Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: Pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 202-224

  Plunkett, Gregory M ^a   Lowry II, Porter P ^b,c   Frodin, David G ^d,e   Wen, Jun ^f,g,h  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN   (United States)

^c MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

^d Chelsea Physic Garden   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS   (United Kingdom)

^f FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^g INSTITUTE OF BOTANY   (China)

^h DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Araliaceae; ITS; Phylogeny; Polyphyly; Schefflera; trnL trnF

Indexed keywords

ARALIACEAE; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; SCHEFFLERA;

EID: 23744497015     PISSN: 00266493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Ackerfield, J. & J. Wen. 2002. A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae). Adansonia, sér. 3, 24: 197-212.
2. _ & _. 2003. Evolution of Hedera (the ivy genus, Araliaceae): Insights from chloroplast DNA data. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164: 593-602.
3. Baillon, H. 1878. Recherches nouvelles sur les Araliées et sur la famille des Ombellifères en général. Adansonia 12: 125-178.
4. _. 1879. Ombellifères. Histoire des Plantes 7: 84-256. Hachette, Paris.
5. Bentham, G. 1867. Araliaceae. Pp. 931-947 in G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Genera Plantarum, Vol. 1. Reeve, London.
6. Bernardi, L. 1969. Araliacearum Madagascariae et Comores exordium. 1. Revisio et taxa nova Schefflerarum. Candollea 24: 89-122.
7. _. 1979. The New Caledonian genera of Araliaceae and their relationships with those of Oceania and Indonesia. Pp. 315-325 in K. Larsen & L. B. Holm-Nielsen, Tropical Botany. Academic Press, London.
8. Blume, C. L. 1825-1827. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië, 1-17. Batavia [Jakarta].
9. Bremer, K. 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 795-803.
10. Chandler, G. T. & G. M. Plunkett. 2004. Evolution in Apiales: Nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144: 123-147.
11. Costello, A. & T. Motley. 2001. Molecular systematics of Tetraplasandra, Munroidendron and Reynoldsia sandwicensis (Araliaceae) and the evolution of superior ovaries in Tetraplasandra. Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 229-242.
12. Dalla Torre, C. G. & H. Harms. 1900-1907. Genera siphonogamarum ad systema Englerianum conscripta, Vol. 7. Engelmann, Leipzig.
13. Doyle, J. J. & J. L. Doyle. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem. Bull. 19: 11-15.
14. Eibl, J., G. M. Plunkett & P. P. Lowry II. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in Polyscias sect. Tieghemopanax (Araliaceae) based on DNA sequence data. Adansonia, sér. 3, 23: 23-48.
15. Eriksson, T. 1997. AutoDecay version 2.9.9 [hypercardstack computer program distributed by the author]. Botaniska Institutionem, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
16. Farris, J. S., M. Källersjö, A. G. Kluge & C. Bult. 1995. Testing significance of incongruence. Cladistics 10: 315-319.
17. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
18. Forster, J. R. & G. Forster. 1775. Characteres Generum Plantarum. White, London.
19. Fritsch, P. W. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the flowering plant genus Styrax (Styracaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction sites and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 19: 387-408.
20. Frodin, D. G. 1975. Studies in Schefflera (Araliaceae): The Cephaloschefflera complex. J. Arnold Arbor. 56: 427-448.
21. _. 1986. Studies in Schefflera (Araliaceae), II. Northern Luzon (Philippines) species of the Heptapleurum group. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 138: 403-425.
22. _. 1989. Studies in Schefflera (Araliaceae), IV. Synopsis of the Formenkreis comprised of Didymopanax attenuatus (Sw.) El. Marchal and allied species, with nomenclatural changes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 141: 313-319.
23. _. 1993. Studies in Schefflera (Araliaceae), VI. New species and subordinate taxa in the Venezuelan Guayana and immediately adjacent areas. Novon 3: 367-403.
24. _. 1995. Neotropical montane Araliaceae: An overview. Pp. 421-431 in S. P. Churchill et al., Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.
25. _. 2004. Big plant genera: History and concepts. Taxon 53: 753-776.
26. _ & R. Govaerts. 2003 [publ. 2004]. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
27. Guillaumin, A. 1948. Flore analytique et synoptique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Phanérogames. Office de la Recherche Scientifique Coloniale, Paris.
28. Harms, H. 1894-1897. Araliaceae. Pp. 1-62 in A. Engler & K. Prantl, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III, Vol. 8. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
29. _. 1940. Araliaceae (in L. Diels, Neue Arten aus Ecuador, III). Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 50-53.
30. Hoo, G. & C.-J. Tseng. 1965. Contributions to the Araliaceae of China. Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 129-176.
31. Hutchinson, J. 1967. The Genera of Flowering Plants, Vol. II. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
32. Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Molec. Evol. 16: 111-120.
33. Kluge, A. J. 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Bovidae, Serpentes). Syst. Zool. 38: 7-25.
34. Lavin, M. & M. Luckow. 1993. Origins and relationships of tropical North America in the context of the boreotropics hypothesis. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 1-14.
35. Lowry, P. P., II. 1986. A Systematic Study of Three Genera of Araliaceae Endemic to or Centered in New Caledonia: Delarbrea, Myodocarpus, and Pseudosciadium. Ph.D. Thesis, Washington University, St. Louis.
36. _. 1989. A revision of Araliaceae from Vanuatu. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris, sér. 4, sect. B, Adansonia 11: 117-155.
37. _, J. S. Miller & D. G. Frodin. 1989. New combinations and name changes for some cultivated tropical Old World and Pacific Araliaceae. Baileya 23: 5-13.
38. _, G. M. Plunkett & A. A. Oskolski. 2001. Early lineages in Apiales: Insights from morphology, wood anatomy and molecular data. Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 207-220.
39. _, G. M. Plunkett & J. Wen. 2004. Generic relationships in Araliaceae: Looking into the crystal ball. S. African J. Bot. 70: 382-392.
40. Maddison, D. R. & W. P. Maddison. 2000. MacClade 4. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
41. Maguire, B., J. A. Steyermark & D. G. Frodin. 1984. Araliaceae. Pp. 46-82 in B. Maguire et al., The Botany of the Guyana Highlands, Part XII. Mem. New York Bot. Gard., Vol. 38.
42. Maslin, B. R., J. T. Miller & D. S. Seigler. 2003. Overview of the generic status of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Austral. Syst. Bot. 16: 1-18.
43. Melchior, H. 1964. A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. 12. Aufl, 2: Angiospermen. [viii]. Borntraeger, Berlin.
44. Mitchell, A. D. & S. J. Wagstaff. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of Pseudopanax species inferred from parsimony analysis of rDNA sequence data and morphology. Pl. Syst. Evol. 208: 121-138.
45. _ & J. Wen. 2004. Phylogenetic utility and evidence for multiple copies of Granule-Bound Starch Synthase I (GBSSI) in Araliaceae. Taxon 53: 29-41.
46. Nixon, K. C. 1999. The parsimony ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15: 407-414.
47. Oskolski, A. A. & P. P. Lowry II. 2001. Wood anatomy of Schefflera and related taxa (Araliaceae): II. Systematic wood anatomy of New Caledonian Schefflera. IAWA J. 22: 301-330.
48. Philipson, W. R. 1995. Araliaceae. Pp. 1-48 in B. J. Conn, Handbook of the Flora of Papua New Guinea, Vol. 3. Melbourne Univ. Press, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.
49. Plunkett, G. M. 2001. Relationships of the order Apiales to subclass Asteridae: A reevaluation of morphological characters based on insights from molecular data. Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 183-200.
50. _ & P. P. Lowry II. 2001. Relationships among "ancient araliads" and their significance for the systematics of Apiales. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 19: 259-276.
51. _, D. E. Soltis & P. S. Soltis. 1996. Higher level relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) based on rbcL sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 499-515.
52. _ & _. 1997. Clarification of the relationship between Apiaceae and Araliaceae based on matK and rbcL sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 84: 565-580.
53. _, P. P. Lowry II & M. K. Burke. 2001. Evolution of Polyscias (Araliaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 213-230.
54. _, G. T. Chandler, P. P. Lowry II, S. M. Pinney & T. S. Sprenkle. 2004a. Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification. S. African J. Bot. 70: 371-381.
55. _, P. P. Lowry II & N. V. Vu. 2004b. Phylogenetic relationships among Polyscias (Araliaceae) and close relatives from the western Indian Ocean Basin. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 165: 861-873.
56. _, J. Wen & P. P. Lowry II. 2004c. Infrafamilial classifications and characters in Araliaceae: Insights from the phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL-trnF) sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 245: 1-39.
57. Seemann, B. 1865. Revision of the natural order Hederaceae [continued]. J. Bot. 3: 173-181.
58. _. 1868. Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae. Reeve, London.
59. Shang, C.-B. 1984. Le genre Schefflera (Araliaceae) en Chine et en Indochine. Candollea 39: 453-486.
60. Sikes, D. S. & P. O. Lewis. 2001. PAUPRat: PAUP* implementation of the parsimony ratchet. Beta software, version 1. Available at: 〈http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/grads/sikes/paupratweb/pauprat.htm〉.
61. Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova, Vol. 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii.
62. _ & B. C. Stone. 1968. Studies of Pacific Island plants. XIX. The Araliaceae of the New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 431-493.
63. Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods), Vers. 4. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
64. Taberlet, P., L. Gielly, G. Pautou & J. Bouvet. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Pl. Molec. Biol. 17: 1105-1109.
65. Tiffney, B. H. 1985. Perspectives on the origin of the floristic similarity between eastern Asia and eastern North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 73-94.
66. Tronchet, F, G. M. Plunkett, J. Jérémie & P. P. Lowry II. In press. Monophyly and major clades of Meryta (Araliaceae). Syst. Bot. 30(3).
67. Tseng, C. C. 1973. Systematic palynology of Tupidanthus and Plerandra (Araliaceae). Grana 13: 51-56.
68. Valcárcel, V., O. Fiz & P. Vargas. 2003. Chloroplast and nuclear evidence for multiple origins of polyploids and diploids of Hedera (Araliaceae) in the Mediterranean basin. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 27: 1-20.
69. Viguier, R. 1906. Recherches anatomiques sur la classification des Araliacées. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IX, 4: 1-210.
70. _. 1909. Nouvelles recherches sur les Araliacées. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. IX, 9: 305-405.
71. _. 1925. Contribution à l'étude de la flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie: Araliacées. J. Bot. (Morot) II, 3: 38-101
72. [dated 1910-1913, but not distributed until 1925; cf. M. L. Green, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1928: 155-156].
73. Wen, J. 1999. Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct pattern in flowering plants. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 421-455.
74. _. 2001a. Evolution of the Aralia-Panax complex (Araliaceae) as inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 243-257.
75. _. 2001b. Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American biogeographic pattern: A few additional issues. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 162: S117-S122.
76. _ & J. W. Nowicke. 1999. Pollen ultrastructure of Panax (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae), an eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct genus. Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1624-1636.
77. _ & E. A. Zimmer. 1996. Phylogeny and biogeography of Panax L. (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae): Inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 6: 167-177.
78. _, G. M. Plunkett, A. D. Mitchell & S. J. Wagstaff. 2001. The evolution of Araliaceae: A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Syst. Bot. 26: 144-167.
79. _, C. Lee, P. P. Lowry II & N. T. Hiep. 2003. Inclusion of the Vietnamese endemic genus Grushvitzkya in Brassaiopsis (Araliaceae): Evidence from nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 455-463.
80. Wenzel, J. W. 1997. When is a phylogenetic test good enough? Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 173: 31-45.
81. _ & M. E. Siddall. 1999. Noise. Cladistics 15: 51-64.
82. Willis, J. C. 1931. A Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns, 6th ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
83. _. 1966. A Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns, 7th ed., rev. H. K. Airy Shaw. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
84. _. 1973. A Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns, 8th ed., rev. H. K. Airy Shaw. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
85. Wolfe, J. A. 1975. Some aspects of plant geography of the Northern Hemisphere during the late Cretaceous and Tertiary. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 264-279.
86. Yi, T., P. P. Lowry II, G. M. Plunkett & J. Wen. 2004. Chromosomal evolution in Araliaceae and close relatives. Taxon 53: 987-1005.