Metropolitan income inequality and working-age mortality: A cross-sectional analysis using comparable data from five countries

Journal of Urban Health

Volumn 82, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 101-110

  Ross, Nancy A ^a   Dorling, Danny ^b   Dunn, James R ^c   Henriksson, Göran ^d   Glover, John ^e   Lynch, John ^f   Weitoft, Gunilla Ringbäck ^g  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^g CENTRE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Australia; Canada; Great Britain; Income inequality; Mortality; Sweden; United States

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED WORKER; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; INCOME; INDUSTRIALIZATION; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES; WORKMAN COMPENSATION; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; CULTURAL FACTOR; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION RESEARCH; POVERTY; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOCIOLOGY; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS; SWEDEN;

ADULT; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; CENSUSES; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; GEOGRAPHY; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; INCOME; LINEAR MODELS; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; POVERTY; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOCIOLOGY, MEDICAL; SWEDEN; UNITED STATES; URBAN HEALTH;

EID: 23944460149     PISSN: 10993460     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jurban/jti012     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Deaton A, Lubotsky D. Mortality, inequality and race in American cities and states. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:1139-1153.
2. Mackenbach JP. Income inequality and population health: evidence favouring a negative correlation between income inequality and life expectancy has disappeared. BMJ. 2002;324:1-2.
3. Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E. Income inequality and health: what does the literature tell us? Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;21:543-567.
4. Rodgers GB. Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: an international cross-section analysis. Popul Stud. 1979;33:343-351.
5. Reprinted in: Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:549-551.
6. Wilkinson RG. Income distribution and life expectancy. BMJ. 1992;304:165-168.
7. Lynch JW, Smith GD, Hillemeier M, Shaw M, Raghunathan T, Kaplan GA. Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations. Lancet. 2001;358:194-200.
8. Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, Lynch JW, Cohen RD, Balfour JL. Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways. BMJ. 1996;312:999-1003.
9. Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Prothrow-Stith D. Income distribution and mortality: cross-sectional ecological study of the Robin Hood index in the United States. BMJ. 1996;312:1004-1007.
10. Lochner K, Pamuk E, Makuc D, Kennedy BP, Kawachi I. State-level income inequality and individual mortality risk: a prospective, multi-level study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:385-391.
11. Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. Does the state you in live in made a difference? Multilevel analysis of self-rated health in the U.S. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53:9-19.
12. Blakely TA, Lochner K, Kawachi I. Metropolitan area income inequality and self-rated health - a multi-level study. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54:65-77.
13. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, et al. Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1074-1085.
14. Mellor JM, Milyo J. Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2001:487-522.
15. Mellor JM, Milyo J. Is exposure to income inequality a public health concern? Lagged effects of income inequality on individual and population health. Health Serv Res. 2003;1(pt 1):137-151.
16. Ross NA, Wolfson MC, Dunn JR, Berthelot JM, Kaplan GA, Lynch JW. Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics. BMJ. 2000;320:898-902.
17. Shibuya K, Hashimoto H, Yano E. Individual income, income distribution, and self rated health in Japan; cross sectional analysis of nationally representative sample. BMJ. 2002;324:16.
18. Osler M, Prescott E, GrØnbæk M, Christensen U, Due P, Engholm G. Income inequality, individual income, and mortality in Danish adults: analysis of pooled data from two cohort studies. BMJ. 2002;324:13.
19. Blakely T, Atkinson J, O'Dea D. No association of income inequality with adult mortality within New Zealand: a multi-level study of 1.4 million 25-64 year olds. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:279-284.
20. Weich S, Lewis G, Jenkins SP. Income inequality and self-rated health in Britain. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:436-441.
21. Wilkinson RG. Mind the Gap: Hierarchy, Health and Human Evolution. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; 2001 and New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2001. Darwinism Today Series.
22. Wilkinson RG. Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. London: Routledge; 1996.
23. Ross NA, Nobrega K, Dunn JR. Economic segregation and mortality in North American metropolitan areas. Geojournal. 2002;53(special issue):2001.
24. Guest AM, Almgren G, Hussey JM. The ecology of race and socioeconomic distress: infant and working-age mortality in Chicago. Demography. 1998;35:23-34.
25. Gravelle H. How much of the relationship between population mortality and unequal distributions of income is a statistical artefact? BMJ. 1998;314:382-385.
26. Wolfson MC, Kaplan G, Lynch J, Ross NA, Backlund J. The relationship between income inequality and mortality is not a statistical artefact - an empirical assessment. BMJ. 1999;319:953-957.
27. Sanmartin C, Ross NA, Tremblay S, Wolfson MC, Dunn JR, Lynch JL. Labour market income inequality and mortality in North American metropolitan areas. J Epidemiol Community Health. Forthcoming.
28. Coombes MG, Dixon JS, Goddard JB, Openshaw S, Taylor PJ. Daily urban systems in Britain: from theory to practice. Environ Plann. 1979;11:565-574.
29. Insightful Corporation. S-PLUS 6 for Windows, Guide to Statistics. Vol 1. Seattle, WA: Insightful Corporation; 2001.
30. Chatterjee S, Price B. Regression Analysis by Example. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc; 1991.
31. Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Commentary: income inequality and health: the end of the story? Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:549-551.
32. Wilkinson RG. Two pathways, but how much do they differ? BMJ. 1999;319:956-957.
33. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA. Understanding how inequality in the distribution of income affects health. J Health Psychol. 1997;2:297-314.
34. Badcock B. Unfairly Structured Cities. Oxford: Blackwell; 1984.
35. Harvey D. Social Justice and the City. Oxford: Blackwell; 1973.
36. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). CD-ROM on Social Expenditure database, 2001. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/els/social/ indicators. Accessed XXXX 00, 0000.
37. Lynch JW. Income inequality and health: expanding the debate. Soc Sci Med. 2001;51:1000-1005.
38. Lynch JW, Davey Smith G, Kaplan GA, House J. Income inequality and mortality: importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions. BMJ. 2000;320:1200-1204.
39. Davey Smith G. Income inequality and mortality: why are they related? Income inequality goes hand in hand with underinvestment in human resources. BMJ. 1996;312:987-988.