal proprioceptive trigeminal afferents in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and sensory neuronopathy. Ann Neurol 1990;28:786-790.
82. Wang K, Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Modulation of exteroceptive suppression periods in human jaw-closing muscles by local and remote muscle pain. Pain 1999; 82:253-262.
83. Romaniello A, Arendt-Nielsen L, Cruccu G, Svensson P. Modulation of trigeminal laser evoked potentials and laser silent periods by homotopical experimental pain. Pain 2002;98:217-228.
84. Alfonsi E, Pacchetti C, Lozza A, et al. Electrophysiological study on jaw-opening reflex recorded from digastric muscles in Parkinson's disease and primary carnial dystonias. Funct Neurol 1992;7:451-458.
85. Närhi M, Hirvonen T, Jyväsjärvi E, Huopaniemi T. Reflex responses in the digastric and tongue muscles to stimulation of intradental nerves in the cat. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1989;85:383-387.
86. Cruccu G, Agostino R, Fornarelli M, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M. Recovery cycle of the masseter inhibitory reflex in man. Neurosci Lett 1984;49:63-68.
87. Cruccu G, Frisardi G, Pauletti G, Romaniello A, Manfredi M. Excitability of the central masticatory pathways in patients with painful temporomandibular disorders. Pain 1997;73:447-454.
88. Graven-Nielsen T, Svensson P, McMillan A, Arendt-Nielsen L. Quantitative analysis of reflex inhibition in single motor units in human masseter muscle: Effects of stimulus intensity. Muscle Nerve 2000;23:259-266.
89. Jones DL, Thrash WJ. Electrophysiological assessment of human inferior alveolar nerve function. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;50:581-585.
90. Teerijoki-Oksa T, Jääskeläinen SK, Forssell K, Forssell H, Vähätalo K, Tammisalo T, Virtanen A. Risk factors of nerve injury during mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;31:33-39.
91. Berger AR, Schaumburg HH, Schroeder C, Apfel S, Reynolds R. Dose response, coasting, and differential fiber vulnerability in human toxic neuropathy: A prospective study of pyridoxine neurotoxicity. Neurology 1992;42:1367-1370.
92. Olney RK. Clinical trials for polyneuropathy: The role of nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, and autonomic function testing. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998;15:129-137.
93. Boivie J, Leijon G, Johansson I. Central post-stroke pain - A study of the mechanisms through analyses of the sensory abnormalities. Pain 1989;37:173-185.
94. Verdugo R, Ochoa JL. Quantitative somatosensory thermotest. A key method for functional evaluation of small calibre afferent channels. Brain 1992;115:893-913.
95. Dyck PJ, Zimmerman I, Gillen DA, Johnson D, Karnes JL, O'Brien PC. Cool, warm, and heat-pain detection thresholds: Testing methods and inferences about anatomic distribution of receptors. Neurology 1993;43: 1500-1508.
96. Gruener G, Dyck PJ. Quantitative sensory testing: Methodology, applications, and future directions. J Clin Neurophysiol 1994;11:568-583.
97. Dyck PJ, O'Brien PC. Quantitative sensation testing in small-diameter sensory fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2002;26:595-596.
98. Periquet MI, Novak V, Collins MP, et al. Painful sensory neuropathy. Prospective evaluation using skin biopsy. Neurology 1999;53:1641-1647.
99. Freeman R, Chase KP, Risk MR. Quantitative sensory testing cannot differentiate simulated sensory loss from sensory neuropathy. Neurology 2003;60:465-470.
100. Dyck PJ, Dyck PJ, Kennedy WR, et al. Limitations of quantitative sensory testing when patients are biased toward a bad outcome. Neurology 1998;50:1213.
101. Serra J, Ochoa J, Campero M. Human studies of primary nociceptors in neuropathic pain. In: Hansson PT, Fields HL, Hill RG, Marchettini P (eds). Neuropathic Pain: Pathophysiology and Treatment, Progress in Pain Research and Management, vol 21. Seattle: IASP Press, 2001:63-83.
102. Leffler A-S. Pain Influences Somatosensory Perception - An Experimental and Clinical Study [thesis]. Stockholm: Repro Print, 2002.
103. Grushka M, Sessle BJ, Howley TP. Psychophysical assessment of tactile, pain and thermal sensory functions in burning mouth syndrome. Pain 1987;28:169-184.
104. Hampf G, Bowsher D, Wells C, Miles J. Sensory and autonomic measurements in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia before and after radiofrequency thermocoagulation: Differentiation from some other causes of facial pain. Pain 1990;40:241-248.
105. Nurmikko T, Bowsher D. Somatosensory findings in postherpetic neuralgia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:135-141.
106. Nurmikko TJ. Altered cutaneous sensation in trigeminal neuralgia. Arch Neurol 1991;48:523-527.
107. Dyck PJ, Karnes J, O'Brien PC, Zimmerman IR. Detection thresholds of cutaneous sensation in humans. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, Low PA, Poduslo JF (eds). Peripheral Neuropathy, ed 3. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993:706-728.
108. Meh D, Denislic M. Quantitative assessment of thermal and pain sensitivity. J Neurol Sci 1994;127:164-169.
109. Hilz MJ, Stemper B, Axelrod FB, Kolodny EH, Neundorfer B. Quantitative thermal perception testing in adults. J Clin Neurophysiol 1999;16:462-471.
110. Khalili N, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Kennedy WR, Simone DA. Influence of thermode size for detecting heat pain dysfunction in a capsaicin model of epidermal nerve fiber loss. Pain 2001;91:241-250.
111. Ekblom A, Hansson P. Thermal sensitivity is not changed by acute pain or afferent stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:1216-1220.
112. Fruhstorfer H, Lindblom U, Schimdt WG. Method for quantitative estimation of thermal thresholds in patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:1071-1075.
113. Yarnitsky D. Quantitative sensory testing. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:198-204.
114. Nordin M. Intrafascicular recordings of afferent multiunit activity from the human supraorbital nerve. Acta Physiol Scand 1994;151:507-514.
115. Barker GR, Bennett AJ, Wastell DG. Applications of trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials (TSEPs) in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;25:308-313.
116. Jones DL, Wolford LM, Hartog JM. Comparison of methods to assess neurosensory alterations following orthognathic surgery. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1990;5:35-42.
117. Nakagawa K, Ueki K, Matsumoto N, Takatsuka S, Yamamoto E, Ooe H. The assessment of trigeminal sensory nerve paraesthesia after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: Modified somatosensory evoked potentials recording method. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1997;25: 97-101.
118. Singh N, Sachdev KK, Brisman R. Trigeminal nerve stimulation: Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials. Neurology 1982;32:97-101.
119. Barker GR, Bennett AJ, Wastell DG. Normative studies of the TSEP. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;16:586-592.
120. Leandri M, Parodi CI, Favale E. Early evoked potentials detected from the scalp of man following infraorbital nerve stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;62:99-107.
121. Leandri M, Parodi CI, Rigardo S, Favale E. Early scalp responses evoked by stimulation of the mental nerve in humans. Neurology 1990;40:315-320.
122. Stechison MT, Kralick FJ. The trigeminal evoked potential: Part I. Long-latency responses in awake or anesthetized subjects. Neurosurgery 1993;33:633-638.
123. Ghali GE, Jones DL, Wolford LM. Somatosensory evoked potential assessment of the inferior alveolar nerve following third molar extraction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;19:18-21.
124. Vriens JPM, Pasman JW. Assessment of trigeminal nerve function by means of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials after microneurosurgical repair. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1994;22:156-162.
125. Leandri M, Campbell JA. Origin of early waves evoked by infraorbital nerve stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986;65:13-19.
126. Leandri M, Parodi CI, Zattoni J, Favale E. Subcortical and cortical responses following infraorbital nerve stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:253-262.
127. Harper CM Jr. Somatosensory evoked potentials. In: Daube JR (ed). Clinical Neurophysiology. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1996:157-170.
128. Leandri M. Generator sites of early scalp potentials evoked from the three trigeminal branches. J Neurosurg 1998;88:718-725.
129. Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Kaaber S, Bjerring P. Vertex potentials evoked by nociceptive laser stimulation of oral mucosa: A comparison of four stimulation paradigms. Anesth Pain Control Dent 1992;4:222-228.
130. 2 laser stimuli. Pain 1994;57:181-192.
131. Treede RD, Kief S, Hölzer T, Bromm B. Late somatosensory evoked cerebral potentials in response to cutaneous heat stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988;70:429-441.
132. Kimura J, Rodnitzky RL, Van Allen MW. Electrodiagnostic study of trigeminal nerve. Orbicularis oculi reflex and masseter reflex in trigeminal neuralgia, paratrigeminal syndrome, and other lesions of the trigeminal nerve. Neurology 1970;20:574-583.
133. Bowsher D, Miles JB, Haggett CE, Eldridge PR. Trigeminal neuralgia: A quantitative sensory perception threshold study in patients who had not undergone previous invasive procedures. J Neurosurg 1997;86: 190-192.
134. Wahren LK, Torebjork E, Nystrom B. Quantitative sensory testing before and after regional guanethidine block in patients with neuralgia in the hand. Pain 1991;46: 23-30.
135. Leandri M, Parodi CI, Favale E. Early trigeminal evoked potentials in tumours of the base of the skull and trigeminal neuralgia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988;71:114-124.
136. Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia: Pathology and pathogenesis. Brain 2001;124:2347-2360.
137. Capozza M, Iannetti GD, Mostarda M, Cruccu G, Accornero N. Three-dimensional mapping of brainstem functional lesions. Med Biol Eng Comput 2000;38: 639-644.
138. Pappagallo M, Oaklander AL, Quatrano-Piacentini AL, Clark MR, Raja SN. Heterogenous patterns of sensory dysfunction in postherpetic neuralgia suggest multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms. Anesthesiology 2000;92: 691-698.
139. Hopf HC, Thömke F, Gutmann L. Midbrain vs. pontine medial longitudinal fasciculus lesions: The utilization of masseter and blink reflexes. Muscle Nerve 1991;14: 326-330.
140. Eisen A, Danon J. The orbicularis oculi reflex in acoustic neuromas: A clinical and electrodiagnostic evaluation. Neurology 1974;24:306-311.
141. Kimura J, Lyon LW. Alteration of orbicularis oculi reflex by posterior fossa tumors. J Neurosurg 1973;38:10-16.
142. Kimura J. Alteration of the orbicularis oculi reflex by pontine lesions. Study in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1970;22:156-161.
143. Kimura J, Lyon LW. Orbicularis oculi reflex in the Wallenberg syndrome: Alteration of the late reflex by lesions of the spinal tract and nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972;35:228-233.
144. Kimura J. Electrodiagnostic study of brainstem strokes. Stroke 1971;2:576-586.
145. Auger RG, Windebank AJ, Lucchinetti CF, Chalk CH. Role of the blink reflex in the evaluation of sensory neuropathy. Neurology 1999;53:407-408.
146. Peñarrocha M, Alfaro A, Bagán JV, López-Trigo J. Idiopathic trigeminal sensory neuropathy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;50:472-476.
147. Carmichael FA, McGowan DA. Incidence of nerve damage following third molar removal: A West of Scotland Oral Surgery Research Group study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;30:78-82.
148. Leira JI, Gilhuus-Moe OT. Sensory impairment following sagittal split osteotomy for correction of mandibular retrognathism. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1991;6:161-167.
149. Jääskeläinen SK, Peltola JK, Lehtinen R. The mental nerve blink reflex in the diagnosis of lesions of the inferior alveolar nerve following orthognathic surgery of the mandible. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;34:87-95.
150. Haskell R. Medico-legal consequences of extracting lower third molar teeth. Med Protection Soc Annu Rep Accounts 1986;94:51-52.
151. Ventä I, Lindqvist C, Ylipaavalniemi P. Malpractice claims for permanent nerve injuries related to third molar removals. Acta Odontol Scand 1998;56:193-196.
152. Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Sensory disturbances associated with rigid internal fixation of mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;49:1264-1268.
153. Robinson PP. Observations on the recovery of sensation following inferior alveolar nerve injuries. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988;26:177-189.
154. Zuniga JR, Meyer RA, Gregg JM, Miloro M, Davis LF. The accuracy of clinical neurosensory testing for nerve injury diagnosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;56:2-8.
155. Eide PK, Rabben T. Trigeminal neuropathic pain: Pathophysiological mechanisms examined by quantitative assessment of abnormal pain and sensory perception. Neurosurgery 1998;43:1103-1110.
156. Ship JA, Grushka M, Lipton JA, Mott AE, Sessle BJ, Dionne RA. Burning mouth syndrome: An update. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126(7):842-853.
157. Svensson P, Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Kaaber S. Sensory and pain thresholds to orofacial argon laser stimulation in patients with chronic burning mouth syndrome. Clin J Pain 1993;9:207-215.
158. Bartoshuk LM, Grushka M, Duffy VB, et al. Burning mouth syndrome: Damage to CN VII and pain phantoms in CN V [abstract]. Chem Senses 1999;24:60.
159. Lauritano D, Spadari F, Formaglio F, Zambellini Artini M, Salvato A. Aspetti eziopatogenetici, clinico-diagnostici e terapeutici della sindrome della bocca bruciante [in Italian]. Minerva Stomatol 1998;47:239-251.
160. Staud R, Vierck CJ, Cannon RL, Mauderli AP, Price DD. Abnormal sensitization and temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain 2001;92:165-175.
161. Jääskeläinen SK, Rinne JO, Forssell H, et al. Role of the dopaminergic system in chronic pain - A fluorodopa-PET study. Pain 2001;90:257-260.
162. Hagelberg N, Forssell H, Rinne JO, et al. Striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in burning mouth syndrome. Pain 2003;101:149-154.
163. Chudler EH, Dong WK. The role of basal ganglia in nociception and pain. Pain 1995;60:3-38.
164. Hagelberg N, Forssell H, Aalto S, et al. Altered dopamine D2 receptor binding in atypical facial pain. Pain 2003;106:43-48.