Echocardiography-based left ventricular mass estimation. How should we define hypertrophy?

Cardiovascular Ultrasound

Volumn 3, Issue , 2005, Pages

  Foppa, Murilo ^a   Duncan, Bruce B ^a   Rohde, Luis E P ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BODY SIZE; CALCULATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EVALUATION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE VOLUME; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; M MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORPHOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; OBSERVER VARIATION; PROGNOSIS; REAL TIME ECHOGRAPHY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 23944473477     PISSN: 14767120     EISSN: 14767120     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-3-17     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Antoniucci D, Seccareccia F, Menotti A, Dovellini EV, Prati PL, Rovelli F, Fazzini PF: Prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic determined left ventricular hypertrophy in 2318 asymptomatic middle-aged men: the ECCIS project. Epidemiolgia e Clinica della Cardiopatia Ischemica Silente. G Ital Cardiol 1997, 27:363-369.
2. Coca A, Gabriel R, de la FM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Fernandez R, Sagastagoitia JD, Garcia JJ, Barajas R: The impact of different echocardiographic diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension: the VITAE study. Ventriculo Izquierdo Tension Arterial Espana. J Hypertens 1999, 17:1471-1480.
3. Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB: Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001, 141:334-341.
4. Gardin JM, Arnold A, Gottdiener JS, Wong ND, Fried LP, Klopfenstein HS, O'Leary DH, Tracy R, Kronmal R: Left ventricular mass in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension 1997, 29:1095-1103.
5. Skelton TN, Andrew ME, Arnett DK, Burchfiel CM, Garrison RJ, Samdarshi TE, Taylor HA, Hutchinson RG: Echocardiographic left ventricular mass in African-Americans: the Jackson cohort of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Echocardiography 2003, 20:111-120.
6. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, Gutgesell H, Reichek N, Sahn D, Schnittger I: Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by twodimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989, 2:358-367.
7. Katsuki K, Nakatani S, Kanzaki H, Hanatani A, Tanaka N, Nakasone I, Masuda Y, Yamagishi M, Miyatake K: [Clinical validation of accuracy of anatomical M-mode measurements: effect of harmonic imaging]. J Cardiol 2001, 37:35-42.
8. Arnett DK, Skelton TN, Liebson PR, Benjamin E, Hutchinson RG: Comparison of m-mode echocardiographic left ventricular mass measured using digital and strip chart readings: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2003, 1:8.
9. Park SH, Shub C, Nobrega TP, Bailey KR, Seward JB: Two-dimensional echocardiographic calculation of left ventricular mass as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography: correlation with autopsy and M-mode echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996, 9:119-128.
10. Paczek A, Gardin JM, Hardin JM, Anton-Culver H, Kurosaki T, Hsu C, Bild DE: Comparison of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic algorithms used to estimate left ventricular mass: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995, 8:780-792.
11. Vuille C, Weyman A: Left Ventricle I: General Considerations, assessment of chamber size and function. In Principles and Practice of Echocardiography 2nd edition. Edited by: Weyman A. Malvern, Pennsylvania: Lea & Febinger; 1994:575-624.
12. Teichholz LE, Kreulen T, Herman MV, Gorlin R: Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence of absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 1976, 37:7-11.
13. Tortoledo FA, Quinones MA, Fernandez GC, Waggoner AD, Winters WL Jr: Quantification of left ventricular volumes by twodimensional echocardiography: a simplified and accurate approach. Circulation 1983, 67:579-584.
14. Reichek N: Standardization in the measurement of left ventricular wall mass. M-mode echocardiography. Hypertension 1987, 9:II27-II29.
15. Troy BL, Pombo J, Rackley CE: Measurement of left ventricular wall thickness and mass by echocardiography. Circulation 1972, 45:602-611.
16. Devereux RB, Reichek N: Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 1977, 55:613-618.
17. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman A: The committee on M-mode Standardization of the American Society of Echocardiography: recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic methods. Circulation 1978, 58:1072-1083.
18. Levy D, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Castelli WP: Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 1987, 59:956-960.
19. McGavigan AD, Dunn FG, Goodfield NE: Secondary harmonic imaging overestimates left ventricular mass compared to fundamental echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2003, 4:178-181.
20. Devereux RB: Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by Mmode echocardiography. Anatomic validation, standardization, and comparison to other methods. Hypertension 1987, 9:II9-II26.
21. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, Reichek N: Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:450-458.
22. Bachenberg TC, Shub C, Hauck AJ, Edwards WD: Can anatomical left ventricular mass be estimated reliably by M-mode echocardiography? A clinicopathological study of ninety-three patients. Echocardiography 1991, 8:9-15.
23. Wachtell K, Bella JN, Liebson PR, Gerdts E, Dahlof B, Aalto T, Roman MJ, Papademetriou V, Ibsen H, Rokkedal J, et al.: Impact of different partition values on prevalences of left ventricular hypertrophy and concentric geometry in a large hypertensive population : the LIFE study. Hypertension 2000, 35:6-12.
24. Dubois D, Dubois EF: A formula to estimate the aproximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 1916, 17:863-871.
25. Devereux RB, Lutas EM, Casale PN, Kligfield P, Eisenberg RR, Hammond IW, Miller DH, Reis G, Alderman MH, Laragh JH: Standardization of M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular anatomic measurements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 4:1222-1230.
26. De Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB, Meyer RA, Roman MJ, de Divitiis O, Alderman MH: Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: assessment of allometric relations and impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:1251-1260.
27. Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Giacone G, Cataliotti A, Seminara G, Stancanelli B, Malatino LS: Prognostic impact of the indexation of left ventricular mass in patients undergoing dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12:2768-2774.
28. Liao Y, Cooper RS, Durazo-Arvizu R, Mensah GA, Ghali JK: Prediction of mortality risk by different methods of indexation for left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:641-647.
29. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer RA: Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension 1995, 26:979-983.
30. Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Mukai M, Matsuoka H, Sumimoto T, Hiwada K: Clinical evidence for an association between left ventricular geometric adaptation and extracardiac target organ damage in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1995, 13:155-160.
31. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP: Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1561-1566.
32. Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Cuccurullo O, Cosco C, Perticone F: Continuous relation between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2000, 35:580-586.
33. Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A, Dovellini E, Giovannini E, Lombardo M, Solinas P, Gorini M, Maggioni AP: Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:1829-1835.
34. Haider AW, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D: Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:1454-1459.
35. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Godwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J: Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilutional bias. Lancet 1990, 335:765-774.
36. Mortality rates after 10.5 years for participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Findings related to a priori hypotheses of the trial. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. JAMA 1990, 263:1795-1801.
37. De Simone G, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F: Link of nonhemodynamic factors to hemodynamic determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 2001, 38:13-18.
38. De Simone G, Palmieri V, Koren MJ, Mensah GA, Roman MJ, Devereux RB: Prognostic implications of the compensatory nature of left ventricular mass in arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2001, 19:119-125.
39. De Simone G, Verdecchia P, Pede S, Gorini M, Maggioni AP: Prognosis of inappropriate left ventricular mass in hypertension: the MAVI Study. Hypertension 2002, 40:470-476.
40. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Borgioni C, Gattobigio R, De Simone G, Devereux RB, Porcellati C: Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2003, 16:895-899.
41. Sjogren AL: Left ventricular wall thickness determined by ultrasound in 100 subjects without heart disease. Chest 1971, 60:341-346.
42. Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Levy D, Anderson SJ, Stokes J III, Feinleib M, Castelli WP: The spectrum of left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population sample: the Framingham Study. Circulation 1987, 75:I26-I33.
43. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, De Simone G, Pickering TG, Saba PS, Vargiu P, Simongini I, Laragh JH: Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:1550-1558.
44. Li L, Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Hiwada K: Relative wall thickness is an independent predictor of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2001, 24:493-499.
45. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH: Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1991, 114:345-352.
46. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistelli M, Bartoccini C, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G, Porcellati C: Adverse prognostic significance of concentric remodeling of the left ventricle in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:871-878.
47. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D: Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:879-884.
48. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Zampi I, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G, Porcellati C: Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and geometry in systemic hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:197-202.
49. Ohya Y, Abe I, Fujii K, Ohmori S, Onaka U, Kobayashi K, Fujishima M: Hyperinsulinemia and left ventricular geometry in a worksite population in Japan. Hypertension 1996, 27:729-734.
50. Sundstrom J, Lind L, Nystrom N, Zethelius B, Andren B, Hales CN, Lithell HO: Left ventricular concentric remodeling rather than left ventricular hypertrophy is related to the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly men. Circulation 2000, 101:2595-2600.
51. Picca M, Agozzino F, Pelosi G: Influence of microalbuminuria on left ventricular geometry and function in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ital Heart J 2003, 4:48-52.
52. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O'Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Robbins D, Rhoades ER, Howard BV: Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study. Circulation 2000, 101:2271-2276.
53. Palmieri V, Bella JN, Arnett DK, Liu JE, Oberman A, Schuck MY, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Morgan D, Rao DC, et al.: Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on left ventricular geometry and systolic function in hypertensive subjects: Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) study. Circulation 2001, 103:102-107.
54. Carroll JD, Carroll EP, Feldman T, Ward DM, Lang RM, McGaughey D, Karp RB: Sex-associated differences in left ventricular function in aortic stenosis of the elderly. Circulation 1992, 86:1099-1107.
55. Rohde LE, Zhi G, Aranki SF, Beckel NE, Lee RT, Reimold SC: Gender-associated differences in left ventricular geometry in patients with aortic valve disease and effect of distinct overload subsets. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80:475-480.
56. Weinberg EO, Thienelt CD, Katz SE, Bartunek J, Tajima M, Rohrbach S, Douglas PS, Lorell BH: Gender differences in molecular remodeling in pressure overload hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34:264-273.
57. Nunez E, Arnett DK, Benjamin EJ, Liebson PR, Skelton TN, Taylor H, Andrew M: Optimal threshold value for left venticular hypertrophy in blacks: the A therosclerosis risk in communities study. Hypertension 2005, 45:58-63.
58. Seidell JC, Visscher TL, Hoogeveen RT: Overweight and obesity in the mortality rate data: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31:S597-S601.
59. Zhou BF: Effect of body mass index on all-cause mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases - report for meta-analysis of prospective studies open optimal cut-off points of body mass index in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci 2002, 15:245-252.
60. Kuch B, Hense HW, Gneiting B, Doring A, Muscholl M, Brockel U, Schunkert H: Body composition and prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2000, 102:405-410.
61. Kuperstein R, Hanly P, Niroumand M, Sasson Z: The importance of age and obesity on the relation between diabetes and left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 37:1957-1962.
62. De Simone G, Palmieri V, Bella JN, Celentano A, Hong Y, Oberman A, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Arnett DK, Devereux RB: Association of left ventricular hypertrophy with metabolic risk factors: the HyperGEN study. J Hypertens 2002, 20:323-331.
63. Gardin JM, Siscovick D, Anton-Culver H, Lynch JC, Smith VE, Klopfenstein HS, Bommer WJ, Fried L, O'Leary D, Manolio TA: Sex, age, and disease affect echocardiographic left ventricular mass and systolic function in the free-living elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1995, 91:1739-1748.
64. Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Leto G, Zappaterreno A, Vecci E, Di Mario U, Leonetti F: Influence of excess fat on cardiac morphology and function: study in uncomplicated obesity. Obes Res 2002, 10:767-773.
65. Levy D: Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1988, 108:7-13.
66. De Simone G, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Roman MJ, Romano C, Chinali M, Galderisi M, Devereux RB: Evaluation of concentric left ventricular geometry in humans: evidence for age-related systematic underestimation. Hypertension 2005, 45:64-68.
67. Burke GL ARCWWLCYBG: Blood pressure and echocardiographic measures in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation 1987, 75:106-114.
68. Dannenberg AL, Levy D, Garrison RJ: Impact of age on echocardiographic left ventricular mass in a healthy population (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 1989, 64:1066-1068.
69. Arnett DK, Rautaharju P, Crow R, Folsom AR, Ekelund LG, Hutchinson R, Tyroler HA, Heiss G: Black-white differences in electrocardiographic left ventricular mass and its association with blood pressure (the ARIC study). Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:247-252.
70. Koren MJ, Mensah GA, Blake J, Laragh JH, Devereux RB: Comparison of left ventricular mass and geometry in black and white patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1993, 6:815-823.
71. Zabalgoitia M, Ur Rahman SN, Haley WE, Oneschuk L, Yunis C, Lucas C, Yarows S, Krause L, Amerena J: Impact of ethnicity on left ventricular mass and relative wall thickness in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:412-417.
72. Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R, Dianzumba S, Flack JM, Cutler JA, Grimm R, Stamler J: Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation 1993, 87:476-486.
73. Chaturvedi N, Athanassopoulos G, McKeigue PM, Marmot MG, Nihoyannopoulos P: Echocardiographic measures of left ventricular structure and their relation with rest and ambulatory blood pressure in blacks and whites in the United Kingdom. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:1499-1505.
74. Kizer JR, Arnett DK, Bella JN, Paranicas M, Rao DC, Province MA, Oberman A, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Liu JE, et al.: Differences in left ventricular structure between black and white hypertensive adults: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network study. Hypertension 2004, 43:1182-1188.
75. Gardin JM, Wagenknecht LE, Anton-Culver H, Flack J, Gidding S, Kurosaki T, Wong ND, Manolio TA: Relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to echocardiographic left ventricular mass in healthy young black and white adult men and women. The CARDIA Study. Circulation 1995, 92:380-387.
76. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Materson BJ, Massie BM, Notargiacomo A, Hamburger RJ, Williams DW, Henderson WG: Importance of obesity, race and age to the cardiac structural and functional effects of hypertension. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:1492-1498.
77. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Alderman MH, Laragh JH: Relation of obesity and gender to left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive and hypertensive adults. Hypertension 1994, 23:600-606.
78. Lips DJ, deWindt LJ, van Kraaij DJ, Doevendans PA: Molecular determinants of myocardial hypertrophy and failure: alternative pathways for beneficial and maladaptive hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:883-896.
79. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, et al.: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003, 289:2560-2572.
80. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003, 21:1011-1053.
81. Galderisi M, Anderson KM, Wilson PWF, Levy D: Echocardiographic evidence for a existence of a distinct cardiomyopathy (The Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:85-89.
82. Lee M, Gardin JM, Lynch JC, Smith V-E, Tracy RP, Savage PJ, Szklo M, Ward BJ: Diabetes mellitus and echocardiographic left ventricular function in free-living elderly men and women: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Am Heart J 1997, 133:36-43.
83. Feener EP, King GL: Vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1997, 350(Suppl 1):SI9-13.
84. Ilercil A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O'Grady MJ, Welty TK, Robbins DC, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Lee ET: Relationship of impaired glucose tolerance to left ventricular structure and function: The Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 2001, 141:992-998.
85. Ilercil A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O'Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV: Associations of insulin levels with left ventricular structure and function in American Indians: the strong heart study. Diabetes 2002, 51:1543-1547.
86. Wachtell K, Palmieri V, Olsen MH, Bella JN, Aalto T, Dahlof B, Gerdts E, Wright JT Jr, Papademetriou V, Mogensen CE, et al.: Urine albumin/ creatinine ratio and echocardiographic left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction. Am Heart J 2002, 143:319-326.
87. Rutter MK, Parise H, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Meigs JB, Nesto RW, Wilson PW, Vasan RS: Impact of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on cardiac structure and function: sex-related differences in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003, 107:448-454.
88. Chinali M, Devereux RB, Howard BV, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Liu JE, Resnick HE, Lee ET, Best LG, De Simone G: Comparison of cardiac structure and function in American Indians with and without the metabolic syndrome (the Strong Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2004, 93:40-44.
89. Manolio TA, Levy D: Relation of alcohol intake to left ventricular mass: The Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17:717-721.
90. Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Garavaglia GE, Nunez BD: Dietary salt intake. A determinant of cardiac involvement in essential hypertension. Circulation 1988, 78:951-956.
91. Savage DD, Levy D, Dannenberg AL, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP: Association of echocardiographic left ventricular mass with body size, blood pressure and physical activity (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 1990, 65:371-376.
92. Jullien V, Gosse P, Ansoborlo P, Lemetayer P, Clementy J: Relationship between left ventricular mass and serum cholesterol level in the untreated hypertensive. J Hypertens 1998, 16:1043-1047.
93. Bella JN, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, O'Grady MJ, Welty TK, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV: Relations of left ventricular mass to fatfree and adipose body mass: the strong heart study. The Strong Heart Study Investigators. Circulation 1998, 98:2538-2544.
94. Vijayakumar M: Birth weight, weight at one year, and left ventricular mass in adult life. Br Heart J 1995, 73:363-367.
95. Stollberger C, Hollander I, Dimitrov L, Slany J: Influence of measurement inaccuracies on determination of left ventricular mass by M mode echocardiography. Heart 1996, 75:312-313.
96. de Leonardis V, Cinelli P: Evidence of no interobserver variability in M-mode echocardiography. Clin Cardiol 1986, 9:324-326.
97. Collins HW, Kronenberg MW, Byrd BF III: Reproducibility of left ventricular mass measurements by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989, 14:672-676.
98. Fast JH: Limits of reproducibility of left ventricular wall thickness and mass by M-mode echocardiography. Neth J Med 1989, 34:297-301.
99. Lantelme P, Bouchayer D, Gayet C, Lievre M, Gessek J, Milon H: Influence of a rapid change of left ventricular dimensions on the echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass by the Penn convention. J Hypertens 1999, 17:1323-1328.
100. Palmieri V, Dahlof B, DeQuattro V, Sharpe N, Bella JN, De Simone G, Paranicas M, Fishman D, Devereux RB: Reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular structure and function: the PRESERVE study. Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating Regression of Ventricular Enlargement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34:1625-1632.
101. De Simone G, Muiesan ML, Ganau A, Longhini C, Verdecchia P, Palmieri V, Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G: Reliability and limitations of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass for risk stratification and follow-up in single patients: the RES trial. Working Group on Heart and Hypertension of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Reliability of M-mode Echocardiographic Studies. J Hypertens 1999, 17:1955-1963.
102. Dadgar SK, Tyagi SP, Singh RP, Hameed S: Factors influencing the normal heart weight - a study of 140 hearts. Jpn Circ J 1979, 43:77-82.
103. Hangartner JR, Marley NJ, Whitehead A, Thomas AC, Davies MJ: The assessment of cardiac hypertrophy at autopsy. Histopathology 1985, 9:1295-1306.
104. Murphy ML, White HJ, Meade J, Straub KD: The relationship between hypertrophy and dilatation in the postmortem heart. Clin Cardiol 1988, 11:297-302.
105. de la Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, Durigon M: Organ weight in 684 adult autopsies: new tables for a Caucasoid population. Forensic Sci Int 2001, 119:149-154.
106. Broughton A, Korner PI: Left ventricular pump function in renal hypertensive dogs with cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1986, 251:H1260-H1266.
107. Linzbach AJ: Hypertrophy, hyperplasia and structural dilatation of the human heart. Adv Cardiol 1976, 18:1-14.
108. Hradec J, Aschermann M, Vancura J, Petrasek J, Drechslerova J, Michaljanic A, Jezek V: Comparison of M-mode echocardiography and angiography in the evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy. Cor Vasa 1986, 28:341-349.
109. Williams KA, Lang RM, Reba RC, Taillon LA: Comparison of technetium-99m sestamibi-gated tomographic perfusion imaging with echocardiography and electrocardiography for determination of left ventricular mass. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77:750-755.
110. Maruyama K, Hasegawa S, Nakatani D, Paul AK, Kusuoka H, Nishimura T, Hori M, Hatazawa J: Left ventricular mass index measured by quantitative gated myocardial SPECT with 99mTc-tetrofosmin: a comparison with echocardiography. Ann Nucl Med 2003, 17:31-39.
111. Mousseaux E, Beygui F, Fornes P, Chatellier G, Hagege A, Desnos M, Lecomte D, Gaux JC: Determination of left ventricular mass with electron beam computed tomography in deformed, hypertrophic human hearts. Eur Heart J 1994, 15:832-841.
112. Missouris CG, Forbat SM, Singer DR, Markandu ND, Underwood R, MacGregor GA: Echocardiography overestimates left ventricular mass: a comparative study with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 1996, 14:1005-1010.
113. Pons LG, Carreras F, Borras X, Llauger J, Palmer J: [Comparative study of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of left ventricular mass]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2001, 54:22-28.
114. Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU, Pennell DJ: Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:29-34.
115. Bottini PB, Carr AA, Prisant LM, Flickinger FW, Allison JD, Gottdiener JS: Magnetic resonance imaging compared to echocardiography to assess left ventricular mass in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens 1995, 8:221-228.
116. Picano E: Economic and biological costs of cardiac imaging. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2005, 3:13.
117. Chuang ML, Beaudin RA, Riley MF, Mooney MG, Mannin WJ, Douglas PS, Hibberd MG: Three-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and two-dimensional echocardiographic determinations in man. Int J Card Imaging 2000, 16:347-357.
118. Thomson HL, Basmadjian AJ, Rainbird AJ, Razavi M, Avierinos JF, Pellikka PA, Bailey KR, Breen JF, Enriquez-Sarano M: Contrast echocardiography improves the accuracy and reproducibility of left ventricular remodeling measurements: a prospective, randomly assigned, blinded study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:867-875.
119. Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Duncan BB, Gilbert AC, Pankow JS: Prediction of coronary heart disease in middle-aged adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:2777-2784.