Chrétien, Bush, and the war in Iraq

American Review of Canadian Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 215-245

  Barry, Donald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; WAR;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 23844528124     PISSN: 02722011     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02722010509481371     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. See, for example, Editorial, "The war Canada missed," National Post, March 20, 2003;
2. Michael Walker, "Fifty years of pride in Canada disappears," National Post, March 22, 2003;
3. Shawn McCarthy, "Mulroney rakes Liberals for war stand," Globe and Mail, March 24, 2003;
4. Steven Chase and Peter Kennedy, "Business groups warn of big Canada-U.S. rift," Globe and Mail, March 26, 2003;
5. Gloria Galloway, "U.S. envoy scolds Canada," Globe and Mail, March 26, 2003;
6. Diane Francis, "Expect severe consequences from anti-U.S. stance," National Post, April 8, 2003.
7. Confidential source.
8. Christopher Waddell, "Deep Freeze," CBC News Online, April 30, 2003, http://www.cbc.ca/canadaus/waddell.html;
9. David T. Jones, "Washington Memo: Waiting for Regime Change in Ottawa," Policy Options (May 2003): 25-28;
10. John Herd Thompson, "Playing by the New Washington Rules: The U.S.-Canada Relationship, 1994-2003," The American Review of Canadian Studies 33, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 5-26.
11. Michael Adams, Fire and Ice: The United States, Canada and the Myth of Converging Values (Toronto: Penguin, 2003). (The Pew Research Center notes, however, that on some issues "it may be more geography than nationality that divides Canadians and Americans." The outlooks of Americans in northern border states are more like those of their Canadian counterparts than those of Americans who live in the southwest. Conversely, Albertans' outlooks tend to be more like those of people in neighboring U.S. states than those of other Canadians.
12. See Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "Americans and Canadians: The North American Not-so-odd Couple," Commentary, January 14, 2004, http://people-press-org/commentary/ print.php3?AnalysisID=80.)
13. These, of course, are classic middle-and super-power views. However, some observers argue that they have become more pronounced in recent years. See, for example, Michael Ignatieff, "Time to walk the walk," National Post, February 14, 2003.
14. In a private conversation with Belgian prime minister Jean-Luc Dehaene at a NATO meeting in Madrid in July 1997, captured on a microphone that had been inadvertently left on, Chrétien said, "I like to stand up to the Americans. It's popular...People like it." But he added, "You have to do it carefully, because they are our friends." Lawrence Martin, Iron Man: The Defiant Reign of Jean Chrétien (Toronto: Viking Canada, 2003), 192-193;
15. Alan Freeman, "Chrétien's wisecracks overheard," Globe and Mail, July 10, 1997.
16. President George W. Bush, "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People," September 20, 2001, http:// www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010920-8.html.
17. Shawn McCarthy and Campbell Clark, "Canada will make its own laws, PM vows," Globe and Mail, September 20, 2001.
18. See, for example, William Safire, "The ultimate enemy," New York Times, September 24, 2001;
19. Glenn Kessler, "U.S. decision on Iraq has a puzzling past," Washington Post, January 12, 2003;
20. House of Commons Debates, November 20, 2001, 7334.
21. Patrick E. Taylor and David E. Sanger, "U.S. to Press Iraq to Let UN Search for Banned Arms," New York Times, December 1, 2002;
22. Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 1-4.
23. "President Delivers State of the Union Address," January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/print/ 20020129-11.html.
24. Adam Segal, "The looming attack on Iraq," CBC News Online, http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/iraq.html.
25. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 119;
26. Andy McSmith and Tony Harnden, "Blair backs military action against Iraq," National Post, April 8, 2002.
27. "President Bush Delivers Graduation Address at West Point," June 1, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/ print20020601-3.html.
28. Jonathan Manthorpe, "Graham critical of U.S. stance," Calgary Herald, August 7, 2002. (Canada had been closely involved in the UN weapons inspection program in Iraq from the time it got under way in 1991. Canadians had served as weapons inspectors with UNSCOM and the IAEA. Canada provided training and personnel for UMMOVIC, and one Canadian official served on the College of Commissioners, which provided advice to the agency's chairman. An early document, "Iraq: Weapons of Mass Destruction," prepared in the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade in September 2002, judged that "Iraq neither possesses a nuclear weapon nor is close to having one." There was "no evidence" that the regime had "resumed production of chemical weapons (CW) agents," although there was "concern that it is rebuilding the infrastructure it would need to do so." There was "a high probability" that it retained "small quantities of biological (BW) agents or weapons." The document concluded, "The actual process and current state of Iraqi development of its chemical, biological and nuclear weapons programs... can only be speculated." It recommended that, "In order to verify the actual situation," the government press Iraq "to allow the return of UN weapons inspectors without conditions." Document released under Access to Information by the Department of Foreign Affairs.)
29. "Vice President Speaks at VFW 103rd National Convention," August 26, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/print/ 200208 26.html.
30. Jim Bronskill and Rick Mofina, "PM still not convinced Iraq attack necessary," Calgary Herald, September 6, 2002.
31. Christine Boyd, "Canadians oppose Iraq war role," Globe and Mail, September 5, 2002;
32. Allan Thompson, "Canadians balk at Iraq war," Toronto Star, September 9, 2002;
33. Mike Blanchfield, "Take Iraq to UN PM tells Bush," Calgary Herald, September 10, 2002; Confidential source.
34. "President's Remarks to the United Nations General Assembly," September 12, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/ print/20020912-1.html.
35. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 177-179;
36. Philip H. Gordon and Jeremy Shapiro, Allies at War: America, Europe, and the Crisis over Iraq (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 106-107;
37. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "Bush Engages and Persuades Public on Iraq," Survey Reports, September 19, 2002, http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=640. (The Pew Research Center found that American public opinion became more internationalist in outlook after the September 11th terrorist attacks than it had been during the 1990s.
38. See "Public More Internationalist than in 1990s," Survey Reports, December 12, 2002, http://people-press.org/reports/ print.php3?PageID=656.)
39. Jeff Sallot, "Ottawa lauds UN approach," Globe and Mail, September 13, 2002.
40. Canadian Press, "Text of PM's remarks that ignited a furor," Calgary Herald, September 13, 2002.
41. David Pugliese and Mike Trickey, "PM's Sept. 11 comments spark debate, outrage," Calgary Herald, September 13, 2002;
42. Editorial, "September 11: Chrétien's version," National Post, September 13, 2002;
43. Shawn McCarthy, "Fox hounds PM over remarks," Globe and Mail, September 14, 2002;
44. "Remarks by the President at Christening Ceremony for the USS Ronald Reagan," March 4, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2001/03/print/20010305.html.
45. Chantal Hébert, "PM not unique in terror analysis," Toronto Star, September 18, 2002. (An Ipsos-Reid poll found that Canadians supported Chrétien, with 84 percent agreeing that U.S. was at least partly responsible for the attacks. According to a New York Times poll, 74 percent of Americans believed that U.S. policy toward the Middle East was to some extent responsible.
46. See Shawn McCarthy, "PM's Sept. 11 remarks 'disgraceful' Mulroney says," Globe and Mail, September 13, 2002;
47. and Paul Wells, "Day fares as badly as Saddam," National Post, September 17, 2002.)
48. Mike Blanchfield, "Canada strengthens stand on Iraq," Calgary Herald, September 18, 2002.
49. Sheldon Alberts, "No cheating, Graham warns Iraq," National Post, September 21, 2002.
50. See of Commons Debates, October 1, 2002.
51. Stephen Thorne, "Canada will go to war if UN OKs it: PM," National Post, October 11, 2002.
52. "President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat," October 7, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/print/20021007-8.html.
53. Jerry Gray, "President Bush signs Iraq resolution," New York Times, October 16, 2002.
54. "Text of UN Resolution on Iraq, November 8, 2002," http:// www.cbc.ca/newsiraq/documents/un_resolution.html.
55. Joan Bryden and David Rider, "Chretien applauds 'final opportunity,'" Calgary Herald, November 9, 2002.
56. Sheldon Alberts, "Powell urges Canada to join Iraq coalition," National Post, November 15, 2002.
57. Sheldon Alberts and Robert Benzie, "Canada could send 'sizeable' force to Iraq," National Post, October 3, 2002;
58. Daniel LeBlanc, "U.S. asks about JTF2 for Iraq war," Globe and Mail, November 20, 2002;
59. Daniel LeBlanc and Jeff Sallot, "Canada tells U.S. it supports UN bid to disarm Iraq," Globe and Mail, January 7, 2003;
60. Sean Gordon, "Canada may fight without UN's OK," Calgary Herald, January 10, 2003;
61. Jan Cienski, "Canada might not wait for UN," National Post, January 10, 2003.
62. Robert Fife, "NATO allies united in Support of disarming Iraq," Calgary Herald, November 22, 2002;
63. Mike Trickey, "Alliance calls for resignation of pmo aide," Calgary Herald, November 22, 2002;
64. Daniel LeBlanc and Jeff Sallot, "PM urged to fire aide for insult to Bush," Globe and Mail, November 22, 2002;
65. Canadian Press, "Slur outrages U.S. right wing," Calgary Herald, November 23, 2002;
66. Martin, Iron Man, 401-404.
67. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 234-254;
68. Daniel LeBlanc, "Chrétien demands U.S. justify a strike on Iraq," Globe and Mail, December 19, 2002. For Blix's account see his Disarming Iraq (New York: Pantheon Books, 2004), 99-109.
69. For Blix's account see his Disarming Iraq (New York: Pantheon Books, 2004), 99-109.
70. Michael Dobbs, "Allies Slow U.S. War Plans," Washington Post, January 11, 2003; Confidential source.
71. Tim Harper, "Liberal dissent brewing in Iraq crisis," Toronto Star, January 14, 2003;
72. Jan Cienski, "Canada might not wait for UN," National Post, January 10, 2003.
73. Shawn McCarthy and Daniel LeBlanc, "PM scolds McCallum on Canada's role in Iraq," Globe and Mail, January 16, 2003.
74. Gloria Galloway, "Canadians oppose war in Iraq without UN," Globe and Mail, January 18, 2003.
75. Robert Fife, "I don't know if Saddam has these weapons," National Post, January 21, 2003.
76. Rick Mofina and Sean Gordon, "Chrétien wants weapons evidence," Calgary Herald, January 24, 2003;
77. Jeff Sallot, "PM to Bush: hold off on war," Globe and Mail, January 24, 2003;
78. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 161, 177-179. For a discussion of the tensions between the U.S. and Europe over Iraq see Gordon and Shapiro, Allies at War.
79. For a discussion of the tensions between the U.S. and Europe over Iraq see Gordon and Shapiro, Allies at War.
80. Miro Cernetig, "Rift over Iraq deepens," Globe and Mail, January 28, 2003; Woodward, Plan of Attack, 293.
81. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 293.
82. "President Delivers State of the Union," January 28, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/print/20030128-19html.
83. Jan Cienski, "Graham rejects unilateral action," National Post, January 31, 2003.
84. Jeff Sallot, "Proposed Iraq briefing had Canada skeptical," Globe and Mail, March 12, 2004; confidential source.
85. Mike Trickey, "'Proof not indisputable, but persuasive: Graham," Calgary Herald, February 6, 2003;
86. Keith B. Richburg, "Key allies not won over by Powell," Washington Post, February 7, 2003;
87. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "Powell reversed the trend but not the tenor of public opinion," Commentary, February 14, 2003. (For an analysis of Powell's claims see United States Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq, July 7, 2004, 239-257.)
88. (For an analysis of Powell's claims see United States Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq, July 7, 2004, 239-257.)
89. Stockwell Day, "Graham's response to Saddam Hussein weak: Day," Press Release, February 5, 2003.
90. Shawn McCarthy, "Canada's position on Iraq divides Cabinet," Globe and Mail, January 30, 2003;
91. Jeff Sallot, "Canadian troops may not go to Iraq, but to Afghanistan," Globe and Mail, February 5, 2003;
92. Brian Tobin, "We can be true to the U.S. and UN," Globe and Mail, February 5, 2003;
93. Daniel LeBlanc, "Canada takes Afghan mission," Globe and Mail, February 13, 2003;
94. Shawn McCarthy and Jeff Sallot, "Bush's statement killed PM's UN hopes," Globe and Mail, March 22, 2003. (Reporter Chris Wattie has claimed that in "late October or early November of 2002" the Canadian military, with the knowledge of the Cabinet, made a "tentative offer" of a battle group of up to 800 soldiers to participate in a war with U.S. and British forces. See his "Ottawa offered to join Iraq war," National Post, November 27, 2003. But if that had been the case it is not clear why the U.S. military excluded Canadian officers from meetings and training exercises later that fall. Foreign Minister Graham told parliament in January 2003 that Canadian contingency planning was taking place "without any commitment of any kind." See House of Commons Debates, January 29, 2003, 2879).
95. (Reporter Chris Wattie has claimed that in "late October or early November of 2002" the Canadian military, with the knowledge of the Cabinet, made a "tentative offer" of a battle group of up to 800 soldiers to participate in a war with U.S. and British forces. See his "Ottawa offered to join Iraq war," National Post, November 27, 2003. But if that had been the case it is not clear why the U.S. military excluded Canadian officers from meetings and training exercises later that fall. Foreign Minister Graham told parliament in January 2003 that Canadian contingency planning was taking place "without any commitment of any kind."
96. See House of Commons Debates, January 29, 2003, 2879).
97. Jean Chrétien, "Don't act alone," Globe and Mail, February, 14, 2003.
98. Jeff Sallot, "PM aims to broker Iraq deal," Globe and Mail, February 20, 2003;
99. William Walker, "Canada proposes U.N. deal on Iraq," Toronto Star, February 20, 2003;
100. Sheldon Alberts and Steven Edwards, "UK tells Canada to pick sides," National Post, February 20, 2003;
101. Jeff Sallot, "Canada seeks allies for new UN deal," Globe and Mail, February 21, 2003;
102. CBC News, "Canada's proposal for an Iraq solution," http:// www.cbc.ca/news/iraq/documents/cdn_un_proposal_html; confidential source.
103. David Stonehouse, "Chretien applauds troop buildup," Calgary Herald, February 23, 2003;
104. Shawn McCarthy, Campbell Clark and Timothy Appleby, "Blix gives March 1 deadline," Globe and Mail, February 22, 2003.
105. Graham Fraser, "War support hits new low," Toronto Star, February 22, 2003;
106. Elizabeth Thompson, "Landry says war would boost separatists," Calgary Herald, February, 17, 2003;
107. Rhéal Séguin, "Landry rapped for linking sovereignty, war," Globe and Mail, February 18, 2003.
108. Karen De Young and Walter Pincus, "Despite obstacles to war, White House forges ahead," Washington Post, March 2, 2003.
109. Steven Edwards, "Canada's plan threatens Iraq war," National Post, February 26, 2003.
110. Barrie McKenna and Shawn McCarthy, "Bush scorns Canadian proposal," Globe and Mail, February 27, 2003;
111. Brian Laghi, "PM fears unilateral war would cripple UN for years," Globe and Mail, February 28, 2003.
112. Tom Blackwell, "Ambassador, PM play down anti-U.S. rant," Calgary Herald, March 1, 2003.
113. April Lindgrin, "PM opposes removing Saddam," National Post, March 1, 2003.
114. Joe Lauria and Bruce Wallace, "Canadian plan gains support," Calgary Herald, March 5, 2003;
115. Paul Koring, "Bush readies world for war," Globe and Mail, March 7, 2003.
116. Blix, Disarming Iraq, 209-211.
117. Canadian Press, "UK willing to bend on military stance," Calgary Sun, March 7, 2003;
118. Paul Knox, "Britain scrambles for UN consensus," Globe and Mail, March 7, 2003;
119. Mike Trickey, "Canada moves closer to U.S. side," Calgary Herald, April 8, 2004.
120. Shawn McCarthy, "Bush has already triumphed over Iraq, PM says," Globe and Mail, March 10, 2003;
121. Linda Diebel, "Chrétien and Rice face off," Toronto Star, March 10, 2003;
122. Paul Knox, "U.S., France push UN holdouts," Globe and Mail, March 10, 2003;
123. Jane Taber, "PM felt time right to speak to America," Globe and Mail, March 10, 2003. (Subsequent studies would prove Chrétien right. See, for example, George A. Lopez and David Cartright, "Containing Iraq: Sanctions Worked," Foreign Affairs, July/ August, 2004, 90-103.)
124. See, for example, George A. Lopez and David Cartright, "Containing Iraq: Sanctions Worked," Foreign Affairs, July/August, 2004, 90-103.)
125. Reuters, "Canada Wants Three-Week Ultimatum for Iraq," http:// www.nytimes.com, March 11, 2003.
126. Joe Laura, "U.K. proposal similar to Canadian plan," Calgary Herald, March 11, 2003;
127. Karen De Young and Colum Lynch, "Britain races to rework resolution," Washington Post, March 11, 2003;
128. Sheldon Alberts, Jan Cienski and Steven Edwards, "Canada implores France to bend," National Post, March 13, 2003.
129. Paul Knox and Paul Koring, "Canada brokering new deal," Globe and Mail, March 14, 2003.
130. Shawn McCarthy, "Bush's statement killed PM's UN hopes," Globe and Mail, March 22, 2003.
131. Confidential source. Cf. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 373.
132. House of Commons Debates, March 17, 2003, 4245, 4247.
133. See also Daniel LeBlanc, "McCallum signs off on combat role in Iraq," Globe and Mail, March 14, 2003.
134. Reuters, "Canada Rejects U.S. Criticism over Iraq Stance," http://www.nytimes.com, March 18, 2003.
135. See also Beth Gorham, "U.S. OK with Canada's stance," (Halifax) Chronicle-Herald, February 26, 2005.
136. Shawn McCarthy and Paul Koring, "War isn't justified, PM says," Globe and Mail, March 19, 2003;
137. Mike Trickey and Tim Barrett, "Chretien won't fight without UN," Calgary Herald, March 18, 2003;
138. Canadian Press, "Hamm concerned about U.S. relations," Canada com news, March 19, 2003.
139. Mike Trickey, "Decision won't affect U.S. relations: PM," Calgary Herald, March 19, 2003;
140. Tim Harper and Allan Thompson, "Canada scrambles to repair U.S. links," Toronto Star, March 19, 2003.
141. Jeff Sallot, "Liberal MPs flay 'arrogant' President," Globe and Mail, March 19, 2003.
142. Shawn McCarthy, "Dhaliwal joins chorus in his caucus against Bush," Globe and Mail, March 20, 2003;
143. Jacquie McNish and Steven Chase, "Business leaders fear growing rift with U.S.," Globe and Mail, March 20, 2003.
144. Brian Laghi, "Americans had the right to attack Iraq, Chrétien says," Globe and Mail, March 21, 2003.
145. Joan Bryden, "Some see Cellucci speech as baiting," Calgary Herald, March 29, 2003;
146. Stephanie Rubec, "Chretien calls for support," Calgary Sun, March 21, 2003.
147. Joan Bryden, "Chretien softens tone, shows support for U.S," Calgary Herald, March 21, 2003;
148. Gloria Galloway, "PM's Iraq call backed by 66%, poll reveals," Globe and Mail, March 22, 2003.
149. Sheldon Alberts, "Now Ottawa backs U.S.'s way with Iraq," National Post, March 25, 2003.
150. U.S. Embassy, Ottawa, "Speech by U.S. Ambassador to Canada A. Paul Cellucci to the Economic Club of Toronto," March 25, 2003, http:// www.usembassycanada...tion=embconsul&document=cellucci_030325;
151. Shawn McCarthy, "White House consulted Cellucci in rebuke," Globe and Mail, March 27, 2003.
152. Vanessa Lu, "We'd be there for Canada," Toronto Star, March 26, 2003.
153. See, for example, Allan Gotlieb, "Ottawa let down two nations," National Post, March 26, 2003;
154. and J.L. Granatstein in Mark Hume, "Canada will end up paying a heavy price," Calgary Herald, March 26, 2003.
155. Les Whittington, "Economy at risk in U.S. tiff, Beatty says," Toronto Star, March 29, 2003. (A subsequent sounding, however, questioned the poll's findings.
156. See Richard Bloom, "Boycott of Canada unlikely, poll finds," Globe and Mail, April 14, 2003.)
157. Shawn McCarthy, "Support for PM's war stand drops," Globe and Mail, March 29, 2003.
158. Sheldon Alberts, "Liberals pay homage to special 'bond' with U.S.," National Post, April 4, 2003.
159. Kim Lunman, "Canadians split on war, poll finds," Globe and Mail, April 7, 2003.
160. Theresa Tadesco, "CEOs march to U.S. to avert crisis," National Post, April 7, 1003.
161. Sinclair Stewart, "Rift over Iraq expected to heal," Globe and Mail, April 7, 2003;
162. Sinclair Stewart, "Canada could miss out on Iraq contracts," Globe and Mail, April 9, 2003.
163. House of Commons Debates, April 8, 2003, 5210-5212;
164. Shawn McCarthy, "Canada will help rebuild Iraq," Globe and Mail, April 10, 2003,
165. Robert Fife, "Bush cancels visit to Canada," Calgary Herald, April 12, 2003;
166. Canadian Press, "Envoy links Bush snub to war policy," Toronto Star, April 17, 2003.
167. Allan Thompson, "Canada, U.S. try to mend ties frayed by Iraq war," Toronto Star, April 16, 2003;
168. Shawn McCarthy, "U.S. plans border exemption for Canada," Globe and Mail, April 17, 2003.
169. Louise Elliott, "Events have proven we were right, PM says," Calgary Herald, May 23, 2003.
170. Robert Fife, "Chrétien says he's better than Bush," National Post, May 28, 2003;
171. Peter Morton, "It will take some time to mend this fence," National Post, May 31, 2003;
172. Martin, Iron Man, 171-172.
173. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "Americans More Critical of Bush's Efforts at Home, More Anxious Over Situation in Iraq," Survey Reports, July 8, 2003, http://people press.org/ reports/print.php3?PagelD=716;
174. Wallace Immen, "Canadian public skeptical of war in Iraq, poll shows," Globe and Mail, July 19, 2003.
175. Paul Koring, "Iraq situation critical, Graham says," Globe and Mail, September 11, 2003;
176. Paul Knox, "UN critics fall into line on Iraq," Globe and Mail, October 17, 2003.
177. David E. Sanger and Douglas Jehl, "Bush seeks help of allies barred from Iraq deals," New York Times, December 11, 2003;
178. Jeff Sallot and Paul Koring, "Martin wades into spat over U.S. contracts," Globe and Mail, December 11, 2003;
179. John Partridge, "U.S. lets Canada in on Iraq bidding," Globe and Mail, January 14, 2004;
180. Brent Jang, "Arco first Canadian firm to win business in Iraq rebuilding," Globe and Mail, March 12, 2003;
181. Daniel LeBlanc, "Martin forgives Iraq debt," Globe and Mail, January 24, 2004.
182. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "A Year After Iraq War," Survey Reports, March 16, 2004, http:// people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=795.
183. Jeff Sallot, "Bush lied to justify Iraq war, Canada right to stay out: poll," Globe and Mail, March 15, 2004.
184. I b i d;
185. Kevin Ward, "Chretien: stance on Iraq war was right," Chronicle-Herald, March 31, 2004.
186. Bruce Campion-Smith, "Thirty troops to train Iraqis," Toronto Star, February 19, 2005;
187. AP-CP, "NATO commits to train Iraqi troops," Toronto Star, February 22, 2005;
188. Sean Gordon and Bruce Campion-Smith, "It's no to missile plan," Toronto Star, February 25, 2005.
189. See DFAIT, "Iraq: Weapons of Mass Destruction."
190. David Pugliese, "Canada foresaw chaos in Iraq," Calgary Herald, November 9, 2003.
191. Jeff Sallot, "Proposed Iraq briefing had Canada skeptical," Globe and Mail, March 12, 2004, confidential source.
192. Confidential source; Chantal Hébert, "MPs show little support for U.S. plan," Toronto Star, October 4, 2002;
193. Jeff Sallot, "Chrétien faces caucus revolt over Iraq crisis," Globe and Mail, February 11, 2003;
194. Sheldon Alberts, "Anti-war Liberals vow to oppose PM," National Post, Match 15, 2003.
195. Pollster Michael Marzolini argued that although Canadians did not want war, they would have "accepted" a decision to stand with the U.S. "A strong decision itself, one way or the other," he said, "often galvanizes the collective national opinion." He added, "Whether Saddam Hussein was uncooperative with UN inspectors, is not as important to Canadians as the violations of human rights and civil liberties that take place within this dictatorship, or the ethnic genocide of the Kurdish minority in northern Iraq." However, Andrew Parkin suggested that, "Canadians desire to ensure that whatever military action occurs is sanctioned by the United Nations...may be connected not only to their support for that institution, but also to their lack of comfort with any conflict that has the air of a new crusade or a 'clash of civilizations."' Michael Marzolini, "Economic Club of Toronto: Canadian-U.S. Relations," March 25, 2003, http://www.pollara.ca/new/library/ surveys/speech2003.htm;
196. Andrew Parkin, "Pro-Canadian, Anti-American or Anti,War? Canadian Public Opinion on the Eve of War," Policy Options, April 2003, 6.
197. Barry Cooper and Ted Morton, "Chrétien has put party ahead of country," National Post, March 28, 2003.
198. Environics Research Group, "Only one-third of Canadians approve of Iraq War, Canadian participationwithout UN sanction," Press Release, 4/9/2003, http://erg.environics.net/news/default.asp?aID=515.
199. Bill Rodgers, "MP wants diplomat booted," Calgary Sun, March 27, 2003.