Death in wartime photographs and the "other war" in Afghanistan

Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 26-55

  Zelizer, Barbie ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Afghanistan; Death; Images; Journalism; Wartime

Indexed keywords

EID: 23844551874     PISSN: 1081180X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1081180X05278370     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. See Barbie Zelizer, "Journalism's 'Last' Stand: Wirephoto and the Discourse of Resistance," Journal of Communication 45, no. 2 (Spring 1995):78-92.
2. "Afghanistan: The Other War," Time, Mar. 8, 2004,
3. cover. The story was subheadlined "Remember Afghanistan?" For material on the war in Afghanistan, see Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan, eds. Journalism after September 11 (New York: Routledge, 2002);
4. Stephen Hess and Marvin Kalb, eds., The Media and the War on Terrorism (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2003);
5. and Nancy Palmer, ed., Terrorism, War and the Press (Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard University, 2003).
6. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981);
7. Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida (London: Hill and Wang, 1981);
8. and Roland Barthes, "The Rhetoric of the Image," in Image/Music/Text (New York: Hill and Wang, 1977).
9. See Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
10. Albert Bandura, "Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency," Journal of Moral Education 31, no. 2 (2002):101-19.
11. Also see D. Chong, The Girl in the Picture (New York: Penguin, 1999).
12. Bill Marinow cited in P. Nesbitt, "Designing for a Tragedy," in Crisis Journalism: A Handbook for Media Response (Reston, VA: American Press Institute, October 2001), 23.
13. Barbie Zelizer, "When War Is Reduced to a Photograph,"in Reporting War Journalism and War-time, ed. Stuart Allan and Barbie Zelizer (London: Routledge, 2004).
14. See Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
15. Don McCullin, "Notes by a Photographer," in The Photographic Memory: Press Photography - Twelve Insights, ed. Enile Meijer and Joop Swart (London: Quiller Press and World Press Photo, 1987), 11.
16. Philip Gefter cited in Marianne Hirsch, "The Day Time Stopped," Chronicle of Higher Education 25 (January 2002): B11;
17. also see Barbie Zelizer, "Photography, Journalism and Trauma," in Journalism after September 11, ed. Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan (London: Routledge, 2002), 48-68.
18. Quoted in David Hilbrand and Gail Shister, "A Flood of Images into Homes," Philadelphia Inquirer, Mar. 27, 2003:A1, A20;
19. and Zelizer, "When War Is Reduced to a Photograph."
20. In December 2003, a New York Times/CES
21. Poll found that 62 percent of Americans were in favor of seeing pictures of military caskets. The event in April was sparked by a Tami Silicio photo, appended to "The Somber Task of Honoring the Fallen," Seattle Times, Apr. 18, 2004:A1; and by photos taken by Defense Department photographers and displayed under a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Russ Kirk (see www.thememoryhole.com).
22. A Times Daily Mirror poll, conducted by the Center for the People and the Press on Mar. 24, 1993, asked respondents whether they agreed or disagreed with the idea that "TV news should just tell us about violent news but not show pictures of murder and war." Fifty percent of respondents disagreed; 45 percent agreed.
23. Readers' Letters, Boston Globe, Oct. 6, 2001:A14;
24. Readers' Letters, Newsweek, Oct. 15, 2001:15-16;
25. Readers' Letters, Time, Oct. 22, 2001:14;
26. Readers' Letters, Time, Nov. 5, 2001:5;
27. Readers' Letters, Newsweek, Dec. 10, 2001:16.
28. Time/CNN Poll, 2003.
29. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Apr. 5, 2004. Fifty percent of respondents said that the press did a good job of covering the events in Fallujah, while 21 percent felt that the images were too graphic.
30. Antonia Zerbisias, "Humanity Is First Casualty of War," Toronto Star, Apr. 4, 2004:D10.
31. Cited in Annie Lawson, "Editors Show Restraint with War Images," The Guardian (online), www.media.guardian.co.uk, posted Mar. 31, 2003.
32. Stuart Hall, "The Determinations of News Photographs,"in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Sage, 1974);
33. and Alan Sekula, "On the Invention of Photographic Meaning," in Photography against the Grain (Halifax, Canada: Press of the Nova Scotia College of Arts and Design, 1974/1984).
34. Zelizer, "When War Is Reduced to a Photograph."
35. Also see Zelizer, "Photography, Journalism and Trauma."
36. CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC initially declined to show the charred bodies being strung up and beaten by Iraqi crowds, while CBS and ABC showed the burnt bodies, along with cautionary notes a blurring of the images. In a survey of the twenty highest-circulating newspapers, Editor and Publisher found that only five - the New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Philadelphia Inquirer, San Francisco Chronicle, and the New York Post - elected to show graphic photos of the bodies strung along the bridge on their front pages (Charles Geraci, "Seven of Top 20 Papers Published Front-Page Fallujah Body Photos, "Editor and Publisher, Apr. 1, 2004). Moreover, the buzz among journalists over what to do was noteworthy. Newspaper ombudsmen and editors offered readers an inside look at the editorial decision making that went into the display or lack thereof of the photos. Comparisons were offered, likening the photos to those of Somalia, Vietnam, or Tianenman Square, or even to the removal of Saddam Hussein's statue from Firdus Square.
37. Roy Peter Clark, "You Be the Editor," Poynteronline, posted Apr. 1, 2004;
38. and Antonia Zerbisias, "Humanity Is First Casualty of War," Toronto Star, Apr. 4, 2004:D10.
39. Adam B. Kushner, "See No Evil," The New Republic (online), posted Apr. 2, 2004.
40. See, for instance W D. Lutz., "Language, Appearance and Reality Doublespeak in 1984," in The Legacy of Language - A Tribute to Charlton Laird, ed. P. C. Boardman (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1987), 103-19.
41. Also see R. Gambino, "Watergate Lingo: A Language of Non-Responsibility," Freedom at Issue 22 (1973): 7-9, 15-17.
42. Albert Bandura, "Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency,"'Journal of Moral Education 31, no. 2 (2002):101-19.
43. This analysis examined the photos that appeared about Afghanistan during the first three months of the war, from Oct. 10 to Dec. 31, 2001, with particular attention paid to images of impending death. Photos were examined in six U.S. newspapers and two U.S. newsmagazines - New York Times, Washington Post, Boston Globe, Philadelphia Inquirer, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Time, and Newsweek - and additional attention was also paid to the non-U.S. press in Europe and Canada to build comparisons. To ascertain photos that were taken of Afghanistan during this time period but not necessarily published, the photographic archives of AP Multimedia and Factiva were also surveyed during the same time period. The same sources were consulted again surrounding the kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl and the subsequent airing of the video of his death, from Jan. 23 to Feb. 10, 2002, and again from June 7 to June 13, 2002.
44. Victoria Clarke, quoted in Hess and Kalb, The Media and the War on Terrorism, 98;
45. and Michael Getler, quoted in Hess and Kalb, The Media and the War on Terrorism, 99.
46. Sanford J. Linger, cited in Hess and Kalb, The Media and the War on Terrorism, 99;
47. and Tim Weiner, "Rumsfeld Says Ramadan Won't Halt U.S. Attacks," New York Times, Nov. 5, 2001:B4.
48. Howard Kurtz, "CNN Chief Orders 'Balance' in War News," Washington Post, Oct. 31 2001:C1.
49. Marvin Kalb, "Dissent: Public Opinion, Media Reaction," Nieman Reports 57, no. 4 (Winter 2003): 72.
50. Michael Getler, in Hess and Kalb, The Media and the War on Terrorism, 99.
51. Jeremy Seabrook, "Peep Empathy from Rubble," The Statesman (India), Nov. 4, 2001.
52. The photo, called the single most recognized image in the magazine's 114-year history, was also to be featured on a repeat cover (Michael Kilian, "Haunting Afghan Face Gets a Name," Chicago Tribune, Mar. 14, 2002:D10).
53. This is part of a larger project in progress on the about-to-die image in Western journalism, tentatively titled About to Die: Journalism, Memory and the Voice of the Visual and under contract by the author with the University of Chicago Press. For a discussion of this topic in association with the events of September 11, see Barbie Zelizer, "The Voice of the Visual in Memory," in Framing Public Memory, ed. Kendall Phillips (Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 157-86.
54. For instance, one picture depicted stones being cleared from a ruined building in strife-torn Karam. The caption read, "The Taliban claim that nearly 200 people were killed in the village on Monday. If true, it would be the deadliest single strike by U.S. and British warplanes." See AP Photo/APTN, Karam, Oct. 14, 2001, #LON111. Also see AP photo appended to Robert Nicklesberg and Barry Bearak, "On a Taliban Guided Tour, Facts Prove Elusive," New York Times, Nov. 1, 2001:B1. One interesting image, recalling the earlier images of the public hangings by the Taliban, portrayed a stringing up of a U.S. helicopter. Shot down by the Taliban, the burnt shell of the helicopter was strung from a traffic post, suggesting the deaths of those inside (see AP Photo/ Amir Shah, Kabul, Nov. 7, 2001, #KAB101).
55. Stephan Goetghebuer, quoted in Alex Perry, "Hunger and Despair in the Camps," Time, Dec. 3, 2001:33.
56. Tyler Hicks/Getty Images Photo appended to Barry Bearak, "Where Buddhas Fell, Lives Lie in Ruins Too," New York Times, Dec. 9, 2001:B10.
57. Time magazine portrayed a bread line at the crowded camp of Maslakh, said to be the biggest refugee camp in the world, with a caption that told readers that the children "wait for food; many have already died" (photo titled "Bread Line," part of a photo essay by Bill Saporito, "Out in the Cold," Time, Dec. 17, 2001:33-35).
58. In a like vein, images of a twelve-year-old boy wounded on his way to school during the bombing of Kabul were appended to stories of "excessive deaths" from the U.S. action; although the boy himself was not known to have died, he stood in for a more general collective fate that others were meeting (AP Photo/Dmitiri Messinis, appended to Bob Kemper, "War on Track, US Insists; Pakistan Says Civilian Deaths 'Excessive,'" Chicago Tribune, Oct. 29, 2001:8); AP Photo/Sergei Grits, Mazar-e-Sharif, Jan. 14, 2002, #MOSB113, #MOSB114.
59. AP Photo/Marco Di Lauro, Kabul, Nov. 18, 2001, #AFG109.
60. Anthony Spaeth, "Kabul's New Islamic Rule Young and Fundamentalist," Time, Oct. 7, 1996:48.
61. Also see photo by Alan Chin/NYT, appended to John F. Burns, "Afghan Professionals Fleeing Rule by Clerics," New York Times, Oct. 7, 1996.
62. Verbal reports include John F. Burns, "Harsh Laws Way of Life in Afghanistan," New York Times, Feb. 17, 1996:E13;
63. John F. Burns, "Afghan Professionals Fleeing Rule by Clerics," New York Times, Oct. 7, 1996: A8;
64. John F. Burns, "Stoning of Afghan Adulterers: Some Go to Take Part, Others Just to Watch," New York Times, Nov. 3, 1996:18;
65. and John F. Burns, "With Sugared Tea and Caustic Rules, an Afghan Leader Explains Himself," New York Times, Nov. 24, 1996:E9.
66. Barbara Crossette, "Afghan Hanging Rouses Debate on UN's Role as Protector," New York Times, Oct. 22, 1996:A15.
67. For photos of Najibullah, see Haider Shah/Reuters picture appended to Anthony Spaeth, "Kabul's New Islamic Rule Young and Fundamentalist," Time, Oct. 7, 1996:48-50;
68. and picture appended to Kathy Gannon, "Taliban Rebels Take Hold as Streets of Kabul Revive," Washington Post, Sep. 28, 1996:A19.
69. John F. Burns, "From Cold War, Afghanistan Inherits Brutal New Age," New York Times, Feb. 14, 1996:A1, A8;
70. "Victims' Kin Execute Killers in Afghanistan," Cleveland Plain Dealer, Feb. 11, 1996:15A;
71. "Two Afghan Murder Convicts Publicly Executed by Victims' Fathers," Agence France-Presse Dispatch, Feb. 10, 1996;
72. Rahimullah Yusufzai, "Afghanistan Allows Victims' Relatives to Execute Killers," Seattle Times, Feb. 11, 1996:A18;
73. and Kathy Gannon, "Taliban Rebels Take Hold as Streets of Kabul Revive," Washington Post, Sep. 28, 1996:A19.
74. AP Photo/Haider Shah, Feb. 9, 1996. The picture was appended to John F. Burns, "From Cold War, Afghans Inherit Brutal New Age," New York Times, Feb. 14, 1996:A1.
75. A similar images also appeared alongside "Victims' Kin Execute Killers in Afghanistan," Cleveland Plain Dealer, Feb. 11, 1996:15A.
76. For photos, see James Nachtwey photo, appended to Dick Thompson, "Death of a City Devastated by Endless Fighting . . .," Time, Jun. 24, 1996: 30; AP Photo/B.K. Bankash, Kabul, Sep. 28, 1996, #PES101; AP/Amir Shah, Kabul, Sep. 23, 2000, #Kab101; AP, Kabul, Aug. 8, 2001, #WHICH; AP, Kabul, Aug. 9, 2001, #5943212 (3JDT8); AP/Zhiruddin Abdullah, Kabul, Dec. 18, 1996, #AFG101.
77. See, for instance, David Rohde, "Foreigners Who Fought for Taliban Shot in Head," New York Times, Nov. 19, 2001:B1;
78. Carlotta Gal, "Fortress Awash with Bodies of Taliban," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 29, 2001:10;
79. "Dispatches," Time, Nov. 26, 2001:58-63.
80. For example, see Tyler Hicks/Getty Images photo appended to David Rohde, "The Volunteers," New York Times, Nov. 18, 2001:B1;
81. James Hill photo for the New York Times and photos by Anja Niedringhaus/AFP, appended to Carlotta Gal, "At Site of Quelled Prisoner Revolt, Afghan's Fort's Walls Tell a Tale of Death," New York Times, Nov. 29, 2001:B1;
82. Carolyn Cole photo appended to Paul Watson, "A Roadside Graveyard for Taliban Stragglers," Los Angeles Times, Nov. 27, 2001:A10;
83. Alex Perry for Time, titled "Carnage," Time, Nov. 26, 2001:61;
84. unaccredited photo for Time, Dec. 10, 2001:62.
85. Also see pictures appended to Michael Kilian and Stephen Franklin, "Rebels Seek More Strikes," Chicago Tribune, Oct. 24, 2001:30;
86. and to Lois Raimondo, "In Attack on Kunduz, Rebels Find Death Instead of Victory," Washington Post, Nov. 15, 2001:A32.
87. One image - depicting people viewing the remains of an anti-Taliban fighter - was displayed twice in the same edition of one newspaper (photo by Serge Michel appended to "Recovery of Slain Comrades a Grisly Task for Opposition," Los Angeles Times, Nov. 21, 2001:A6, A14).
88. See, for instance, AP photo appended to "'Friendly Fire' Victim Is Buried at Arlington "Los Angeles Times, Dec. 18, 2001:A2. This relation to images of death during war is a long-standing tradition, whereby the bodies of one's own dead tend not to be shown.
89. Such images abound in existing online archives. For instance, see AP Photo/David Guttenfelder, Milawa, Dec. 11, 2001, #XDG104; AP Photo/Darko Bandic, Mazar-E-Sharif, Nov. 27, 2001, #XDRB110, #XDRB114, #XDRB116; and AP Photo/Dusan Vranic, Kunduz, Nov. 26, 2001, #DV103.
90. Photos by Luc Delahaye-Magnum appended to "Fall of the Taliban," Newsweek, Nov. 26, 2001:21-29.
91. Peter Rosenthal, quoted in Richard Gwyn and Linda Diebel, "Rage Grows Over War Atrocities," Toronto Star, Nov. 28, 2001:A1.
92. Matt Rosenthal, "Just Massacres?" The Progressive, Dec. 3, 2001.
93. Dalton Camp, "We Are Silent as Barbarians Are at Gates," Toronto Star, Nov. 18, 2001:A13.
94. Ian Cobain, "America Will Take No Prisoners," London Times, Nov. 20, 2001:A1.
95. Camp, "We Are Silent as Barbarians Are at Gates."
96. AP/Dusan Vranic Photo appended to Drew Brown and Sudarsan Raghavan, "In Kunduz, Residents Cheer Alliance Arrival," Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov. 27, 2001:A11;
97. Lois Ramondo/Washington Post photo appended to Sharon LaFraniere, "Revenge Shapes Struggle for Taliban Holdout," Washington Post, Nov. 18, 2001:A1;
98. Agence France-Presse photo appended to Maura Reynolds, "Response to Terror, Taliban Under Seige," Los Angeles Times, Nov. 27, 2001:A10;
99. AFP photo appended to Bryan Bender, "Land Force Faces a Two-Front Fight with Bin Laden," Boston Globe, Nov. 27, 2001:A1;
100. AP Photo by Dusan Vranic appended to John Diamond and Noreen S. Ahmed, "US Attacks Convoy Near Kandahar," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 27, 2001:8;
101. photo appended to Nancy Gibbs, "Blood and Joy," Time, Nov. 26, 2001:30.
102. Caption to AP/Dusan Vranic, Kunduz, Nov. 26, 2001, #APA5620925. The photo appeared in the Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov. 27, 2001:A11,
103. and in the Chicago Tribune, Nov. 27, 2001:8.
104. Caption appended to a photo taken by Lois Ramondo for the Washington Post, Nov. 18, 2001:A1;
105. caption appended to a photo taken by Agence France-Presse that appeared in the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 27, 2001:A10;
106. caption appended to a photo taken by Agence France-Presse that appeared in the Boston Globe, Nov. 27, 2001:A1.
107. Tyler Hicks/Getty Images for the New York Times, Nov. 13, 2001,
108. appended to David Rohde, "Executions and Looting as Alliance Nears Kabul," New York Times, Nov. 13, 2001:B1, B3.
109. Eric Stover, "The Battle for Afghanistan: The Tide Is Turned," Reader's Letter, New York Times, Nov. 15, 2001:A30.
110. Nancy Gibbs, "Blood and Joy," Time, Nov. 26, 2001:30.
111. The larger ten-page photo essay, titled "Blood and Joy,"appeared in Time, Nov. 26, 2001:28-38. The text quoted here appeared on pp. 34-35.
112. "Liberation and Revenge" (Editorial), Chicago Tribune, Nov. 14, 2001:22. The editorial asked the obvious question: "Have we supported a band of liberators or a band of thugs?" Or, as a columnist for the paper commented the next day, "The people on our side in Afghanistan are not necessarily folks you'd want baby-sitting your kids"
113. (Steve Chapman, "In Need of the Northern Alliance," Chicago Tribune, Nov. 15, 2001:31).
114. Jonathan Brown, "Pictures from a Liberation," Reader's Letter, Time, Dec. 17, 2001:8.
115. Misook Kim, "Pictures from a Liberation," Reader's Letter, Time, Dec. 17, 2001:8.
116. Richard M. Takase, "Refugee Children," Letter to the Editor, Los Angles Times, Nov. 26, 2001:A12.
117. Peter Coonradt, "Afghan Coverage," Letter to the Editor, Los Angeles Times, Nov. 22, 2001:B12.
118. Simon Neufeld,"Lack of Respect for Life,"Reader's Letter, Toronto Star, Nov. 17, 2001:K7.
119. Dan Milmo, "Morgan Lambasts Sun's Pro-War Editorial," The Guardian, Nov. 14, 2001.
120. Tyler Hicks photos appended to "Our 'Friends' Take Over . . . ," Daily Mirror, Nov. 14, 2001, front cover;
121. Daily Mail, Nov. 14, 2001:1, 3.
122. Gary Jones and Graham Brough, "Battered, Stripped, Mutilated, and Then Riddled with Bullets . . . A Revenge on the Taliban at Its Most Merciless," Daily Mirror, Nov. 14, 2001:5.
123. Piers Morgan, quoted in Milmo, "Morgan Lambasts Sun's Pro-War Editorial."
124. "2001: The Year in Unforgettable Images," Daily Mirror, Dec. 29, 2001:14.
125. Tyler Hicks photo appended to "No Mercy," Daily Mail, Nov. 14, 2001, front cover.
126. Ross Benson and Matthew Hickley. "Have Taliban's Terrors Been Replaced by Callous Killers of the Alliance?" Daily Mail, Nov. 14, 2001:2.
127. Gary Jones, "War on Terror: The Executioners," Daily Mirror, Nov. 14, 2001:1.
128. Gary Jones and Graham Brough, "Battered, Stripped, Mutilated, and Then Riddled with Bullets."
129. Carl Morrisroe, "War on Terror: A New Taliban," Reader's Letter, Daily Mirror, Nov. 15, 2001;
130. also see Margaret White, "Revenge Atrocity," Reader's Letter, Daily Mirror, Nov. 15, 2001.
131. Madeleine Bunting, "A Fairy Tale at Christmas," Reader's Letter, The Guardian, Dec. 17, 2001.
132. This action met with extreme protest by the journalistic community, while the newspaper's editor drew comparison between the photo and that of a dead soldier being dragged through Mogadishu, a dying baby being carried out of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City, and pictures of Nazi concentration camps. Those opposing its display said it did nothing to advance the story in that the fact of Pearl's death had been known for months. See, for example, Felicity Barringer, "Paper Published Photo of Head of Reporter Who Was Killed," New York Times, Jun. 7, 2002:A24.
133. Andrew Duffy, "Kidnappers' Deadline Expires for U.S. Reporter," Ottawa Citizen, Feb. 1, 2002:A11.
134. These pictures were appended to Erick Eckholm and Felicity Barringer, "American Reporter Held Captive in Pakistan, a Message Says," New York Times, Jan. 28, 2002:A6;
135. Molly Moore and Kamben Khan, "Pakistan Group Says It Has US Journalist," Washington Post, Jan. 28, 2004:A16;
136. Bob Drogin, "US Reporter Is Seized in Pakistan," Los Angeles Times, Jan. 28, 2002:A1;
137. "Group Claims to Hold US Reporter," Philadelphia Inquirer, Jan. 28, 2002:A2;
138. and Farrah Stockman, "Sheikh Sought in Missing Reporter Case," Boston Globe, Jan. 29, 2002:A9.
139. "Kidnapped: The Ordeal of Daniel Pearl," Newsweek, Feb. 11, 2002, cover photo;
140. picture appended to Unmesh Kher, "The Odd Ordeal of Daniel Pearl," Time, Feb. 11, 2002:34.
141. It was appended to Felicity Barringer with Erick Eckholm, "New Message Threatens Execution of US Reporter and Others Who Stay in Pakistan," New York Times, Jan. 31, 2002:A14.
142. Picture appended to Molly Moore and Kamben Khan, "We Will Give You One More Day," Washington Post, Feb. 1, 2002:A14;
143. picture appended to Molly Moore and Kamben Khan, "Kidnapped US Reporter Is Threatened with Death," Washington Post, Jan. 31, 2002:A22;
144. picture appended to Bob Drogin, "Threat on Reporter's Life," Chicago Tribune, Jan. 31, 2002:A8;
145. picture appended to Susan Milligan and Mark Jurkowitz, "Death Threat Issued for US Reporter Held Captive," Boston Globe, Jan. 31, 2002:A1.
146. Picture appended to Molly Moore and Kamben Khan, "Pakistanis Search Cemeteries for Missing Reporter," Washington Post, Feb. 2, 2002:A16.
147. Dan Rather, "Terror, Lies, and Videotape," CBS Evening News, May 15, 2002.
148. "Freedom to Choose," Boston Phoenix, Jun. 7-13, 2003:6.
149. Bruce Shapiro,"Yes, I Have Looked at It," Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma, posted Jul. 16, 2003;
150. Bob Steele, "Pearl Photo: Too Harmful," Poynteronline, posted Jun. 7, 2002;
151. Ken Beaumont, "Salt in the Wound," Reader's Letter, Boston Phoenix, Jun. 14, 2002:4;
152. and Tunku Varadarajan, "Revulsion at the Boston Phoenix," WallStreetJournal.com, posted Jun. 11, 2002.
153. "A Year after Daniel Pearl's Abduction, Questions Remain," Holland Sentinel, Jan. 23, 2003:A1;
154. "The Daniel Pearl Video," USA Today.com, Jun. 20, 2003;
155. "Under the Gun," World Press Review (online) 49, no. 5 (May 2002).
156. Jeff Jacoby, "Pearl Video Brings the Horror Home," Boston Globe, Jun. 13, 2002:A19.