Co-opting the counter culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction

Patterns of Prejudice

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 301-326

  Macklin, Graham D ^a  

^a THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anarchism; Anarcho primitivism; Anti globalization; Counter culture; Fascism; National Revolutionary Front; National anarchism; National Bolshevism; Occultism; Paganism; Troy Southgate

Indexed keywords

EID: 23944439715     PISSN: 0031322X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00313220500198292     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. I would like to thank Kevin Coogan, Martin Durham, Roger Griffin and Joe Street for their invaluable comments on an earlier draft of this article.
2. Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 (London: University College London Press 1996), 303-5.
3. Walter Lacquer, Fascism: Past, Present and Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1996), 119.
4. Martin Walker, The National Front (London: Fontana/Collins 1977).
5. Guardian, 5 July 1977
6. and The Times, 6 July 1977.
7. Stan Taylor, The National Front in English Politics (London: Macmillan 1989), 163-70.
8. Christopher T. Husbands, 'The decline of the National Front: the elections of 3 May 1979', Wiener Library Bulletin, vol. 32, no. 49/50, 1979, 60-6.
9. These include Roberto Fiore, Massimo Morsello and his wife, Amadeo de Francisci and Stefano Tiraboschi. All were convicted in Italian courts in absentia of membership of a terrorist group. Another Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari terrorist who fled to Britain was Luciano Petrone who was wanted for the murder of two policemen. He was later deported and sentenced to twenty-two years in prison. Attempts by the Italian authorities to extradite Fiore and Morsello failed repeatedly, however, giving rise to speculation that while active in the Lebanon they had spied for MI6 and were now being protected by their former paymasters; see Guardian, 4 August 1998.
10. Italy has since dropped the charges linking Fiore to the Bologna bombing, enabling him to return to Italy where he is extremely active as leader of the Forza Nuova, which has recently moved away from the periphery of Italian politics through its co-operation with the Lega Nord, which has representation in Silvio Berlusconi's government; see Searchlight, no. 331, January 2003 and no. 333, March 2003.
11. Franco Ferraresi, 'Julius Evola: Tradition, reaction, and the radical right', European Sociology Journal, vol. 28, 1987, 107-49.
12. Ray Hill with Andrew Bell, The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe's Neo-Nazi Network (London: Grafton Books 1988).
13. David Baker, 'A. K. Chesterton, the Strasser brothers and the politics of the National Front', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 19, no. 3, 1985, 23-33, argues that this 'Strasserism' was more attributable to the home-grown antisemitic anti-capitalism of the NF founder A. K. Chesterton.
14. Nationalism Today, no. 32, August 1985.
15. Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: From Oswald Moslem's Blackshirts to the National Front (London: I. B. Tauris 1998), 260.
16. Derek Holland, The Political Soldier: A Statement (London: International Third Position 1994).
17. Roger Eatwell, 'The esoteric ideology of the NF in the 1980s', in Mike Cronin (ed.), The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (London: Macmillan 1996), 99-117.
18. Searchlight, no. 166, April 1989.
19. 'Synthesis editor Troy Southgate interviewed by Dan Ghetu', Synthesis (online journal), 2001, available at www.rosenoire.org/interviews/southgate2. php (viewed 5 May 2005).
20. NRF, 'Official statement on the International Third Position', available on Synthesis website at http://www.rosenoire.org/essays/itp.php (viewed 14 May 2005).
21. Troy Southgate, e-mail to the author, 10 September 2002.
22. ENM, The Best of Rising: A Booklet for the Political Soldier (London: Rising Press 1995).
23. Southgate also denounced Oswald Mosley as a 'reactionary', in his 'Oswald Mosley: the rise and fall of English fascism between 1918-45', n.d., available on the Synthesis website at www.rosenoire.org/articles/hist30.php (viewed 14 May 2005).
24. The Crusader, no. 5, n.d. and no. 6, 1996.
25. The English Alternative, no. 9, n.d.
26. ENM, The German Contribution to Revolutionary Nationalism (London: Rising Press 1995);
27. ENM, Forgotten Ideals: National Socialism before 1933 (London: Rising Press 1996);
28. ENM, Destiny of Iron: Corneliu Codreanu and the Legion of St Michael the Archangel (London: Rising Press 1996);
29. ENM, Foretaste of a New Dawn: Five Harbingers of the National Revolution (London: Rising Press 1995);
30. and ENM, Poets, Prophets and Revolutionaries (London: Rising Press 1995).
31. See also Troy Southgate, 'Revolution vs. reaction', n.d., available at www.geocities.com/bobmeyer_us/troy.htrnl (viewed 14 May 2005).
32. ENM, Distributism: A Summary of Revolutionary Nationalist Economics (London: Rising Press 1995).
33. Muammar Qaddafi, The Green Book (London: Rising Press 1995);
34. ENM, Popular Rule: The Authority of the English People in Post-Revolutionary Society (London: Rising Press n.d.).
35. Perspectives, no. 6, Summer 1993;
36. Paul Charnock, 'Eclectics in perspective', The Scorpion, no. 17, 1996, available at http://thescorp.multics.org/17eclect.html (viewed 5 May 2005).
37. Troy Southgate, The Meaning of Nationalism (Dover, Kent: Rising Press 1992).
38. Despite overwhelming evidence that The Protocols is a forgery Southgate rejects this fact as 'not proven' or in any case irrelevant as its veracity had been borne out by subsequent events; see The Crusader, no. 6, 1996.
39. The Nexus, no. 13, August 1998.
40. The staunchly Catholic ITP responded with a virulent assault on the prevalence of paganism within the far right, entitled Satanism and Its Allies: The Nationalist Movement under Attack (London: Final Conflict 1998). A later update singled out Southgate as a 'Satanist' and 'pro-faggot'; see 'Satanism and its allies: an update', available on the Final Conflict website at www.politicalsoldier.net/satbkltupdt.html (viewed 5 May 2005).
41. For Southgate's response, see Paranoia in the Pews! (London: Rising Press 2000).
42. A sample of the breadth of these ideological influences includes the eastern orientated geopolitics of Francis Parker Yockey, Jean Thiriart, Aleksandr Dugin, Jean Parvulesco and Karl Haushofer; the national-Bolshevism of Ernst Niekisch and Karl Otto Paetel; the 'left-wing' fascism of Ledesma Ramos and Otto Strasser; the 'legionary' spirit of Corneliu Codreanu and Mircea Eliade; the 'green' fascism of Reich peasant leader Walter Darré; the esoteric Nazism of Savitri Devi and Miguel Serrano; the 'spiritual racism' and aristocratic Traditionalism of Julius Evola; the nihilism of Friedrich Nietzsche and anarchist revolutionary Sergei Nechayev; the conservative revolutionary thought of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck and Ernst Jünger; the psychology of C. G. Jung; the hermetic occultism of Alastair Crowley, René Guénon, Frithjof Schuon; the 'fantastic' fiction of Arthur Machen and the horror stories of H. P. Lovecraft; the poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley; the 'psychic art' of Austin Osman Spare; the 'esoteric symbolism' of R. A. Schwaller de Lubitz, SS Grail seeker Otto Rahn and the mystic folklore of Friedrich Hielscher, founder of Das Ahnenerbe (the Society for the Study of Ancestral Heritage). These diverse figures are joined by a number of anarchists including Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Michael Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, several Islamists including the Quranic scholar Seyyed Hossien Nasr, Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi, Swiss art historian Titus Burckhardt, the explorer Sir Richard Burton who perpetuated the 'blood libel' myth in his book The Jew, the Gypsy and El Islam (1898), not to mention black separatists Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X, critics of totalitarianism George Orwell and Jack London, Marxist terrorists Ulrike Meinhof and Andreas Baader, Catholic fantasy writers C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkein and French situationist Guy Debord.
43. NRF, An Introduction to National-Anarchism (London: Rising Press 1999).
44. For more on Evola's views on race as the embodiment of the 'living nation', see Julius Evola, Race as a Revolutionary Idea (London: Rising Press 2001).
45. The Nexus, no. 13, August 1998.
46. 'National-anarchism: a reply to a leftist', available at www.rosenoire.org/essays/n-a-dialogue.php (viewed 5 May 2005). This webpage appeared in response to a brief summary of 'national-anarchism' by 'Lefty Hooligan' in the punk-rock magazine
47. Maximum Rock 'n' Roll, no. 214, March 2001.
48. Clifford Harper is the prolific anarchist illustrator, many of whose evocative woodcuts of anarchist history are collected in Clifford Harper, Anarchy: A Graphic Guide (London: Camden Press 1987).
49. Ernst Jünger, Eumeswil (London: Quartet Books 1995).
50. See "The Anarch', available at www.angelfire.com/ak3/anarch/index.html (viewed 5 May 2005)
51. and Abdalbarr Braun, 'Warrior, Waldgaenger, Anarch: an essay on Ernst Jünger's concept of the sovereign individual', 7 March 2002, available on the FluxEuropa website at www.fluxeuropa.com/juenger-anarch.htm (viewed 5 May 2005).
52. For more on the concept of the Anarch, see Alain de Benoist, 'Beyond the gods and the titans', The Scorpion, no. 15, 1994 and no. 17, 1996, available at http://thescorp.multics.org/15jueng.html and http://thescorp.multics.org/17jueng.html (viewed 5 May 2005).
53. Southgate, The Meaning of Nationalism.
54. For reiterations of these themes, see issues of The Crusader or The English Alternative.
55. Troy Southgate, 'Hee hee', message to the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 28 July 2002, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/National-Anarchist/message/12253 (viewed 10 May 2005).
56. Troy Southgate, 'National anarchy', message to the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 29 April 2000, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/National-Anarchist/message/28 (viewed 10 May 2005).
57. Victor Anduril, Anarchic Philosophy (London: Rising Press 2000). 'Victor Anduril' is the pseudonym of Peter Georgacarakos, a leading member of the American group White Order of Thule (WOT), who wrote this pamphlet especially for the NRF. Currently serving a twenty-two-year sentence for cocaine dealing Georgacarakos is also awaiting trial for the 1996 murder of Randall Scott Anderson in a federal prison in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania; Anderson was a white supremacist who renounced his racist beliefs and became a Muslim while serving a nine-year sentence for the attempted bombing of an ice rink frequented by African Americans. Georgacarakos and Richard Scutari (a member of the white-supremacist The Order also incarcerated in the Lewisburg prison at the time), allegedly murdered Anderson as a 'race traitor';
58. see Southern Poverty Law Centre, Intelligence Report, no. 98, Spring 2000. Southgate first encountered the WOT shortly after he had left the Catholic Church in 1998 when he was 'far more open to spiritual alternatives'. Despite the subsequent influence of Miguel Serrano, Southgate claims to have been less impressed by the esoteric Hitlerism of Crossing the Abyss (WOT's journal to which Georgacarakos was a regular contributor) than by its 'truly amazing' artistic layout. Emphasizing the ideological continuity between the two groupuscules Southgate notes that Crossing the Abyss 'served as a kind of antechamber for the decidedly more anarchistic ideas that are now coming to fruition through Synthesis', Southgate's online journal. To this day he believes Crossing the Abyss 'to be the best magazine ever to come out of America'. Troy Southgate, e-mail to the author, 17 August 2002.
59. The Crusader, no. 5, n.d.
60. ENM, Revolutionary Action: A Booklet for the Cadre (London: Rising Press 1995). In a British context Colin Jordan extolled this clandestine mode of organization in 1986 when he advocated the formation of an elite paramilitary 'task force' utilizing the methods of Nazi Jagdkommando leader Otto Skorzeny to bring down the state. His rejection of the 'hopelessly unproductive' party organization is a seminal piece of prose on the British fascist underground;
61. see Colin Jordan, 'Party time has ended', National Review, no. 45, June 1986.
62. The Crusader, no. 6, 1996
63. and The English Alternative, no. 8, Winter Spring 1998.
64. Guerrilla Warfare: An Introduction to the Art of Revolution (London: Rising Press 2001)
65. and Leaderless Resistance: Where There's a Will There's a Way (London: Rising Press 2000).
66. The Crusader, no. 6, 1996, includes an exhortation to 'take out' the editors of the anti-fascist magazine Searchlight.
67. The Crusader, no. 5, n.d.
68. and The English Alternative, no. 9, n.d. Southgate regularly eulogized American neo-Nazi terrorist organizations like The Order and the Minutemen. Robert N. Taylor, the Minutemen's national spokesman and director of intelligence, was a formative influence on Southgate; see
69. Troy Southgate, Life of Fire: An Interview with Robert N. Taylor (London: Rising Press 2000). Taylor also gave the NRF the benefit of his experience as a guerrilla leader in a specially written pamphlet,
70. R. N. Taylor, Paramilitary Operations: A Handbook (London: Rising Press 2000). The NRF also adopted the violent revolutionary terminology of Joseph Tommasi, leader of the short-lived National Socialist Liberation Front, which in turn borrowed its slogans from New Left and Maoist groups.
71. The Crusader, no. 5, n.d.
72. NRF, 'Official statement on the International Third Position'.
73. Green Anarchist, no. 29, Winter 1991. Hunt's former colleagues have been his most vociferous critics. Green Anarchist itself lacks a belief in positive human agency and appears entrenched in a misanthropic, ideological cul de sac eulogizing the far right's use of indiscriminate terror against the 'system' as a means to achieve its own primitivist ends. Celebrating the age of 'irrationalism' editor Stephen Booth praised the Japanese religious sect Aum Shinrikyo responsible for the sarin gas attack on the Japanese metro and the American militia movement, particularly Timothy McVeigh who, Booth argues, had 'the right idea' in attacking 'The Machine'. His stance led to a further split within Green Anarchist and its degeneration into two warring factions. For a blistering critique of Green Anarchist's politics, see
74. Black Flag, no. 215, 1998 and no. 217, 1999.
75. While incorrectly attacking Green Anarchist as 'fascist', a devastating critique of its politics can be found in Luther Blissett and Stewart Home, Green Apocalypse (London: Unpopular Books 1995).
76. Richard Hunt, To End Poverty: The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core (Oxford: Alternative Green 1997).
77. See also Richard Hunt, The Natural Society: A Basis for Green Anarchism and Alternative Green (Oxford: Alternative Green n.d.)
78. and Richard Hunt, Who's Starving Them? (Oxford: Alternative Green n.d.).
79. See 'Interview with Troy Southgate (National-Anarchists, England)', Auto, no. 7, June 2001, available on the Nationalanarchisten website at www.nationalanarchismus.org/ Nationalanarchisten/Auto7/TroyQuestions/troyquestions.html (viewed 14 May 2005);
80. The Nexus, no. 13, August 1998;
81. and The English Alternative, no. 8, Winter-Spring 1998. Although the NRF rejected the compound culture of the American far right as 'nonsense' its own views are similar to the idea of a white Aryan 'homeland' espoused by Combat 18, whose imprisoned former leader, Paul 'Charlie' Sargent, wrote to Southgate approvingly.
82. 'Who are the Greenshirts', available at one time at http://autarky.rosenoire.org/greenshirts/whoweare.html (viewed 24 August 2002).
83. Troy Southgate, 'FW: [GreenshirtsUSA] intro', message to the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 30 April 2002, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/National-Anarchist/message/8962 (viewed 10 May 2005). The Greenshirts have an American chapter run by former neo-Nazi activist Cody Dickerson from Salt Lake City, Utah. Although small in number (its e-group has only fifteen members), the group has attracted the interest of members of the National Alliance (NA) whose 'left/decentralist leanings' have led to their participation in militant environmental activities like 'tree spiking', and to the formation of its own front group, the Anti-Globalisation Action Network, aimed at subverting these protests for its own ends. In this respect it should be noted that a NA member founded thulean-1, the e-group of WOT (see note 42) that feeds into Synthesis. This hints at a measure of ideological heterodoxy across the breadth of the contemporary far right as it tries to synthesize contemporary 'left-wing' concerns.
84. See Nick Mamatas, 'Fascists for Che: white supremacists infiltrate anti-globalization movements', In These Times, 13 September 2002, available at www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/23/news1.shtml (viewed 14 May 2005).
85. Emulating the Iron Guard the NRF held 'torchlight rituals during which small bags of earth were distributed' to participants who were also awarded the 'Hora Sima badge' for feats of physical endurance. Southgate has also elicited interest from Dan Ghetu's Letters from the Nuovo Europae website; see www.apoptose.net/interviews/nuovoeur.htm (viewed 14 May 2005). Synthesis has links to the Romanian Noua Dreaptá (New Right), which describes itself as
86. 'the most serious attempt to continue the old Legionary Movement (Iron Guard) in new forms'; see www.nouadreapta.org (viewed 14 May 2005).
87. See the Iron Youth! website at www.national-anarchist.org/ironyouth/ (viewed 14 May 2005)
88. and The Crusader, no. 6, 1996.
89. Troy Southgate, 'Re: [National-Anarchist] Zerzan on progress', message to the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 13 May 2000, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/National-Anarchist/message/527 (viewed 10 May 2005).
90. Troy Southgate, Transcending the beyond: from third position to national-anarchism', Pravda.ru, 17 January 2002, available on the Beyond Left and Right website at http://english.pravda.ru/politics/2002/01/17/25828.html (viewed 14 May 2005)
91. . This has parallels in Hunt's idea that 'xenophobia' was 'the key to the communities success', as it cemented communal bonds; see Hunt, The Natural Society, 3.
92. Alternative Green, no. 31, Spring 2002.
93. The English Alternative, no. 10, n.d.
94. and The National Anarchist, no. 1, n.d.
95. Alternative Green, no. 12, Spring 1995
96. and Alternative Green, no. 18, Winter 1999.
97. Alternative Green, no. 24, Summer 2000. Those attending included the Wessex Regionalists, Oriflamme (mediaevalists), the Anarchic Movement (Jonothan Boulter), Albion Awake (Wayne John Sturgeon's one-man 'Christian anarchist' movement), the Libertarian Alliance, the Sexual Freedom Collective, Anarchist Nihilist Accords, the New Age magazine Nexus, the Anti-Metric Society and the East London Republican Forum.
98. 'Anarcho-Fascists attempt to organise', n.d., available at www.stewarthomesociety. org/ga/anafaorg.htm (viewed 8 May 2005).
99. See also Do or Die, no. 9, 2000.
100. For Southgate's response, see Chinese Whispers Meets Leftist Dogmatism (London: Rising Press n.d.). The second fair in 2001 would be attended by Peter Töpfer's Nationale Anarchie group, ITMA Publishing run by Alexander Baron and the Socialist Party of Great Britain who have a long history of debating with anyone, including the Transeuropa Collective, with whom they organized a conference, 'Globalisation and Regionalism', in 1995;
101. see Alternative Green, no. 12, Spring 1995.
102. Hunt's ideas have attracted a number of veteran NF leaders including David Kerr, the leader of NF Ulster, Patrick Harrington, former NF chairman and Third Way leader, and Michael Walker, former NF Central London organizer who currently edits The Scorpion. Abroad Hunt's ideas have interested Guy de Martelaere, a regular contributor to Alternative Green and previously Perspectives. De Martelaere is involved with the Flemish Nouvelle Droite publication, Tekos, which is closely aligned with the extreme-right Vlaams Blok party. They have also been influential for veteran Polish neo-fascist Jaroslaw Tomasiewicz, who discusses them in his book Miedzy faszyzmem i anarchizem. Nowe idee dla Nowej Ery (Between fascism and anarchism. New ideas for a new age). A former punk rocker, Tomasiewicz became involved in the Polish skinhead movement in which he was renowned for the publication of a violent skinhead fanzine called Fajna Gazeta. By the 1990s he had become a leading figure in the Polish section of the International Third Position, the violent Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski (National Revival of Poland), whose journal Templum regularly featured his contributions. Tomasiewicz was also active in Przelom Narodowy (National Breakthrough), publishing numerous articles in Mysl Narodowa Polska (Polish Nationalist Idea), the organ of Poland's most voluble antisémite, Boleslaw Tejkowski. At the time of writing Tomasiewicz is the leader of Stowarzyszenie na rzecz Wielosci Kultur (Society for Cultural Diversity) and co-editor of its journal, Zakorzenienie (Rootedness), which champions the ideas of the Nouvelle Droite. His shift away from overt fascism parallels Southgate's and he can be found regularly contributing to a range of environmental, anarchist and moderate right-wing publications in Poland and indeed Britain, including Green Options, Perspectives and Alternative Green.
103. Calls for the boycotting of left-wing bookshops that continued to stock Alternative Green appeared on the now-defunct online bulletin board of the militant anti-fascist group Red Action.
104. See www.national-anarchist.org (viewed 14 May 2005).
105. Weekly Worker, no. 363, 7 December 2000 and no. 364, 14 December 2000. While defending his actions Liddle concedes that 'to an extent' he was 'duped' by Southgate; see
106. Terry Liddle, e-mail to the author, 1 October 2002.
107. This message was posted on the now-defunct e-groups Solidarity2 and eco-anarchy (viewed April 2001, no longer available).
108. Troy Southgate, 'From Weekly Worker', message on the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 11 April 2001, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/National-Anarchist/message/3413 (viewed 10 May 2005).
109. The Crusader, no. 5, n.d.
110. and The English Alternative, no. 8, Winter-Spring 1998.
111. Sword of Nechayev, no. 1, n.d.
112. For reiterations of these themes, see issues of The Crusader or The English Alternative.
113. Catalyst, no. 4, 1997, no. 5, 1998 and no. 7, 1999. The extent of NRF activism should be read with caution. The NRF compiles large lists of causes it supports and activities it approves of (though may not have taken part in) to give the impression of omnipresence and disguise its obvious numerical weakness.
114. Troy Southgate, 'A day of revolt', message on the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 24 June 2000, available at http://groups.yahoo.co.uk/group/National-Anarchist/message/1563 (viewed 10 May 2005).
115. 'Synthesis editor Troy Southgate interviewed by Wayne John Sturgeon', 2001, available at http://www.rosenoire.org/interviews/southgate.php (viewed 8 May 2005).
116. 'Synthesis editor Troy Southgate interviewed by Dan Ghetu'.
117. The English Alternative, no, 8, Winter-Spring 1998.
118. Semitic Voice, no. 1, n.d.
119. and The Crusader, no. 5, n.d.
120. Troy Southgate, 'Wanted: your participation', message to the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 7 January 2003, available at http://groups.yahoo.co.uk/group/National-Anarchist/message/16789 (viewed 10 May 2005).
121. Searchlight, no. 325, July 2002.
122. David Michael's message was posted on the now-defunct Jumeirah Beach Forum (www.jumeirahbeach.com).
123. See Keith Preston's review of Voice of the Resistance, 'Revolt against the New World Order', available at www.attackthesystem.com/votr.html (viewed 14 May 2005).
124. Troy Southgate, e-mail to the author, 5 March 2003.
125. Troy Southgate, Manifesto of the European Liberation Front (London: Rising Press 1999). The original English representative was Patrick Harrington's Third Way until it was replaced by Southgate's NRF. Other affiliates included Christian Bouchet's Nouvelle Résistance (France), Devenir, Mouvement Nation and Odal-Aktiekomitee (Belgium), Nieuwe Weestand (Holland), Richter and Freiheit Volk Bewegung (Germany), Nouvelle Résistance (Switzerland), Orion and Rivolta/Gruppi Autonomi Solidarista (Italy), Fenriks and Przelom Narodowy (Poland), Aleksandr Dugin's Natsionalno-Bolshevistskaia Partii and Arctogaia (Russia), JP (Portugal), Juan Antonio Llopart's Alternativa Europea, which operates as part of the Movimiento Social Republicano (Spain), and Revolution (Greece). For more detail,
126. see the special issue, 'The "groupuscular right": a neglected political genus', Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 36, no. 3, July 2002.
127. Troy Southgate, e-mail to the author, 10 September 2002.
128. See also Catalyst, no. 6, 1998 and no. 7, 1999.
129. See, for instance, Aleksandr Dugin, The Seminal Writings of Alexander Dugin, 3 vols (London: Rising Press 2000)
130. and Aleksandr Dugin, The Eurasian Manifesto: The Crisis of Ideas in Contemporary Russia (Rising Press: London 2001)
131. . Another key Eurasian influence is Belgian Nouvelle Droite ideologue Robert Steuckers; see 'Synthesis interviews Robert Steuckers', 2001, available at http://www.rosenoire.org/interviews/steuckers.php (viewed 9 May 2005).
132. The NRF reprinted an article on Thiriart's ideas published by Christian Bouchet in The English Alternative, no. 10, n.d.
133. Further evidence of Thiriart's impact on the NRF can be found in Carlo Terracciano, Jean Thiriart: Prophet and Militant (London: Rising Press 2000)
134. . The Moscow visit and Thiriart's wider influence on post-war European fascism is discussed in detail in Kevin Coogan, Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Post-War Fascist International (New York: Autonomedia 1999), 532-52.
135. 'Synthesis editor Troy Southgate interviewed by Dan Ghetu'.
136. Troy Southgate, 'Julius Evola: a radical traditionalist', Pravda.ru, 11 May 2002, available at http://english.pravda.ru/columnists/2002/05/11/28502. html (viewed 9 May 2005). Southgate has also been interviewed for the Russian website Poliarnaia Zvezda (Polar Star);
137. see 'Dlia Rossii vazhno sokhranit' svoiu funktsiiu kontinental'noi skrepy' (It is important for Russia to preserve her function as a counter balance), 21 February 2003, available (in Russian) at http://zvezda.ru/article.php?area = 1&id = 100&sub = 10 (viewed 9 May 2005).
138. 'Synthesis editor Troy Southgate interviewed by Dan Ghetu' and The National Anarchist, no. 1, n.d.
139. See also the Eurasian Movement webpage, available at www.national-anarchist.org/eurasia (viewed 14 May 2005).
140. 'Synthesis editor Troy Southgate interviewed by Wayne John Sturgeon'. See also Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press 1997), 69-100.
141. The leader of the Charlemagne Hammer Skins was Hervé Guttuso, a French fascist resident in England since 1995. In December 1997 he was arrested as part of an Anglo-French investigation into death threats sent to prominent Jewish celebrities and politicians in France. Guttuso was arrested at the Essex flat he shared with Steve Sargent who led the National Socialist Movement, a violent groupuscule whose most infamous member was the London 'nail bomber' David Copeland. The NSM's chief ideologue, David Myatt, was a long-time occultist as was Guttoso, who was connected to the desecration of a Catholic cemetery in Toulon in 1997, which led to the arrest of several members of the French Satanist group Deo Occidi, of which Guttuso was also allegedly a member. Deo Occidi was the French chapter of Kerry Bolton's Black Order of Pan Europa, which was affiliated to Southgate's LCRN. The Black Order later split with the North American faction and emerged, with Bolton's blessing, as WOT (see note 42), a formative influence on Southgate.
142. 'Vive la revolution: an interview with the National Secretary of the ENM', The English Alternative, no. 8, n.d.
143. Julian's brief tenure lasted from CE 361 to 363. An early convert to paganism and neo-Platonic mysticism, Julian aroused the considerable antagonism of his Christian contemporaries because of his attempt to revitalize paganism by reviving the cult of Apollo at Daphne near Antioch, which entailed large-scale blood sacrifices. Christians were further alarmed by his dream of restoring the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, which implied the symbolic defeat of Christianity by directly challenging the teachings of Jesus that no stone of the Temple would be left on another. See Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire AD 284-430 (London: Fontana Press 1993), 85-98.
144. Troy Southgate, 'Re: Julian and religious tolerance', message to the ivlianvs e-group, posted 19 January 2000, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ivlianvs/message/56 (viewed 14 May 2005).
145. The English Alternative, no. 9. n.d.
146. 'Synthesis editor Troy Southgate interviewed by Dan Ghetu'.
147. Troy Southgate, e-mail to the author, 5 March 2003.
148. Although The Crusader initially championed the more traditional canons of White Power music, including the Blood and Honour network and bands like Brutal Attack, Southgate has recently focused on bands like Endura (previously called Abraxas) - the pinnacle of 'sinister' music - and Allerseelen whose leading light is Austrian occultist 'Kadmon', the editor of the journal Aorta. A rare performance by Endura at the Deadly Actions II industrial music festival in 1995 was 'poorly received' due to an accompanying visual show that featured 'executions, torture, government oppression, mob violence, hardcore porn, Balkan war crimes and Janis Joplin at Woodstock'. Endura harbours a deep antipathy for 'sub-humanity' and was planning to record an album featuring excerpts from their correspondence with serial killer Dennis Nilson. Another similarly misanthropic Black Metal band that interests Southgate is Puissance, who called 9/11 'a good thing to happen'. For a fascinating view of the origins of this attempt to move beyond the confines of White Power music, see Kevin Coogan, 'How "Black" is Black Metal?', Hit List, vol. 1, no. 1, February/March 1999.
149. Guardian, 7 July 2004.
150. The English Alternative, no. 10, n.d.
151. Troy Southgate, 'Black Metal', message to the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 29 August 2000, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/National-Anarchist/message/1658 (viewed 10 May 2005).
152. Tribal Resonance, nos 1 and 2, 1998;
153. Alternative Green, no. 33, 2003
154. and The English Alternative, no. 9, n.d.
155. Roger Griffin, 'Notes on the definition of fascist culture: the prospects for synergy between liberal and Marxist heuristics', Renaissance and Modern Studies, vol. 42, Autumn 2001, 95-115.
156. Synthesis is available at www.rosenoire.org (viewed 10 May 2005).
157. Troy Southgate, e-mail to the author, 23 August 2002.
158. Troy Southgate, 'Re: [National-Anarchist] NRF website', message to the National-Anarchist e-group, posted 11 August 2002, available at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/National-Anarchist/message/12669 (viewed 10 May 2005).
159. Troy Southgate, e-mails to the author, 28 and 29 January 2003.
160. Troy Southgate, e-mail to the author, 5 March 2003.