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Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 517-541

How history separated refugee and migrant regimes: In search of their institutional origins

(1)  Karatani, Rieko a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; IMMIGRATION POLICY; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; REFUGEE;

EID: 24144467880     PISSN: 09538186     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/eei019     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (81)

References (101)
  • 1
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    • 'Movements of People: The Search for a New International Regime'
    • Ghosh, Bismal, The Commission on Global Governance (ed.), (London: Kluwer Law International,), ch. 17
    • Ghosh, Bismal, 'Movements of People: The Search for a New International Regime', in The Commission on Global Governance (ed.), Issues in Global Governance, (London: Kluwer Law International, 1995), ch. 17.
    • (1995) Issues in Global Governance
  • 2
    • 33645592660 scopus 로고
    • 'Resolution to Establish a Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe'
    • IOM doc. MCB/9, Migration Conference, Brussels, 6 Dec. (adopted at the 13th Meeting, 5 Dec. 1951)
    • IOM doc. MCB/9, Migration Conference, Brussels, 6 Dec. 1951. 'Resolution to Establish a Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe' (adopted at the 13th Meeting, 5 Dec. 1951).
    • (1951)
  • 4
    • 84976013279 scopus 로고
    • 'International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State'
    • In this paper 'regime' is defined in line with a constructivist branch of international relations. A regime here means 'governing arrangements constructed by states to coordinate their expectations and organize aspects of international behaviour in various issue areas. They thus comprise a normative elements, state practice, and organizational role'
    • In this paper 'regime' is defined in line with a constructivist branch of international relations. A regime here means 'governing arrangements constructed by states to coordinate their expectations and organize aspects of international behaviour in various issue areas. They thus comprise a normative elements, state practice, and organizational role'. Kratochwil, Friedrich, and John Ruggie, 'International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State', (1986) 40/4 International Organization, 759.
    • (1986) International Organization , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 759
    • Kratochwil, F.1    John, R.2
  • 5
    • 0344096076 scopus 로고
    • 'A Reconsideration of the Underlying Premise of Refugee Law'
    • Numerous articles exist on the definition of 'refugees' under IRO and previous refugee protection organisations. See, e.g., esp
    • Numerous articles exist on the definition of 'refugees' under IRO and previous refugee protection organisations. See, e.g., Hathaway, James C., 'A Reconsideration of the Underlying Premise of Refugee Law', (1990) 31/3, Harvard International Law Journal, esp. 139-43.
    • (1990) Harvard International Law Journal , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 139-143
    • Hathaway, J.C.1
  • 6
    • 33645596776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marrus explicitly labelled the IRO as 'the instrument of the Western powers, chiefly the United States.... (Philadelphia: Temple University Press)
    • Marrus explicitly labelled the IRO as 'the instrument of the Western powers, chiefly the United States... Marrus, Michael R., The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War through the Cold War (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002), 343.
    • (2002) The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War , pp. 343
    • Marrus, M.R.1
  • 7
    • 0004195720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to Professor Hathaway's explanation, it was not that other persons were less at risk, but was rather considered that those whose political/civil rights were affected were less likely to seek remedy within the state and thus need international protection. (Markham: Butterworths,) chs. 4 & 5
    • According to Professor Hathaway's explanation, it was not that other persons were less at risk, but was rather considered that those whose political/civil rights were affected were less likely to seek remedy within the state and thus need international protection. Hathaway, James C., The Law of Refugee Status (Markham: Butterworths, 1991), chs. 4 & 5.
    • (1991) The Law of Refugee Status
    • Hathaway, J.C.1
  • 8
    • 33645585117 scopus 로고
    • 'A Plan to Facilitate the Movement of Surplus Populations from Countries of Western Europe and Greece to Countries Affording Resettlement Opportunities Overseas'
    • According to the US proposal which led to the creation of PICMME, there was still a surplus population in Western Europe in spite of the increase in employment thanks to the general improvement in economic conditions. Its main objective therefore would be to 'provide,..., an efficient mechanism for the movement of those substantial numbers from the overall migration population unable to move in the absence of the proposed arrangements'. The line of argument showed that their job was to offer means of transportation to those who wished to go abroad for employment. IOM doc. MCB/3, Migration Conference, Brussels, 24 Nov. (submitted by the US delegation)
    • According to the US proposal which led to the creation of PICMME, there was still a surplus population in Western Europe in spite of the increase in employment thanks to the general improvement in economic conditions. Its main objective therefore would be to 'provide,..., an efficient mechanism for the movement of those substantial numbers from the overall migration population unable to move in the absence of the proposed arrangements'. The line of argument showed that their job was to offer means of transportation to those who wished to go abroad for employment. IOM doc. MCB/3, Migration Conference, Brussels, 24 Nov. 1951, 'A Plan to Facilitate the Movement of Surplus Populations from Countries of Western Europe and Greece to Countries Affording Resettlement Opportunities Overseas' (submitted by the US delegation).
    • (1951)
  • 11
    • 33645589972 scopus 로고
    • 'International Migration and European Population Trends'
    • Economic stagnation during the inter-war period was another major reason for the reduction of international migration
    • Economic stagnation during the inter-war period was another major reason for the reduction of international migration. Isaac, Julius, 'International Migration and European Population Trends', (1952) vol. LXVI International Labour Review, 188-9.
    • (1952) International Labour Review , vol.66 , pp. 188-189
    • Isaac, J.1
  • 13
    • 33645593067 scopus 로고
    • Numerous works analyse the refugee protection regimes before the Second World War. E.g., see, (Minneapolis: the University of Minnesota Press)
    • Numerous works analyse the refugee protection regimes before the Second World War. E.g., see, Stoessinger, John George, The Refugee and the World Community, (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1956), Part I,
    • (1956) The Refugee and the World Community , Issue.PART I
    • Stoessinger, J.G.1
  • 16
    • 33645596382 scopus 로고
    • 'Present State of Migrations'
    • For a brief summary of the history of ILO activities with regard to international assistance to migration, see, ILO doc. MIG/1009/2/406. Migration Conference, Naples
    • For a brief summary of the history of ILO activities with regard to international assistance to migration, see, ILO doc. MIG/1009/2/406. 'Present State of Migrations', Migration Conference, Naples 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 17
    • 0004248854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professor Goodwin-Gill termed this as a 'group or category approach'. (Oxford: Clarendon)
    • Professor Goodwin-Gill termed this as a 'group or category approach'. Goodwin-Gill, Guy S., The Refugee in International Law (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998), 4.
    • (1998) The Refugee in International Law , pp. 4
    • Goodwin-Gill, G.S.1
  • 18
    • 85024845783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The League of Nations and Refugees: The Humanitarian Legacy of Fridtjof Nansen'
    • Although Metzger is right to point out the achievements of the LN in 1920s such as the creation of a special certificate of identity for Russian refugees, the so-called 'Nansen passport', it is difficult to deny, e.g., that the LN was helpless against Nazi persecutions and expulsions. (Geneva: United Nations) ch. 14
    • Although Metzger is right to point out the achievements of the LN in 1920s such as the creation of a special certificate of identity for Russian refugees, the so-called 'Nansen passport', it is difficult to deny, e.g., that the LN was helpless against Nazi persecutions and expulsions. Metzger, Barbara H.M., 'The League of Nations and Refugees: the Humanitarian Legacy of Fridtjof Nansen' in The League of Nations 1920-1946 (Geneva: United Nations, 1996), ch. 14.
    • (1996) The League of Nations 1920-1946
    • Metzger, B.H.M.1
  • 20
    • 33645587376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • During the discussion prior to the creation of UNHCR, the US delegate tellingly stated that the US shares the responsibility for refugee protection 'to the extent that [their] present immigration laws permit'. 'Refugee Problem - Resettlement', Refugee Department, Foreign Office, 24 May 1946, (ed.), ser. M, International Organizations, Commonwealth Affairs and General, (University Publications of America)
    • During the discussion prior to the creation of UNHCR, the US delegate tellingly stated that the US shares the responsibility for refugee protection 'to the extent that [their] present immigration laws permit'. 'Refugee Problem - Resettlement', Refugee Department, Foreign Office, 24 May 1946, in M. L. Dockrill, (ed.), British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part IV, ser. M, International Organizations, Commonwealth Affairs and General, (University Publications of America, 2000), 97.
    • (2000) British Documents on Foreign Affairs , Issue.PART IV , pp. 97
    • Dockrill, M.L.1
  • 21
    • 33645596909 scopus 로고
    • 'Present State of Migrations'
    • For the history of the ILO's involvement with migration problems, see, e.g., ILO doc. MIG 1/61/3, 31 Dec
    • For the history of the ILO's involvement with migration problems, see, e.g., ILO doc. MIG 1/61/3, 31 Dec. 1942.
    • (1942)
  • 22
    • 33645604176 scopus 로고
    • Declaration concerning the Aims and Purposes of the International Labour Organization, III (c)
    • Declaration concerning the Aims and Purposes of the International Labour Organization, 1944, III (c).
    • (1944)
  • 24
    • 33645586305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The outbreak of the Second World War meant it did not take place until 1946.
  • 25
    • 33645603599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • International Labour Office, Minutes of the 7th Sitting on 9 Mar. 1951, Statement by the Director General on Migration, Minutes of the 114th Session of the Governing Body, Geneva, 6-10 Mar. 1951.
  • 26
    • 33645607358 scopus 로고
    • ILO, 'Industrial and Labour Information, First Meeting of the Permanent Migration Committee'
    • ILO, 'Industrial and Labour Information, First Meeting of the Permanent Migration Committee', (1947) LV International Labour Review, 99.
    • (1947) International Labour Review , vol.55 , pp. 99
  • 27
    • 33645583421 scopus 로고
    • 'Present State of Migrations'
    • For details, see, ILO, for the 2nd conference in 1948, and Minutes of the 108th Session of the Governing Body, 4-8 Mar. 1949 104-14
    • For details, see, ILO, (1948) XXI Official Bulletin, 138-9, for the 2nd conference in 1948, and Minutes of the 108th Session of the Governing Body, 4-8 Mar. 1949, 104-14.
    • (1948) Official Bulletin , vol.21 , pp. 138-139
  • 28
    • 33645606603 scopus 로고
    • ILO doc., Minutes of the 1036rd Session of the Governing Body, Appendix XX, Twentieth Item on the Agenda, Report of the Director-General, 12-15 Dec
    • ILO doc., Minutes of the 1036rd Session of the Governing Body, Appendix XX, Twentieth Item on the Agenda, Report of the Director-General, 12-15 Dec. 1947.
    • (1947)
  • 29
    • 33645599070 scopus 로고
    • ILO, 'Note concerning the Co-ordination of International Responsibility in the Field of Migration, Agreed on the Secretariat Level between the United Nations and the International Labour Organization'
    • ILO, 'Note concerning the Co-ordination of International Responsibility in the Field of Migration, Agreed on the Secretariat Level between the United Nations and the International Labour Organization', (1947) 30 Official Bulletin, 417-20.
    • (1947) Official Bulletin , vol.30 , pp. 417-420
  • 30
    • 33645600309 scopus 로고
    • ILO, 'Note concerning the Co-ordination of International Responsibility in the Field of Migration, Agreed on the Secretariat Level between the United Nations and the International
    • Ibid., 418.
    • (1947) Official Bulletin , vol.30 , pp. 418
  • 31
    • 33645600309 scopus 로고
    • ILO, 'Note concerning the Co-ordination of International Responsibility in the Field of Migration, Agreed on the Secretariat Level between the United Nations and the International
    • I b i d.
    • (1947) Official Bulletin , vol.30 , pp. 418
  • 32
    • 33645602633 scopus 로고
    • ILO, 'Note concerning the Co-ordination of International Responsibility in the Field Agreed on the Secretariat Level between the United Nations and the International For details, see
    • For details, see, ibid., 419.
    • (1947) Official Bulletin , vol.30 , pp. 419
  • 33
    • 33645607209 scopus 로고
    • 'Present State of Migrations'
    • For the debate that led to the creation of the working group, see, ILO Archives, UN doc. 50/1/1, 'United Nations Technical Working Group on Migration'
    • For the debate that led to the creation of the working group, see, ILO Archives, UN doc. 50/1/1, 'United Nations Technical Working Group on Migration'.
    • (1951)
  • 34
    • 33645604671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The ILO archival series of UN 50/1 cover all the annual meetings of the working group.
  • 35
    • 33645585646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • ILO doc. CPM/I/45/1950, Preliminary Migration Conference, 'Extemporaneous Address' by Mr David A. Morse, Director-General of the International Labour Office.
  • 36
    • 33645607508 scopus 로고
    • ILO
    • ILO, (1950) 4/1 Industry and Labour, 34-47.
    • (1950) Industry and Labour , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-47
  • 38
    • 33645593735 scopus 로고
    • 'French Delegation's Proposal regarding European Emigration'
    • National Archives of the UK (NA), FO 371/88832. Tripartite Talks - items 2(b)(II) on 3 May
    • National Archives of the UK (NA), FO 371/88832. Tripartite Talks - items 2(b)(II) on 3 May 1950. 'French Delegation's Proposal regarding European Emigration'.
    • (1950)
  • 39
    • 33645607209 scopus 로고
    • 'Present State of Migrations'
    • For the use of this fund, see, ILO doc. GB 115-JMPC-101-1, 17 May
    • For the use of this fund, see, ILO doc. GB 115-JMPC-101-1, 17 May 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 50
    • 33645597744 scopus 로고
    • 'The Bermuda Conference and its Aftermath: An Allied Quest for "Refuge" during the Holocaust'
    • Penkower, Monthy N., 'The Bermuda Conference and its Aftermath: An Allied Quest for "Refuge" during the Holocaust', (1981) Prologue 145-74.
    • (1981) Prologue , pp. 145-174
    • Penkower, M.N.1
  • 51
    • 33645583543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The first Director of IGCR was George Rublee, a close friend of Roosevelt. The UNRRA was first headed by Herbert Lehman, former governor of New York, succeeded by Fiorello La Guardia, former mayor of New York City.
  • 52
    • 33645591577 scopus 로고
    • A 'DP' was defined as a person who had been deported by official or para-official action. Yet, in reality, the UNRRA treated them as one for all practical purposes. See, n. 10 above (Minneapolis: the University of Minnesota Press)
    • A 'DP' was defined as a person who had been deported by official or para-official action. Yet, in reality, the UNRRA treated them as one for all practical purposes. See, Stoessinger, n. 10 above, 49-55.
    • (1956) The Refugee and the World Community , Issue.PART I , pp. 49-55
    • Stoessinger, J.G.1
  • 60
    • 33645593884 scopus 로고
    • According to the work by Stoessinger, only 5% of the total number of DPs registered with the IRO were repatriated
    • According to the work by Stoessinger, only 5% of the total number of DPs registered with the IRO were repatriated. Stoessinger, n. 10 above, 111.
    • (1956) The Refugee and the World Community , Issue.PART I , pp. 111
    • Stoessinger, J.G.1
  • 62
    • 33645606600 scopus 로고
    • IRO doc. GC/257/Rev.1, 8 Nov
    • IRO doc. GC/257/Rev.1, 8 Nov. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 64
    • 0003528143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For background to the establishment of the UNHCR, see, (Oxford: Oxford University Press,), chs. 2 and 3
    • For background to the establishment of the UNHCR, see, Loescher, Gil, The UNHCR and World Politics, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), chs. 2 and 3.
    • (2001) The UNHCR and World Politics
    • Loescher, G.1
  • 65
    • 33645583817 scopus 로고
    • NA, FO/371/95936. 'A letter to L. A. Scope, UN (Economic and Social) Department, from R. T. D. Ledward', 27 July
    • NA, FO/371/95936. 'A letter to L. A. Scope, UN (Economic and Social) Department, from R. T. D. Ledward', 27 July 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 66
    • 33645589170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A list of delegates can be found, ILO doc. MIG/1009/2/360. ILO, Migration Conference, Naples, 'Revised List of Delegations'
    • A list of delegates can be found, ILO doc. MIG/1009/2/360. ILO, Migration Conference, Naples, 'Revised List of Delegations'.
  • 67
    • 33645607509 scopus 로고
    • 'Statement by the Director-General on Migration'
    • International Labour Office, Minutes of the 114th Session of the Governing Body, 6-10 Mar. 1951, Minutes of the 7th Sitting on 9 Mar
    • International Labour Office, Minutes of the 114th Session of the Governing Body, 6-10 Mar. 1951, Minutes of the 7th Sitting on 9 Mar. 1951, 'Statement by the Director-General on Migration'.
    • (1951)
  • 68
    • 33645586173 scopus 로고
    • ILO doc. MIG 1009/2/411/1. Migration Conference, Naples 1951, 'UN Report on Methods of International Financing of European Emigration'. 513th meeting of ECOSOC, Official Records, 22 Aug. (Statement by the Director-General of the ILO, Mr Morse)
    • ILO doc. MIG 1009/2/411/1. Migration Conference, Naples 1951, 'UN Report on Methods of International Financing of European Emigration'. 513th meeting of ECOSOC, Official Records, 22 Aug. 1951 (Statement by the Director-General of the ILO, Mr Morse).
    • (1951)
  • 69
    • 33645588219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a list of working papers for the conference, see, ILO docs. MIG/1009/2/301. A plan for establishment of ILO migration administration is discussed in a document number, C.Mig/I/6/1951, and is found in MIG/1009/2/403
    • For a list of working papers for the conference, see, ILO docs. MIG/1009/ 2/301. A plan for establishment of ILO migration administration is discussed in a document number, C.Mig/I/6/1951, and is found in MIG/1009/ 2/403.
  • 70
    • 33645595765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a list of working papers for the conference, see, ILO docs. MIG/1009/2/301. A plan for establishment of ILO migration administration is discussed in a document number, C.Mig/I/6/1951, and is found in MIG/1009/2/403. Ibid
    • Ibid., part I.
    • , Issue.PART I
  • 71
    • 33645606353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'ILO Migration Administration: Organisation and Administrative Plan'
    • For the institutional plan, see a chart of MIG 1009/2
    • For the institutional plan, see a chart of MIG 1009/2. 'ILO Migration Administration: Organisation and Administrative Plan'
  • 72
    • 33645587235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'ILO Migration Administration: Organisation and Administrative Plan'
    • For the institutional plan, see a chart of MIG 1009/2. Ibid
    • Ibid., part II.
    • , Issue.PART II
  • 73
    • 33645587235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'ILO Migration Administration: Organisation and Administrative Plan'
    • For the institutional plan, see a chart of MIG 1009/2. Ibid
    • Ibid., part IV.
    • , Issue.PART IV
  • 74
    • 33645604295 scopus 로고
    • 'Surplus Population and Migration in Europe: Formation of Policy'
    • NA., FO/371/95904. 23 July
    • NA., FO/371/95904. 'Surplus Population and Migration in Europe: Formation of Policy', 23 July 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 75
    • 33645606089 scopus 로고
    • 'A letter to the UN (Economic and Social) Department from B. A. B. Burrows'
    • NA., FO/371/94363. 27 Sept
    • NA., FO/371/94363. 'A letter to the UN (Economic and Social) Department from B. A. B. Burrows', 27 Sept. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 79
    • 33645605935 scopus 로고
    • ILO doc. MIG/1009/2/102/1. 46th Sitting, 4 Oct
    • ILO doc. MIG/1009/2/102/1. 'Stenographic Record', Plenary Sittings, 46th Sitting, 4 Oct. 1951.
    • (1951) 'Stenographic Record'. Plenary Sittings
  • 80
    • 33645606230 scopus 로고
    • ILO doc. MIG/1009/2/102/1. Ibid., 9th plenary sittings, 13 Oct
    • Ibid., 9th plenary sittings, 13 Oct. 1951.
    • (1951) 'Stenographic Record'
  • 81
    • 33645593736 scopus 로고
    • The Director-General, Morse, admitted at the Governing Body Session subsequent to the Naples Conference that it had been a disappointment, but continued, 'neither he nor the staff of the Office were in any way discouraged by what had happened there. The ILO plan had not been defeated by Naples; it had simply not been considered'. He then concluded that 'the ILO had only just begun its battle'. International Labour Office, Minutes of the 117th Session of the Governing Body, Minutes of the 9th Session, 23 Nov
    • The Director-General, Morse, admitted at the Governing Body Session subsequent to the Naples Conference that it had been a disappointment, but continued, 'neither he nor the staff of the Office were in any way discouraged by what had happened there. The ILO plan had not been defeated by Naples; it had simply not been considered'. He then concluded that 'the ILO had only just begun its battle'. International Labour Office, Minutes of the 117th Session of the Governing Body, Minutes of the 9th Session, 23 Nov. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 82
    • 33645594021 scopus 로고
    • Mutual Security Act, Public Law 249 of 31 Oct
    • Mutual Security Act, Public Law 249 of 31 Oct. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 84
    • 33645591022 scopus 로고
    • 'Report on the Migration Conference'
    • For participants in the Brussels Conference, IOM doc. MCB/12. Migration Conference, Brussels, Dec
    • For participants in the Brussels Conference, IOM doc. MCB/12. 'Report on the Migration Conference', Migration Conference, Brussels, Dec. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 85
    • 33645601744 scopus 로고
    • IOM doc. MCB/3, Migration Conference, Brussels, Dec
    • IOM doc. MCB/3, Migration Conference, Brussels, Dec. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 86
    • 33645592915 scopus 로고
    • IOM doc. MCB/SR/2. Migration Conference, Brussels. 26 Nov
    • IOM doc. MCB/SR/2. Migration Conference, Brussels. 26 Nov. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 87
    • 33645596775 scopus 로고
    • IOM doc. MCB/SR/2. Migration Conference, Brussels. 26 Nov
    • I b i d.
    • (1951)
  • 88
    • 33645600307 scopus 로고
    • IOM doc. MCB/SR/2. Migration Conference, Brussels. 26 Nov
    • I b i d.
    • (1951)
  • 89
    • 33645601606 scopus 로고
    • ILO doc. IGO/022/1000/2, MCB/9. Migration Conference, Brussels. 6 Dec
    • ILO doc. IGO/022/1000/2, MCB/9. Migration Conference, Brussels. 6 Dec. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 90
    • 33645588218 scopus 로고
    • 'Resolution to establish a Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe'
    • IOM doc. MCB/9. 13th Meeting, Migration Conference, Brussels, 5 Dec
    • IOM doc. MCB/9. 'Resolution to establish a Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe' 13th Meeting, Migration Conference, Brussels, 5 Dec. 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 93
    • 33645583681 scopus 로고
    • International Labour Office, Minutes of the 1176th Session of the Governing Body, Geneva, 20-23 Nov. (the Director-General)
    • International Labour Office, Minutes of the 1176th Session of the Governing Body, Geneva, 20-23 Nov. 1951 (the Director-General).
    • (1951)
  • 94
    • 33645590523 scopus 로고
    • 'Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe'
    • IOM doc. PIC/SR/15, 21 Feb. Executive Committee, 26nd Session, (Mr Rochefort, France)
    • IOM doc. PIC/SR/15, 21 Feb. 1952. 'Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe', Executive Committee, 26nd Session, (Mr Rochefort, France).
    • (1952)
  • 95
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    • E.g., Dr Van Heuven Goedhardt, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, was already voicing his concerns over problems of co-ordination and duplication of effort at the Brussels Conference. IOM doc. MCB/SR/7/Annex 2. 'Statement made by Dr Van Heuven Goedhardt'. At the outset of PICMME, there were frequent meetings with ILO to discuss the respective fields of operation of the two organisations. With regard to practical working relations between two organisations, however, the ILO delegate at the 3rd session of PICMME pointed out that PICMME is 'increasingly undertaking operations which fall outside the simple function of transport' and 'they have resources which the ILO does not possess'. Although the ILO delegate stated the organisation did not wish to debar PICMME's operation, the statement above reflected the mood of the ILO towards PICMME. ILO doc. IGO/022/1000/3, 'Brief for Mr Metall'. Third Session of PICMME, 10 June
    • E.g., Dr Van Heuven Goedhardt, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, was already voicing his concerns over problems of co-ordination and duplication of effort at the Brussels Conference. IOM doc. MCB/SR/7/ Annex 2. 'Statement made by Dr Van Heuven Goedhardt'. At the outset of PICMME, there were frequent meetings with ILO to discuss the respective fields of operation of the two organisations. With regard to practical working relations between two organisations, however, the ILO delegate at the 3rd session of PICMME pointed out that PICMME is 'increasingly undertaking operations which fall outside the simple function of transport' and 'they have resources which the ILO does not possess'. Although the ILO delegate stated the organisation did not wish to debar PICMME's operation, the statement above reflected the mood of the ILO towards PICMME. ILO doc. IGO/022/1000/3, 'Brief for Mr Metall'. Third Session of PICMME, 10 June 1952.
    • (1952)
  • 97
    • 33645595099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The UN began to involve with the issues regarding the protection of migrants again in the early 1970s. Later, in 1990, it succeeded in establishing the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families
    • The UN began to involve with the issues regarding the protection of migrants again in the early 1970s. Later, in 1990, it succeeded in establishing the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families.
  • 98
    • 33645585512 scopus 로고
    • According to the 56th session, 77 626 migrants moved with the help from PICMME (later, renamed the International Committee for European Migration in Oct. 1952) during the first 11 months of operation in 1952. IOM doc. MC/25, 16-24 Apr
    • According to the 56th session, 77 626 migrants moved with the help from PICMME (later, renamed the International Committee for European Migration in Oct. 1952) during the first 11 months of operation in 1952. IOM doc. MC/25, 16-24 Apr. 1953. 'Draft Report of the 5th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration', 8.
    • (1953) 'Draft Report of the 5th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration' , pp. 8
  • 99
    • 33645585117 scopus 로고
    • 'A Plan to Facilitate the Movement of Surplus Populations from Countries of Western Europe and Greece to Countries Affording Resettlement Opportunities Overseas'
    • IOM doc. MCB/3, 24 Nov. 1951. Plenary Session, Migration Conference, Brussels. According to the plan submitted by ILO at Naples, on the other hand, it was expected that 200 000 migrants would be moved for the first year only. ILO doc. MIG/109/2/403, Oct. 'Plan for Establishment of ILO Migration Administration', Migration Conference, Naples
    • IOM doc. MCB/3, 24 Nov. 1951. 'A Plan to Facilitate the Movement of Surplus Populations from Countries of Western Europe and Greece to Countries Affording Resettlement Opportunities Overseas', Plenary Session, Migration Conference, Brussels. According to the plan submitted by ILO at Naples, on the other hand, it was expected that 200 000 migrants would be moved for the first year only. ILO doc. MIG/109/2/403, Oct. 1951. 'Plan for Establishment of ILO Migration Administration', Migration Conference, Naples.
    • (1951)
  • 100
    • 33645594157 scopus 로고
    • Just before the Naples Conference, the ILO sent out the questionnaire on the best form of international cooperation to further European migration to 44 countries. The analysis of the replies concluded 'noncommittal or disinterested or, to some degree, negative' responses from most of the governments. It was clear by then that neither the US nor the UK government were in favour of establishing a new organisation. Also, tellingly, it pointed out that there was a general agreement with the ILO giving the greatest possible assistance, but that 'no country appears interested to seek direct assistance from the ILO'. ILO doc. MIG/1009/2, 25 June
    • Just before the Naples Conference, the ILO sent out the questionnaire on the best form of international cooperation to further European migration to 44 countries. The analysis of the replies concluded 'noncommittal or disinterested or, to some degree, negative' responses from most of the governments. It was clear by then that neither the US nor the UK government were in favour of establishing a new organisation. Also, tellingly, it pointed out that there was a general agreement with the ILO giving the greatest possible assistance, but that 'no country appears interested to seek direct assistance from the ILO'. ILO doc. MIG/ 1009/2, 25 June 1951.
    • (1951)
  • 101
    • 67650213692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Migration and Security'
    • E.g., see, Virginie Guiraudon and Christian Joppke (eds.), (London: Routledge,) ch. 5. Bigo argued that specialists on security issues constructed a 'threat' caused by migration, especially illegal migration, resulting in tightened migration control
    • E.g., see, Bigo, Didier, 'Migration and Security' in Virginie Guiraudon and Christian Joppke (eds.), Controlling a New Migration World (London: Routledge, 2001), ch. 5. Bigo argued that specialists on security issues constructed a 'threat' caused by migration, especially illegal migration, resulting in tightened migration control.
    • (2001) Controlling a New Migration World
    • Bigo, D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.