Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and treatment

American Family Physician

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2005, Pages

  Reid, Jeri R ^a   Wheeler, Stephen F ^a  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTITHYROID AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DILTIAZEM; IODIDE; LIOTHYRONINE; LIVER ENZYME; PREDNISONE; PROPRANOLOL; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; THIAMAZOLE; THYROID ANTIBODY; THYROID STIMULATING IMMUNOGLOBULIN; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ARTHRALGIA; CHOLESTASIS; CONGENITAL DISORDER; ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GRAVES DISEASE; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; NERVOUSNESS; POLYARTHRITIS; RASH; REVIEW; THYROID ADENOMA; THYROIDECTOMY; THYROIDITIS; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; TOXIC GOITER; TREMOR;

ANTITHYROID AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; HYPERTHYROIDISM; IODINE RADIOISOTOPES; THYROID FUNCTION TESTS;

EID: 23844449952     PISSN: 0002838X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Turnbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1977;7:481-93.
2. Levy EG. Thyroid disease in the elderly. Med Clin North Am 1991;75: 151-67.
3. Trivalle C, Doucet J, Chassagne P, Landrin I, Kadri N, Menard JF, et al. Differences in the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism in older and younger patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:50-3.
4. Knudson PB. Hyperthyroidism in adults: variable clinical presentations and approaches to diagnosis. J Am Board Fam Pract 1995;8:109-13.
5. Fitzgerald PA. Endocrinology. In: Tierny LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, eds. Current medical diagnosis and treatment. 44th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005:1102-10.
6. Goroll AH, Mulley AG Jr. Primary care medicine: office evaluation and management of the adult patient. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
7. Mengel MB, Schwiebert LP. Ambulatory medicine: the primary care of families. 3d ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill, 2001.
8. Weetman AP. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1236-48.
9. Woeber KA. Update on the management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1067-71.
10. Corvilain B, Dumont JF, Vassart G. Toxic adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter. In: Werner SC, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:564-72.
11. Slatosky J, Shipton B, Wahba H. Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management [published correction appears in Am Fam Physician 2000;62:318]. Am Fam Physician 2000;61:1047-52.
12. Ross D. Medical diseases in women. In: Carlson KJ, Eisenstat SA, eds. Primary care of women. 2d ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2002.
13. Taylor RB. The 10-minute diagnosis manual: symptoms and signs in the time-limited encounter. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
14. American Academy of Clinical Endocrinologists. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract 2002;8:457-69.
15. Harper MB, Mayeaux EJ Jr. Thyroid disease. In: Taylor RB. Family medicine: principles and practice. 6th ed. New York: Springer, 2003:1042-52.
16. Torring O, Tallstedt L, Wallin G, Lundell G, Ljunggren JG, Taube A, et al. Graves' hyperthyroidism: treatment with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine-a prospective, randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2986-93.
17. Ginsberg J. Diagnosis and management of Graves' disease. CMAJ 2003;168:575-85.
18. Allahabadia A, Daykin J, Sheppard MC, Gough SC, Franklyn JA. Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism-prognostic factors for outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3611-7.
19. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell'Unto E, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1998;338:73-8.
20. Braga M, Walpert N, Burch HB, Solomon BL, Cooper DS. The effect of methimazole on cure rates after radioiodine treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism: a randomized clinical trial. Thyroid 2002;12:135-9.
21. Meier DA, Brill DR, Becker DV, Clarke SE, Silberstein EB, Royal HD, et al. Society of Nuclear Medicine procedure guideline for therapy of thyroid disease with iodine-131 (sodium iodide). Accessed online July 21, 2005, at: http://interactive.snm.org/docs/pg_ch26_0403.pdf.
22. Alsanea O, Clark OH. Treatment of Graves' disease: the advantages of surgery. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2000;29:321-37.
23. Palit TK, Miller CC III, Miltenburg DM. The efficacy of thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: a meta-analysis. J Surg Res 2000;90:161-5.
24. Metso S, Jaatinen P, Huhtala H, Luukkaala T, Oksala H, Salmi J. Long-term follow-up study of radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004;61:641-8.
25. Jansson S, Lie-Karlsen K, Stenqvist O, Korner U, Lundholm K, Tisell LE. Oxygen consumption in patients with hyperthyroidism before and after treatment with beta-blockade versus thyrostatic treatment: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg 2001;233:60-4.
26. Fontanilla JC, Schneider AB, Same DH. The use of oral radiographic contrast agents in the management of hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2001;11:561-7.
27. Nedrebo BG, Holm PA, Uhlving S, Sorheim JI, Skeie S, Eide GE, et al. Predictors of outcome and comparison of different drug regimens for the prevention of relapse in patients with Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;147:583-9.
28. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med 2005;352:905-17.
29. Tajiri J, Noguchi S, Murakami T, Murakami N. Antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. The usefulness of routine white blood cell count monitoring. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:621-4.
30. Rivkees SA. The use of radioactive iodine in the management of hyperthyroidism in children. In: Current drug targets. Immune, endocrine and metabolic disorders, Vol 1. Boca Raton, Fla.: Bentham Science Publishers, 2001:255-64.
31. Andrade VA, Gross JL, Maia AL. The effect of methimazole pretreatment on the efficacy of radioactive iodine therapy in Graves' hyperthyroidism: one-year follow-up of a prospective, randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3488-93.
32. Burch HB, Solomon BL, Cooper DS, Ferguson P, Walpert N, Howard R. The effect of antithyroid drug pretreatment on acute changes in thyroid hormone levels after (131) I ablation for Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3016-21.
33. Gayed I, Wendt J, Haynie T, Dhekne R, Moore W. Timing for repeated treatment of hyperthyroid disease with radioactive iodine after initial treatment failure. Clin Nucl Med 2001;26:1-5.
34. Yamamoto M, Sasaki A, Asahi H, Shimada Y, Sato N, Nakajima J, et al. Endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy for patients with Graves' disease. Surg Today 2001;31:1-4.
35. Xiao H, Zhuang W, Wang S, Yu B, Chen G, Zhou M, et al. Arterial embolization: a novel approach to thyroid ablative therapy for Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3583-9.
36. Ozdemir S, Buyukbese M, Kadiogiu P, Soyasal T, Senturk H, Akin P. Plasmapheresis: an effective therapy for refractory hyperthyroidism in the elderly. Indian J Med Sci 2002;56:65-8.
37. Tarantino L, Giorgio A, Mariniello N, de Stefano G, Perrotta A, Aloisio V, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection of large autonomous hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules. Radiology 2000;214:143-8.
38. Shimizu K, Kumita S, Kitamura Y, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, Akasu H, et al. Trial of autotransplantation of cryopreserved thyroid tissue for postoperative hypothyroidism in patients with Graves' disease. J Am Coll Surg 2002;194:14-22.
39. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, Lapa D, Campenni A, Trimarchi F. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3579-94.
40. Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Betteridge J, Boyle P. Mortality after the treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine. N Engl J Med 1998;338:712-8.
41. Dale J, Daykin J, Holder R, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA. Weight gain following treatment of hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;55:233-9.
42. Tene C, Zarate A, Basurto L, Islas S, Revilla C, Ochoa R, et al. Correction of insulin resistance in methimazole-treated patients with Graves disease. Rev Invest Clin 2001;53:531-5.
43. Burggraaf J, Lalezari S, Emeis JJ, Vischer UM, de Meyer PH, Pijl H, et al. Endothelial function in patients with hyperthyroidism before and after treatment with propranolol and thiamazole. Thyroid 2001;11:153-60.