Measurement methods for longitudinal surface strain in trees: A review

Australian Forestry

Volumn 68, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 34-43

  Yang, J L ^a   Bailleres H ^b   Okuyama, T ^c   Muneri, A ^d   Downes, G ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b CIRAD   (France)

^c NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Eucalyptus; Growth stress; Methodology; Reviews; Strain; Strain gauges; Techniques; Wood properties

Indexed keywords

FUNCTIONS; PLANTS (BOTANY); STRAIN; STRAIN GAGES; STRAIN MEASUREMENT; SURFACE TENSION; WOOD;

GROWTH STRESS; METHODOLOGY; POTENTIAL ERRORS; SURFACE STRAIN;

FORESTRY;

EUCALYPTUS; PLANTS; STRAIN GAGES; STRAINS; SURFACE TENSION; WOOD; WOOD PROPERTIES;

EUCALYPTUS;

EID: 23844442635     PISSN: 00049158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2005.10676224     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Aggarwal, P. K., Chauhan, S. S., Karmarkar, A., and Ananthanarayana, A. K., 1997a. Measurement of longitudinal growth strains in Eucalyptus tereticornis by strain gauge technique. Wood News, 7 (3):27–30.
2. Aggarwal, P. K., Karmarkar, A., Chauhan, S. S., and Ananthanarayana, A. K., 1997b. A Rapid and Non-destructive Technique for Estimating Growth Strains in Drees and Logs. Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Technical Bulletin, No. 2, 8 pp. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Bangalore.
3. Aggarwal, P. K., Chauhan, S. S., Karmarkar, A., and Ananthanarayana, A. K., 1998. Distribution of growth stresses in logs of. Acacia auriculiformis. Journal of Tropical Forest Products, 4:87–89.
4. Archer, R. R., 1978. Analysis of Residual Stresses in Orthotropic Materials. Technical Report, Escuela Ingeniera Civil, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica, 12 pp.
5. Archer, R. R., 1986. Growth Stresses and Strains in Hees. Edited by:Tunell, T. E., 240New York:Springer.
6. Baillères, H., 1994. Précontraintes de Croissance et Propriétés Mécano-physiques de Clones d'Eucalyptus (Pointe Noire—Congo):Hétérogénéités, Corrélations et Interprétations Histologiques. L'Université de Bordeaux I, 162 pp.
7. Baillères, H., Chanson, B., and Fournier, M., 1994. “ Two field measurement techniques for appraising the longitudinal growth strains at the stem surface. ”. In Plant Biomechanics 23–24. Conference Proceedings, Montpellier, September 2004
8. Baillères, H., Chanson, B., Foumier, M., Tollier, M. T., and Monties, B., 1995. Structure, composition chimique et retraits de maturation du bois chez des clones d'Eucalyptus. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 52:157–173.
9. Baillères, H., Castan, M., Monties, B., Pollet, B., and Lapierre, C., 1996. Lignin structure in Buxus sempervirens L. reaction wood. Phytochemistry, 44:35–39.
10. Baillères, H., Yang, J. L., Muneri, A., and Ognouabi, N., 2003. IUFRO All Division 5 Conference 11–15. New Zealand:Rotorua. Growth strains assessment of various Eucalyptus species by near-infrared spectroscopy. March 2003, p. 216
11. Bamber, R. K., 1979. The origin of growth stresses. Forpride Digest, 8 (1):75–96.
12. Bamber, R. K., 1987. The origin of growth stresses:a rebuttal. I AW A Bulletin, 8:80–84.
13. Barnacle, J. E., and Gottstein, J. W., 1968. Control of End Splitting in Round Timber. Forest Products Technical Notes No. 4. CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Melbourne.
14. Boyd, J. D., 1950a. Tree growth stresses. II. The development of shakes and other visual failures in timber. Australian Journal of Applied Science, 1:296–312.
15. Boyd, J. D., 1950b. Tree growth stresses. III. The origin of growth stresses. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, B (Biological Sciences), 3:294–309.
16. Boyd, J. D., 1972. Tree growth stresses—part V:Evidence of an origin in differentiation and lignification. Wood Science and Technology, 6:251–262.
17. Boyd, J. D., 1985. The key factor in growth stress generation in trees. Lignification or crystallisation? IAWA Bulletin tus., 6:139–150.
18. Chafe, S. C., 1979. Growth stress in trees. Australian Forest Research, 9:203–223.
19. Chafe, S. C., 1995. Peripheral growth stress and tree diameter in. Eucalyptus. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 13:523–525.
20. Dadswell, H. E., and Langlands, I., 1934. Brittleheart in Australian timbers:a preliminary study. Journal of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 7:190–196.
21. Dadswell, H. E., and Langlands, I., 1938. Brittle heart and its relation to compression failures. Empire Forestry Journal, 17:58–65.
22. Dinwoodie, J. M., 1966. Growth stresses in timber—a review of literature. Forestry, 39:162–170.
23. Donnelly, R., Flynn, R., and Shield, E., 2003. The Global Eucalyptus Wood Products Industry—A Progress Report on Achieving Higher Value Utilization. DANA Publishing, 132 pp.
24. EU project FAIR CT98–9579. 2001. “ RTD of sawmilling systems suitable for European ”. In Eucalyptus globulus affected by growing stresses. http://www.nf-2000.org/secure/Fair/S813.htm
25. Ferrand, J., 1982a. Etude des contraintes de croissance. I. Méthode de mesure sur carottes de sondage. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 39:109–142. Ch
26. Ferrand, J., 1982b. Etude des contraintes de croissance. II:Variabilité en forêt des contraintes de croissance du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.). Annales des Sciences Forestières, 39:187–218. Ch
27. Ferrand, J., 1982c. Growth stresses and silviculture of eucalypts. Australian Forest Research, 13:75–81. Ch
28. Flynn, B., and Shield, E., 1999. Eucalyptus:Progress in Higher Value Utilization—A Global Review. Prepared by Robert Flynn & Associates, Tacoma, Washington, USA, 212 pp.
29. Fournier, M., Chanson, B., Thibaut, B., and Guitard, D., 1994. Mesure des déformations résiduelles de croissance à la surface des arbres, en relation avec leur morphologie. Observations sur différentes espèces. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 51:249–266.
30. Gérard, J., 1994. Contraintes de croissance, variations internes de densité et de module d'élasticité longitudinal, et déformations de sciage chez les eucalyptus de plantation. Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences du bois, Université de Bordeaux I. 149 pp.
31. Guéneau, P., 1973. Contraintes de Croissance. Nogent sur Marne:Centre Technique Forestier Tropical. Cahiers Scientifiques No. 3 de Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 30
32. Guéneau, P., and Kikata, Y., 1973. Growth stresses. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 149:21–30.
33. Guéneau, P., and Saurat, J., 1974. Contraintes de Croissance. Mesures en forêt, Rapport No. 1, Centre Technique du Bois, Paris.
34. Hillis, W. E., 1984. “ Wood quality and utilization. ”. In Eucalypts for Wood Production. Edited by:Hillis, W. E., and Brown, A. G., 259–289. Sydney:Academic Press. CSIRO/New York
35. Jacobs, M. R., 1938. The Fibre Tension of Woody Stems, with Special Reference to the Genus Eucalyptus. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Australia, Bulletin No. 22, 37 pp.
36. Jacobs, M. R., 1939. Further Studies on Fibre Tension. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Australia, Bulletin No. 24, 36 pp.
37. Jacobs, M. R., 1945. The Growth Stresses of Woody Stems. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Australia, Bulletin No. 28,67 pp.
38. Kikata, Y., 1972. The effect of lean on level of growth stress in. Pinus densiflora. Mokuzai Gokkaishi, 18:443–449.
39. Kikata, Y., and Miwa, K., 1977. A modified hole-drilling technique for determining residual stresses (growth stresses) in tree trunks. Journal of the Society of Material Science (Japan), 26 (284):429–432.
40. Kubler, H., 1959. Studies on growth stresses in trees. 2. Longitudinal stresses. Holz als Roh—und Werkstoff, 17 (2):44–54.
41. Kubler, H., 1987. Growth stresses in trees and related wood properties. Forestry Abstracts, 48:131–189.
42. Kubler, H., 1988. Silvicultural control of mechanical stresses in trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18:1215–1225.
43. Laghdir, A., 2000. Modélisation de la fissuration en bout de grumes liée aux contraintes de croissance Applications aux eucalyptus. Thèse de doctorat en mécanique. Université de Montpellier 2. 175 pp.
44. Malan, F. S., 1995. International Workshop on Utilization of Eucalypts. 1–19. Eucalyptus improvement for lumber production. In:Proceedings of IUFRO Conference, San Paulo, Brazil, April 1995
45. Malan, F. S., and Gerischer, G. F.R., 1987. Wood property differences in South African grown Eucalyptus grandis trees of different growth stress intensity. Holzforschung, 41:331–335.
46. Mariaux, H., 1982. “ Structure fine du bois de wapa en relation avec les contraintes de croissance. Colloque ”. In Sciences et Industries du Bois France:Grenoble. Groupe No. 1, 20
47. Mariaux, A., and Vitalis-Brun, A., 1983. Relationship between fine structure in wapa and growth stresses. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 199:43–56.
48. Mattheck, C., and Kubler, H., 1995. Wood—The Internal Optimization of Trees. Berlin:Springer-Verlag. and NY, 129
49. Muneri, A., Leggate, W., and Palmer, G., 1999. Relationships between surface growth strain and some tree, wood and sawn timber characteristics of Eucalyptus cloeziana trees. Southern African Forestry, 186:41–49.
50. Nicholson, J. E., 1971. A rapid method for estimating longitudinal growth stresses in logs. Wood Science and Technology, 5:40–48.
51. Nicholson, J. E., 1973. Effect of storage on growth stress in mountain ash logs and trees. Australian Forestry, 36:114–124.
52. Nicholson, J. E., Barnacle, J. E., and Lesses, P. F., 1973. Evidence of residual stress in small sections of ordinary green. Eucalyptus regnans. Wood Science and Technology, 7:20–28.
53. Nogi, M., Yoshida, M., Yamamoto, H., and Okuyama, T., 2001. Reduction of residual stress in logs by direct heat treatment:temperature distribution within the furnace. Forest Products Journal, 51 (3):69–74.
54. Okuyama, T., Kanagawa, Y., and Hattori, Y., 1987. Reduction of residual stresses in logs by direct heating method. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 33:837–843.
55. Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Iguchi, M., and Yoshida, M., 1990. Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls. II. Growth stresses in tension wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 36:797–803.
56. Okuyama, T., Takeda, H., Yamamoto, H., and Yoshida, M., 1998. Relation between growth stress and lignin concentration in the cell wall:ultraviolet microscopic spectral analysis. Journal of Wood Science (the Japan Wood Research Society), 44:83–89.
57. Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M., Hattori, Y., and Archer, R. R., 1994. Growth stresses in tension wood:role of microfibrils and lignification. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 51:291–300.
58. Padmanabhan, S., Kamal, S. Z.M., and Ananthanarayanan, S., 1986. Protection of veneer logs against end-splits and discoloration, part III—end-coat in cold form. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 17:1–10.
59. Polge, H., and Thiercelin, F., 1979. Growth stresses appraisal through increment core measurements. Wood Science, 12 (2):86–92.
60. Priest, D. T., Knuffel, W. E., and Malan, F. S., 1982. Sawlogs and Sawn Timber. CSIR (South Africa) Special Report HOUT 223, 20 pp. End-splitting in E. grandis
61. Sales, C. G., 1985. “ Growth stresses:main results obtained on the study of some Guyana species and consequences for end use. ”. In XVIII IUFRO World Congress 234–247. Proceedings, Division V
62. Sales, C. G., 1989. Mechanical processing of Guianese woods. Revue Bois et Forêt des Tropiques, 219:145–158. (special Guyane)
63. Sassus, F., 1998. Déformations de maturation et propriétés du bois de tension chez le hêtre et le peuplier:mesures et modèles. 170France:Montpellier. Thèse de l'ENGREF en Sciences du bois, p
64. Saurat, J., and Guéneau, P., 1976. Growth stresses in beech. Wood Science and Technology, 10:111–123.
65. Skolmen, R. G., 1967. Heating logs to relieve growth stresses. Forest Products Journal, 17 (7):41–42.
66. Sugiyama, K., Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., and Yoshida, M., 1993. Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls:relation between longitudinal released strain and chemical composition. Wood Science and Technology, 27:257–262.
67. Tejada, A., Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., and Yoshida, M., 1997. Reduction of growth stress in logs by direct heat treatment:assessment of a commercial-scale operation. Forest Products Journal, 47 (9):86–93.
68. Trénard, Y., and Guéneau, P., 1975. Relations entre contraintes de croissance longitudinales et bois de tension dans le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.). Holzforschung, 29:217–223.
69. Waugh, G., 1977. Reducing growth stresses in standing trees. Australian Forest Research, 7:215–218.
70. Waugh, G., 1998. “ Sawing of young, fast-grown eucalypts. ”. In Proceedings of First International Seminar on Solid Wood Products of High Technology. 69–81. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
71. Waugh, G., 2000. “ Use of twin saw systems for young, fast-grown eucalypts. ”. In The Future of Eucalypts for Wood Products 19–24. IUFRO Conference Proceedings, March 2000, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, pp. 175–183
72. Waugh, G., Yang, J. L., Martin, A., and Britton, D., 1996. End-splitting in eucalypt sawlogs—a survey on selected Tasmanian and Victorian sawmills and harvesting operations. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products Internal Report No. FFP-517, 75 pp.
73. Wilkins, A. P., 1991. “ Effect of silvicultural treatment on the growth and wood properties of ”. In Eucalyptus grandis. PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Australia, 255 pp.
74. Wilkins, A. P., and Bamber, R. K., 1986. Dimensional change with time of green increment cores taken for growth stress measurement. Wood and Fiber Science, 18:593–597.
75. Wilkins, A. P., and Kitahara, R., 1991a. Relationship between growth strain and rate of growth in 22-year-old. Eucalyptus grandis. Australian Forestry, 54:95–98.
76. Wilkins, A. P., and Kitahara, R., 1991b. Silvicultural treatments and associated growth rates, growth strains and wood properties in 12.5-year-old. Eucalyptus grandis. Australian Forestry, 54:99–104.
77. Yamamoto, H., 1998. Generation mechanism of growth stresses in wood cell walls:roles of lignin deposition and cellulose microfibril during cell wall maturation. Wood Science and Technology, 32:171–183.
78. Yamamoto, H., and Okuyama, T., 1988. Analysis of the generation process of growth stresses in cell walls. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 34:788–793.
79. Yamamoto, H., Okuyama, T., Sugiyama, K., and Yoshida, M., 1992. Generation process of growth stress. IV. Action of the cellulose microfibril upon the generation of the tensile stresses. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 38:107–113.
80. Yang, J. L., 2001. Bending strength properties of regrowth eucalypt brittleheart—Short note. Holzforschung, 55:183–184.
81. Yang, J. L., and Hunter, A. J., 2000. Is curvature adjustment necessary in growth strain measurement?. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 30:332–340.
82. Yang, J. L., and Pongracic, P., 2004. The impact of growth stress on sawn distortion and log end splitting of 32-year-old plantation blue gum. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products Client Report No., 1398 (for FWPRDC Project PN03.1312), 33
83. Yang, J. L., and Waugh, G., 2001. Growth stress, its measurement and effects. Australian Forestry, 64:127–135.
84. Yang, J. L., Waugh, G., Peacock, M., and Martin, A., 1996. Log end split literature review. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products Internal Report, No. FFP-520, 25 pp.
85. Yang, J. L., Fife, D., and Matheson, A. C., 2001. Growth strain in three provenances of plantation-grown Eucalyptus globulus Labili. Australian Forestry, 64:248–256.
86. Yang, J. L., Fife, D., Waugh, G., Downes, G., and Blackwell, P., 2002. The effect of growth strain and other defects on the sawn timber quality of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Australian Forestry, 65:31–37.
87. Yang, J. L., Baillères, H., Okuyama, T., Armstrong, M., Muneri, A., Downes, G., Menz, D., Morrow, A., Gritton, D., Peng, Y., and Zhao, Y., 2004. Growth stresses in eucalypts—evaluation and development of measurement techniques. ACIAR FST/1999/042 Project Summary Report, 8 pp.
88. Yoshida, M., and Okuyama, T., 2002. Techniques for measuring growth stress on the xylem surface using strain and dial gauges. Holzforschung, 56:461–467.