Lead leaching from inline brass devices: A critical evaluation of the existing standard

Journal / American Water Works Association

Volumn 97, Issue 8, 2005, Pages

  Dudi, Abhijeet ^a   Schock, Michael ^b   Murray, Nestor ^b   Edwards, Marc ^a  

^a State University   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRASS; HEALTH CARE; INSPECTION; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; LEACHING; LEAD; PLUMBING; POTABLE WATER; STANDARDS;

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE; INLINE BRASS DEVICES; LEAD LEACHING; NORMALIZATION FORMULA;

WATER POLLUTION;

EID: 24344463994     PISSN: 0003150X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07451.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Ackroyd, R. 2003. Trial testimony in As You Sow V. Conbraco Industries et al.
2. ASDWA (Association of State Drinking Water Administrators), 2001. Survey on State Adoption of ANSI/NSF Standards 60/61. ASDWA, Washington.
3. Butler, G. & Ison, H.C.K., 1966. Corrosion and Its Prevention in Waters. Leonard Hill, London.
4. Crowell, M.K., 2002. Safe Drinking Water Program Lead Ban Surveillance Project 2002. Pennsylvania Dept of Envir. Protection, Bur. of Water Supply and Wastewater Mgmt., Harrisburg, Pa.
5. Dodrill, D. & Edwards, M., 1995. Corrosion Control on the Basis of Utility Experience. Jour. AWWA, 87:7:74.
6. Dudi, A., 2004. Reconsidering Lead Regulations in Drinking Water: Testing of Products, Chloramination, and Galvanic Corrosion. Master's thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va.
7. Edwards, M., 2004. Lead in D.C. Drinking Water. Testimony before the 108th Congress of the United States, House Committee on Government Reform, Mar. 5, 2004.
8. Edwards, M. & Dudi, A., 2004. Role of Chlorine and Chloramine in Corrosion of Lead bearing Plumbing Materials. Jour. AWWA, 96:10:69.
9. Edwards, M. & McNeill, L.S., 2002. Effect of ' Phosphate Inhibitors on Lead Release From Pipes. Jour. AWWA, 94:1:79.
10. Edwards, M.; Hidmi, L.; & Gladwell, D., 2002. Phosphate Inhibition of Soluble Copper Corrosion By-product Release. Corrosion Sci., 44:1057.
11. Edwards, M.; Jacobs, S.; & Dodrill, D., 1999. Desktop Guidance for Mitigating Pb and Cu Corrosion By-products. Jour. AWWA, 91:5:66.
12. Edwards, M; Schock, M.R.; & Meyer, T.E., 1996. pH, Alkalinity, and Copper Corrosion Byproducts. Jour. AWWA, 88:3:81.
13. Gardels, M.C. & Sorg, T.J., 1989. Laboratory Study of Leaching of Lead From Water Faucets. Jour. AWWA, 81:7:101.
14. Hazan, S.S.; Gebhart, A.M.; & Epstein, P.S., 1994. Evaluation of Mechanical Products and Plumbing Products for Lead Under ANSI/NSF Standard 61. Proc. AWWA Ann. Conf., New York.
15. Hendrix, J., 2004. Safe Drinking Water Program Lead Ban Surveillance Project 2004. Pennsylvania Dept. of Envir. Protection, Bur. of Water Supply and Wastewater Mgmt., Harrisburg, Pa.
16. Lytle, D.A. et al, 1998. Using Aeration for Corrosion Control. Jour. AWWA, 90:3:74.
17. Lytle, D.A. & Schock, M.R., 1996. Stagnation Time, Composition, pH, and Orthophosphate Effects on Metal Leaching From Brass. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), EPA/600/R-96-103, Washington.
18. Maas, R.P., 2002. Estimation of Human Lead "Exposure From Leaded Brass Water Works Parts Installed in Residential Service. Environmental Quality Institute White Paper. University of North Carolina, Asheville.
19. Maas, R.P.; Patch, S.C.; & Parker, A.F., 2002a. Assessment of Lead Exposure Potential From Residential Cut-off Valves. Jour. Envir. Health, 65:1:9.
20. Maas, R.P.; Patch, S.C.; & Lagasse, M., 2002b. Measurements of Lead, Bismuth, and Selenium Discharge From Water Service Valves and Fittings Manufactured From Sebilay (EnvironBrass) Brass Alloy. Environmental Quality Institute Technical Rept. 02-105. University of North Carolina, Asheville.
21. Maas, R.P. et al, 2002c. Comparison of Lead Discharge From Conventional Leaded Brass Versus No-lead-type Water Service Valves and Fittings. Environmental Quality Institute Technical Rept. 02-097. University of North Carolina, Asheville.
22. Maas, R.P. et al, 2002d. Lead Discharge From Leaded Brass Residential Gate Valves, Pressure-reducing Valves, and Backflow Preventers. Environmental Quality Institute Technical Rept. 02098. University of North Carolina, Asheville.
23. Maas, R.P. et al, 1999a. Lead Leaching From Los Angeles In-service Brass Water Meters. Environmental Quality Institute Technical Rept. 99-070. University of North Carolina, Asheville.
24. Maas, R.P. et al, 1999b. Lead Leaching From Los Angeles In-service Brass Curb Valves. Environmental Quality Institute Technical Rept. 99-068. University of North Carolina, Asheville.
25. Maas, R.P. et al, 1997. Lead Leaching From Brass Water Meters Under Pressurized Flow Conditions. Proc. AWWA Ann. Conf., Atlanta.
26. Maas, R.P.; Parker A.; & Patch. S.C., 1998. Lead Leaching From In-service Leaded Brass Water Meters. N.C. AWWA/WEA Jour., 1:270.
27. McClelland, N.I.; Gregorka, D.A.; & Carlton, B.D., 1989. Drinking Water Additives Program. Envir. Sci. & Technol., 23:1:14.
28. McClelland, N.I. & Gregorka, D.A., 1986. Drinking Water Additives Program. Water Engr. Mgmt., 12:18.
29. McNeill, L.S. & Edwards, M., 2002. Phosphate Inhibitor Use at US Utilities. Jour. AWWA, 94:7:57.
30. Nakamura, D., 2004. Water in D.C. Exceeds EPA Limit. Washington Post, Jan. 31.
31. NSF (National Sanitation Foundation), 2000. Drinking Water System Components Health Effects. ANSI/NSF 61. NSF, Washington.
32. Patch, S.C.; Maas, R.P.; & Pope, J., 1998. Lead Leaching From Faucet Fixtures Under Residential Conditions. Jour. Envir. Health, 61:3:18.
33. Schock, M.R., 1989a. Understanding Corrosion Control Strategies for Lead. Jour. AWWA, 81:10:88.
34. Schock, M.R., 1989b. Extraction Water Justification Report. Internal rept. prepared for Natl. Sanitation Fdn., Ann Arbor, Mich.
35. Schock, M.R., 1987. Personal communication to Tom. S. Grable, Natl. Sanitation Fdn. Mechanical Devices Task Group.
36. Schock, M.R., 1980. Response of Lead Solubility to Dissolved Carbonate in Drinking Water. Jour. AWWA, 72:12:695.
37. Schock, M.R. & Fox, J.C., 2001. Solving Copper Corrosion Problems While Maintaining Lead Control in a High-alkalinity Water Using Orthophosphate. Proc. AWWA Ann. Conf. Washington.
38. Schock, M.R. & Gardels, M.C., 1983. Plumbosolvency Reduction by High-pH and Low-carbonate Solubility Relationships. Jour. AWWA, 75:2:87.
39. Schock, M.R.; Lytle, D.A.: & Clement, J.A., 1995. Effect of pH, DIC, Orthophosphate, and Sulfate on Drinking Water Cuprosolvency. USEPA., Ofce. of Res. and Devel., EPA/600/R-95/085. http://www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/effect.
40. Schock, M.R.; Wagner, I.; & Oliphant, R.J., 1996 (2nd ed.). Corrosion and Solubility of Lead in Drinking Water. Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems. AWWARF and DVGW-Technologiezentrum, Denver.
41. Schock, M.R. & Wagner, I., 1985. Corrosion and Solubility of Lead in Drinking Water. Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems. AWWARF and DVGW Forschungsstelle, Denver.
42. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1998 (20th ed.). APHA, AWWA, and WEF, Washington.
43. Sullivan, J., Apr. 6, 1992. Personal communication to Gordon Beelen, Vice President Standards, NSF.
44. USEPA, 2005. Terminology Reference System. http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/ trs_proc_qry.org_info?P_REG_AUTH_ID=1&p_list_option_cd=ORG (accessed Feb. 18, 2005).
45. USEPA, 2004. Testing Schools and Day Care Centers for Lead in the Drinking Water. www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/testing.htm (accessed May 24, 2004).
46. USEPA, 2000. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper. Final Rule. CFR 40 Parts 141 and 142. Fed. Reg., 65:8:1949.
47. USEPA, 1991. Lead and Copper. Final Rule. Fed. Reg., 56:110:26460.
48. Wade, E.M., 2003. Safe Drinking Water Program Lead Ban Surveillance Project 2003. Pennsylvania Dept. of Envir. Protection, Bur. of Water Supply and Wastewater Mgmt., Harrisburg, Pa.
49. Ziegler, M.A., 2001. 2001 Safe Drinking Water Program Lead Ban Surveillance Project. Pennsylvania Dept. of Envir. Protection, Bur. of Water Supply and Wastewater Mgmt., Harrisburg, Pa.