Comparison of wake-vortex parameters measured by pulsed and continuous-wave lidars

Journal of Aircraft

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 916-923

  Köpp, Friedrich ^a   Rahm, Stephan ^a   Smalikho, Igor ^a   Dolfi, Agnès ^b,d   Cariou, Jean Pierre ^b,d   Harris, Michael ^c,e   Young, Robert I ^c,e  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b ONERA   (France)

^c QINETIQ   (United Kingdom)

^d Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales   (France)

^e Sensor and Electronics Division

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; DOPPLER EFFECT; OPTICAL RADAR; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; VORTEX FLOW;

CIRUCLATION MEASUREMENTS; FIELD TRIALS; PRECISE MEASUREMENTS; WAKE-VORTEX PARAMETERS;

WAKES;

EID: 24144489486     PISSN: 00218669     EISSN: 15333868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2514/1.8177     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Köpp, F., Schwiesow, R. L., and Werner, C., "Remote Measurements of Boundary Layer Wind Profiles Using a CW Doppler Lidar," Journal of Climate Applied Meteorology, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1984, pp. 148-158.
2. Hall, F. F., Huffaker, R. M., Hardesty, R. M., Jackson, M. E., Lawrence, T. R., Post, M. J., Richter, R. A., and Weber, B. F., "Wind Measurement Accuracy of the NOAA Pulsed Infrared Doppler Lidar," Applied Optics, Vol. 23, No. 15, 1984, pp. 2503-2506.
3. Hawley, J. G., Tang, R., Henderson, S. W., Hale, C. P., Kavaya, M. J., and Moerder, D., "Coherent Launch-Site Atmospheric Wind Sounder: Theory and Experiment," Applied Optics, Vol. 32, No. 24, 1993, pp. 4557-4568.
4. Frehlich, R., Hannon, S. M., and Henderson, S. W., "Performance of a 2-μm Coherent Doppler Lidar for Wind Measurements," Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 11, Dec. 1994, pp. 1517-1528.
5. Werner, C., Flamant, P. H., Reitebuch , Köpp, F., Streicher, J., Rahm, S., Nagel, E., Klier, M., Herrmann, H., Loth, C., Delville, P., Drobinski, P., Romand, B., Boitel, C., Oh, D., Lopez, M., Meissonner, M., Bruneau, D., and Dabas, A., "Wind Infrared Doppler Lidar Instrument," Optical Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2001, pp. 115-125.
6. Smalikho, I., "Techniques of Wind Vector Estimation from Data Measured with a Scanning Coherent Doppler Lidar," Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 20, Feb. 2003, pp. 276-291.
7. Gal-Chen, T., Xu, M., and Eberhard, W. L., "Estimations of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Fluxes and Other Turbulence Parameters From Doppler Lidar Data," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D17, 1992, pp. 18, 409-18, 423.
8. Banakh, V. A., and Smalikho, I. N., "Estimation of the Turbulence Energy Dissipation Rate from the Pulsed Doppler Lidar Data," Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, Vol. 10, No. 12, 1997, pp. 957-965.
9. Banakh, V. A., Smalikho, I. N., Köpp, F., and Werner, C., "Measurements of Turbulent Energy Dissipation Rate with a CW Doppler Lidar in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer," Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 16, Aug. 1999, pp. 1044-1061.
10. Frehlich, R., and Comman, L., "Estimating Spatial Velocity Statistics with Coherent Doppler Lidar," Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2002, pp. 355-366.
11. Hannon, S. M., and Thomson, J. A., "Aircraft Wake Vortex Detection and Measurement with Pulsed Solid-State Coherent Laser Radar," Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 41, No. 11, 1994, pp. 2175-2196.
12. Köpp, F., "Doppler Lidar Investigation of Wake Vortex Transport Between Closely Spaced Runways," AIAA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4, 1994, pp. 805-810.
13. Constant, G., Foord, R., Forrester, P. A., and Vaughan, J. M., "Coherent Laser Radar and the Problem of Aircraft Wake Vortices," Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 41, No. 11, 1994, pp. 2153-2173.
14. Köpp, F., "Wake-Vortex Characteristics of Military-Type Aircraft Measured at Airport Oberpfaffenhofen Using the DLR Laser Doppler Anemometer," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 3, 1999, pp. 191-199.
15. Harris, M., Vaughan, J. M., Huenecke, K., and Huenecke, C., "Aircraft Wake Vortices: a Comparison of Wind-Tunnel Data with Field-Trial Measurements by Laser Radar," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 4, 2000, pp. 363-370.
16. Vaughan, J. M., and Harris, M., "Lidar Measurement of B747 Wakes: Observation of a Vortex Within a Vortex," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 5, 2001, pp. 409-411.
17. Harris, M., Young, R. I., Köpp, F., Dolfi, A., and Cariou, J.-P., "Wake Vortex Detection and Monitoring," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 6, 2002, pp. 325-331.
18. Keane, M., Buckton, D., Redfern, M., Bollig, C., Wedekind, C., Köpp, F., and Berni, F., "Axial Detection of Aircraft Wake Vortices Using Doppler Lidar," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2002, pp. 850-861.
19. Köpp, F., Smalikho, I., Rahm, S., Dolfi, A., Cariou, J.-P., Harris, M., Young, R. I., Weekes, K., and Gordon, N., "Characterization of Aircraft Wake Vortices by Multiple-Lidar Triangulation," AIAA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2003, pp. 1081-1088.
20. Holzäpfel, F., Gerz, T., Köpp, F., Stumpf, E., Harris, M., Young, R. I., and Dolfi, A., "Strategies for Circulation Evaluation of Aircraft Wake Vortices Measured by Lidar," Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 20, 2003, pp. 1183-1195.
21. Köpp, F., Rahm, S., and Smalikho, I., "Characterisation of Aircraft Wake Vortices by 2-μm Pulsed Doppler Lidar," Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 21, 2004, pp. 194-206.
22. Henderson, S. W., Suni, P. J. M., Hale, C. P., Hannon, S. M., Magee, J. R., Bruns, D. L., and Yuen, E. H., "Coherent Laser Radar at 2 μm Using Solid-State Lasers," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1993, pp. 4-15.
23. Sonnenschein, C. M., and Horrigan, F. A., "Signal-to-Noise Relationships for Coaxial Systems that Heterodyne Backscatter from the Atmosphere," Applied Optics, Vol. 10, No. 7, 1971, pp. 1600-1604.
24. Gerz, T., "Wake Vortex Prediction and Operation: Towards an Operational System," Proceedings of the 3rd ONERA-DLR Aerospace Symposium, ONERA, Paris, June 2001, Paper S1-3.
25. Jazwinski, A. H., Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1970, pp. 272-279.
26. Spalart, P. R., "Airplane Trailing Vortices," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 30, 1998, pp. 107-138.
27. Gerz, T., Holzäpfel, F., and Darracq, D., "Commercial Aircraft Wake Vortices," Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 38, 2002, pp. 181-208.
28. Holzäpfel, F., Hofbauer, T., Darracq, D., Moet, H., Garnier, F., and Ferreira Gago, C., "Analysis of Wake Vortex Decay Mechanisms in the Atmosphere," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 7, 2003, pp. 263-275.
29. Proctor, F. H., and Switzer, G. F., "Numerical Simulation of Aircraft Trailing Vortices," Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, AMS, Boston, Sept. 2000, Paper 7.12.
30. Holzäpfel, F., Gerz, T., and Baumann, R., "The Turbulent Decay of Trailing Vortex Pairs in Stably Stratified Environments," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 5, 2001, pp. 95-108.
31. Lumley, J. L., and Panofsky, H. A., The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence, Willey-Interscience, New York, 1964, pp. 59-212.
32. Monin, A. S., and Yaglom, A. M., Statistical Fluid Mechanics, Mechanics of Turbulence, Vol. 2, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971, pp. 257-412.
33. Byzova, N. L., Ivanov, V. N., and Garger, E. K., Turbulence in the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere,Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1989, pp. 28-134.