Word-initial entropy in five languages: Letter to sound, and sound to letter

Written Language and Literacy

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 165-184

  Borgwaldt, Susanne R ^a   Hellwig, Frauke M ^b   De Groot, Annette M B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 24144503090     PISSN: 13876732     EISSN: 15706001     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1075/wll.7.2.03bor     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Baron, J., & Thurston, I. 1973. An analysis of the word superiority effect. Cognitive Psychology, 4:207-228.
2. Berndt, R., Reggia, J., & Mitchum, C. 1987. Empirically derived probabilities for grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences in English. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 19(1):1-9.
3. Bird, S. 1997. When marking tone reduces fluency (Research paper HCRC/RP-91). Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
4. Bjork, E. L., & Estes, W K. 1973. Letter identification in relation to linguistic context and masking conditions. Memory & Cognition 1:217-223.
5. Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
6. Bouma, H. 1971. Visual recognition of isolated lower-case letters. Vision Research 11:459-474.
7. Brown, B. D. A. 1987. Resolving inconsistency: A computational model of word naming. Journal of Memory & Language 26:1-23.
8. Burchfield, R. W (ed.). 1996. The new Fowler’s Modern English Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
9. Buswell, G. T. 1920. An experimental study of the eye-voice span in reading (Supplementary Educational Monographs No. 17). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. Carr, T. H., & Pollatsek, A. 1985. Recognizing printed words: A look at current models. In Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 5, D. Besner, T. G. Waller, and G. E. MacKinnon (eds.), 1-82. Orlando FL: Academic Press.
11. Cattell, J. M. 1885. Über die Zeit der Erkennung und Benennung von Schriftzeichen, Bildern und Farben. Philosophische Studien 2:635-650.
12. Cattell, J. M. 1886. The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind 11:63-65.
13. Cattell, J. M. 1888. The psychological laboratory at Leipsig. Mind 13:37-51.
14. Cluff, M., & Luce, P. 1990. Similarity neighborhoods of spoken two-syllable words: Retroactive effects on multiple activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16:551-563.
15. Compton, P., Grossenbacher, P., Posner, M. I., & Tucker, D. M. 1991. A cognitive anatomical approach to attention in lexical access. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3:304-312.
16. Condoyannis, G. E. 1959. Scientific Russian. New York: Wiley.
17. Crowder, R. G., & Wagner, R. K. 1992. The psychology of reading: An introduction. (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Eco, U. 1995. The search for the perfect language. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
19. Elley, W 1992. How in the world do students read? The Hague: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
20. Gibson, E. J., & Levin, H. 1975. The psychology of reading. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
21. Gibson, E. J., Pick, A., Osser, H., & Hammond, M. 1962. The role of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in the perception of words. American Journal of Psychology 75:554-570.
22. Gibson, E. J., & Pick, A. D. 2000. An ecological approach to perceptual learning and development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Gibson, E. J., Shurcliff, A., & Yonas, H. 1970. A utilization of spelling patterns used by deaf and hearing subjects. In Basic studies on reading, H. Levin and J. P. Williams (eds.). New York: Basic Books.
24. Gilmore, G. C., & Egeth, H. E. 1976. When are nonwords easy to see? Memory & Cognition 4:519-524.
25. Glushko, R. 1979. The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:674-691.
26. Goldstone, R. L. 1998. Perceptual learning. Annual Review of Psychology 49:585-612.
27. Greenfield, E. V. 1942. Spanish grammar. New York: Barnes & Noble.
28. Harley, T A. 1995. The psychology of language: From data to theory. Hove: Psychology Press.
29. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T 1984. Automatic processing of fundamental information. American Psychologist 39(12):1372-1388.
30. Javal, E. 1879. Essai sur la physiologie de la lecture. Annales d’Oculistique 82:242-253.
31. Judd, C. H., & Buswell, G. T 1922. Silent reading: A study of the various types (Supplementary Educational Monographs No. 23). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Lepsius, C. R. 1863. Standard alphabet for reducing unwritten and foreign graphic systems to a uniform orthography in European letters. (2nd ed.). London: Williams & Norgate.
33. Luce, P., & Pisoni, D. 1998. Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model. Ear and Hearing 19:1-38.
34. Marx, L. 1964. The machine in the garden: Technology and the pastoral ideal in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Mason, M. 1975. Reading ability and letter search time: Effects of orthographic structure defined by single-letter positional frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 194:146-166.
36. Massaro, D. W, & Taylor, G. A. 1980. Reading ability and utilization of orthographic structure in reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(6):730-742.
37. Massaro, D. W, Taylor, G. A., Venezky, R. L., Jastrzembski, J. E., & Lucas, P. A. 1980. Letter and word perception: Orthographic structure and word processing in reading. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
38. McCandliss, B. D., Posner, M. I., & Given, T 1997. Brain plasticity in learning visual words. Cognitive Psychology 33:88-110.
39. McCarthy, J. J. 2002. Thematic guide to optimality theory. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
40. Miller, G. A., Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. 1954. Familiarity of letter sequences and tachisto-scopic identification. Journal of General Psychology 50:129-139.
41. Neijt, A. 2001. Reforms of Dutch orthography. In Hieroglyphen, Alphabete, Schriftreformen, D. Borchers, F. Kammerzell, & S. Weninger (eds.), 209-222. Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie.
42. Neijt, A. 2002. The interfaces of writing and grammar. In The relation of writing to spoken language, M. Neef, A. Neijt, and R. Sproat (eds.), 11-34. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
43. Ogle, L. T., et al. 2003. Findings from the progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) of 2001 (NCES report #2003073). Washington, D. C.: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
44. Parkin, A. J. 1984. Redefining the regularity effect. Memory & Cognition 12(3):287-292.
45. Patterson, K. E., & Morton, J. 1985. From orthography to phonology: An attempt at an old interpretation. In Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, K. E. Patterson, J. C. Marshall and M. Coltheart (eds.), 15-34. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
46. Plaut, D. C., & Shallice, T 1993. Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology 10:377-500.
47. Posner, M. I., & Raichle, M. E. 1997. Images of mind. New York: Scientific American Library.
48. Rayner, K. 1999. What have we learned about eye movements during reading? In Converging methods for understanding reading and dyslexia, R. M. Klein and P. A. McMullen (eds.), 23-56. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
49. Rego, L. L. B. 1999. Phonological awareness, syntactic awareness and learning to read and spell in Brazilian Portuguese. In Learning to read and write: A cross-linguistic perspective, M. Harris and G. Hatano (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Reicher, G. M. 1969. Perceptual recognition as a function of the meaningfulness of the stimulus material. Journal of Experimental Psychology 81:275-280.
51. Scragg, D. G. 1974. A history of English spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
52. Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal 27:379-423; 622-656.
53. Shannon, C. E. 1951. Prediction and entropy of printed English. Bell System Technical Journal 30:50-64.
54. Strang, B. M. H. 1970. A history of English. London: Meuthen & Co.
55. Stroop, V. R. 1935. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:643-662.
56. Taylor, I., & Taylor, M. M. 1990. Psycholinguistics: Learning and using language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall International.
57. Thompson, M. C., & Massaro, D. W 1973. The role of visual information and redundancy in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology 98:49-54.
58. Tranel, B. 1987. The sounds of French: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Venezky, R., & Massaro, D. 1987. Orthographic structure and spelling-sound regularity in reading English words. In Language perception and production: Relationships between listening, speaking, reading and writing, A. Allport, D. Mackay, W Prinz and E. Scheer-er (eds.), 159-179. London: Academic Press.
60. Venezky, R. L. 1976. Theoretical and experimental bases for teaching reading. In Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 12: Linguistics and adjacent arts and sciences), T A. Sebeok (ed.). The Hague: Mouton.
61. Venezky, R. L. 1984. The history of reading research. In Handbook of reading research, P. D. Pearson (ed.), Vol. 1:3-38. New York: Longman.
62. Venezky, R. L. 1999. The American way of spelling. New York: Guilford Press.
63. Waters, G. S., & Seidenberg, M. S. 1985. Spelling-sound effects in reading: Time-course and decision criteria. Memory & Cognition 13:557-572.
64. Wheeler, D. D. 1970. Processes in word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 1:59-85.
65. Wimmer, H., Landerl, K., & Frith, U. 1999. Learning to read German: Normal and impaired acquisition. In Learning to read and write: A cross-linguistic perspective, M. Harris and G. Hatano (eds.), 34-50.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Ziegler, J. C., Jacobs, A. M., & Stone, G. O. 1996. Statistical analysis of the bidirectional inconsistency of spelling and sound in French. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 28(4):504-515.