Liquefaction-induced settlement of shallow foundations and remediation: 3D numerical simulation

Journal of Earthquake Engineering

Volumn 9, Issue SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 17-45

  Elgamal, Ahmed ^a   Lu, Jinchi ^a   Yang, Zhaohui ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

FE simulations; Liquefaction induced settlement; Numerical simulations; Shallow foundations; Site remediation

Indexed keywords

EID: 23944472664     PISSN: 13632469     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1142/S136324690500216X     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Adachi, T., Iwai, S., Yasui, M. and Sato, Y. [1992] "Settlement of inclination of reinforced concrete buildings in Dagupan City due to liquefaction during the 1990 Philippines Earthquake," Proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, A. A. Balkema (ed.), Madrid, Spain, July 19-25, 2, 147-152.
2. Adalier, K., Elgamal, A.-W. and Martin, G. R. [1998] "Foundation liquefaction countermeasures for earth embankments," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124(6), 500-517.
3. Arulanandan, K. and Scott, R. F. [1993] "Verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems," Conference Proceedings 1, Balkema, Davis, CA.
4. Arulanandan, K. and Scott, R. F. [1994] "Verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems," Conference Proceedings 2, Balkema, Davis, CA.
5. Biot, M. A. [1962] "The mechanics of deformation and acoustic propagation in porous media," Journal of Applied Physics 33(4), 1482-1498.
6. Borja, R. I. [2004] "Incorporating uncertainties in nonlinear soil properties into numerical models," Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainties in Nonlinear Soil Properties and their Impact on Modeling Dynamic Soil Response, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), Berkeley, CA, March 18-19.
7. Bray, J. D., Sancio, R. B., Riemer, M. and Durgunoglu, H. T. [2004] "Liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, D. Doolin, A. Kammerer, T. Nogami, R. B. Seed and I. Towhata (eds.), Berkeley, CA, January 7-9, 1, 655-662.
8. Chan, A. H. C. [1988] "A unified finite element solution to static and dynamic problems in geomechanics," PhD Thesis, University College of Swansea, UK.
9. CIMNE [1999] GiD Reference Manual, http://gid.cimne.upc.es, International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
10. Conte, J. P., Vijalapura, P. K. and Meghella, M. [2003] "Consistent finite-element response sensitivity analysis," Journal of Engineering Mechanics 129(12), 1380-1393.
11. EERI [2000] "Kocaeli. Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999 Reconnaissance Report," Earthquake Spectra 16, Supplement A, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI).
12. EERI [2001] "Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of September 21, 1999, Reconnaissance Report," Earthquake Spectra 17. Supplement A, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI).
13. Elgamal, A., Lai, T., Yang, Z. and He, L. [2001] "Dynamic soil properties, seismic downhole arrays and applications in practice," Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, S. Prakash (ed.), San Diego, CA, March 26-31.
14. Elgamal, A., Lu, J. and Yang, Z. [2004] "Data uncertainty for numerical simulation in geotechnical earthquake engineering," Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainties in Nonlinear Soil Properties and their Impact on Modeling Dynamic Soil Response, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), Berkeley, CA, March 18-19.
15. Elgamal, A., Parra, E., Yang, Z. and Adalier, K. [2002a] "Numerical analysis of embankment foundation liquefaction countermeasures," Journal of Earthquake Engineering 6(4), 447-471.
16. Elgamal, A., Yang, Z. and Parra, E. [2002b] "Computational modeling of cyclic mobility and post-liquefaction site response," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 22(4), 259-271.
17. Elgamal, A., Yang, Z., Parra, E. and Ragheb, A. [2003] "Modeling of cyclic mobility in saturated cohesionless soils," International Journal of Plasticity 19(6), 883-905.
18. Gu, Q. and Conte, J. P. [2003] "Convergence studies in nonlinear finite element response sensitivity analysis," Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, Berkeley, California, July 6-9.
19. Hausler, E. A. [2002] "Influence of ground improvement on settlement and liquefaction: A study based on field case history evidence and dynamic geotechnical centrifuge tests," PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
20. Holzer, T. L., Youd, T. L. and Hanks, T. C. [1989] "Dynamics of liquefaction during the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, Earthquake," Science. 244, 56-59.
21. Iai, S. [1991] "A strain space multiple mechanism model for cyclic behavior of sand and its application," Earthquake Engineering Research Note No. 43, Port and Harbor Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Japan.
22. Ishihara, K., Alex, A. and Towhata, I. [1993] "Liquefaction-induced ground damage in Dagupan in the July 16, 1990 Luzon Earthquake," Soils and Foundations 33(1), 133-154.
23. Ishihara, K., Tatsuoka, F. and Yasuda, S. [1975] "Undrained deformation and liquefaction of sand under cyclic stresses," Soils and Foundations 15(1), 29-44.
24. Jeremic, B. [2004] Geowulf: http://sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/GeoWulf/, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
25. JGS [1996] Special Issue on Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake, Soils and Foundations (Tokyo, Japan), Japanese Geotechnical Society.
26. JGS [1998] Special Issue on Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake, No. 2, Soils and Foundations (Tokyo, Japan), Japanese Geotechnical Society.
27. Ju, S. H. [2004] "Three-dimensional analyses of wave barriers for reduction of train-induced vibrations," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 130(7), 740-748.
28. Kishida, H. [1966] "Damage to reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata, City with special reference to foundation engineering," Soils and Foundations 6(1), 71-88.
29. Kokusho, T. [1999] "Water film in liquefied sand and its effect on lateral spread," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 125(10), 817-826.
30. Kramer, S. L. [1996] Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
31. Kramer, S. L. and Elgamal, A. [2001] "Modeling soil liquefaction hazards for performance-based earthquake engineering," PEER Report 2001/13, Pacific, Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), Berkeley, CA.
32. Lade, P. V. and Duncan, J. M. [1975] "Elastoplastic stress-strain theory for cohesionless soil," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE 101(GT10), 1037-1053.
33. Liu, L. and Dobry, R. [1997] "Seismic response of shallow foundation on liquefiable sand," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 123(6), 557-567.
34. Lu, J. [2005] "Parallel finite element modeling of earthquake site response and liquefaction," PhD Thesis (in progress), Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
35. Lu, J., He, L., Yang, Z., Abdoun, T. and Elgamal, A. [2004] "Three-dimensional finite element analysis of dynamic pile behavior in liquefied ground," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, D. Doolin, A. Kammerer, T. Nogami, R. B. Seed and I. Towhata (eds.), Berkeley, CA, January 7-9, 1, 144-148.
36. Malvick, E. J., Kutter, B. L., Boulanger, R. W. and Feigenbauml, H. P. [2004] "Post-shaking failure of sand slope in centrifuge test," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, D. Doolin, A. Kammerer, T. Nogami, R. B. Seed and I. Towhata (eds.), Berkeley, CA, January 7-9, 2.
37. Manzari, M. [2004] "Large deformation analysis in liquefaction problems," Proceedings of the 17th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Division Conference, Newark, Delaware, June 13-16.
38. McKenna, F. and Fenves, G. L. [2001] OpenSees Manual, PEER Center, http://opensees. berkeley.edu.
39. Mroz, Z. [1967] "On the description of anisotropic work hardening," Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 15, 163-175.
40. Ohsaki, Y. [1966] "Niigata Earthquake, 1964 building damage and soil condition," Soils and Foundations 6(2), 14-37.
41. Parra, E. [1996] "Numerical modeling of liquefaction and lateral ground deformation including cyclic mobility and dilation response in soil systems," PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
42. Pecker, A., Prevost, J. H. and Dormieux, L. [2001] "Analysis of pore pressure generation and dissipation in cohesionless materials during seismic loading," Journal of Earthquake Engineering 5(4), 441-464.
43. Peng, J., Liu, D. and Law, K. H. [2003] "An online data access system for a finite element program," Advances in Engineering Software 34(3), 163-181.
44. Peng, J., Lu, J., Law, K. H. and Elgamal, A. [2004] "ParCYCLIC: Finite element modeling of earthquake liquefaction response on parallel computers," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 28(12), 1207-1232.
45. Prevost, J. H. [1985] "A simple plasticity theory for frictional cohesionless soils," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 4(1), 9-17.
46. Ragheb, A. M. [1994] "Numerical analysis of seismically induced deformations," In Saturated Granular Soil Strata, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
47. Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M. [1967] "Analysis of soil liquefaction: Niigata Earthquake," Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 93(3), 83-108.
48. Sharp, M. K., Dobry, R. and Abdoun, T. [2003] "Liquefaction centrifuge modeling of sands of different permeability," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 129(12), 1083-1091.
49. Tokimatsu, K., Kojima, H., Kuwayama, S. and Midorikawa, S. [1994] "Liquefaction-induced damages to buildings in 1990 Luzon Earthquake," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 120(2), 290-307.
50. Tokimatsu, K., Midorikawa, S., Tamura, S., Kuwayama, S. and Abe, A. [1991] "Preliminary report on the geotechnical aspects of the Philippine Earthquake of July 16, 1990," Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, University of Missouri-Rolla, 1, 357-364.
51. Yang, Z. [2000] Numerical Modeling of Earthquake Site Response Including Dilation and Liquefaction, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY.
52. Yang, Z. and Elgamal, A. [2002] "Influence of permeability on liquefaction-induced shear deformation," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE 128(7), 720-729.
53. Yang, Z. and Elgamal, A. [2004] "A cyclic plasticity constitutive model for cohesionless soils," Submitted for journal publication.
54. Yang, Z., Elgamal, A. and Parra, E. [2003] "A computational model for cyclic mobility and associated shear deformation," J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129(12), 1119-1127.
55. Yoshimi, Y. and Tokimatsu, K. [1977] "Settlement of buildings on saturated sand during earthquakes," Soils and Foundations 17(1), 23-38.
56. Youd, T. L. and Holzer, T. L. [1994] "Piezometer performance at the wildlife liquefaction site," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120(6), 975-995.
57. Zeghal, M. and Elgamal, A. [1994] "Analysis of site liquefaction using earthquake records," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120(6), 996-1017.
58. Zienkiewicz, O. C., Chan, A. H. C., Pastor, M., Paul, D. K. and Shiomi, T. [1990] "Static and dynamic behavior of soils: A rational approach to quantitative solutions: I. Fully saturated problems," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A429, 285-309.