Adolescents' perceptions of masculine and feminine values in sport and physical education: A study of gender differences

Sex Roles

Volumn 52, Issue 9-10, 2005, Pages 625-636

  Klomsten, Anne Torhild ^a   Marsh, Herb W ^b   Skaalvik, Einar M ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Gender; Masculine and feminine values; Sports

Indexed keywords

EID: 23744451124     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-005-3730-x     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
2. Bentler, P. M. (1992). On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 400-404.
3. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance test and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
4. Birrell, S. (1983). The psychological dimensions of female athletic participation. In M. Boutilier & L. SanGiovanni (Eds.), The sporting woman (pp. 49-91). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
5. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A., Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6. Brustad, R. J. (1993). Who will go out and play? Parental and psychological influences on children's attraction to physical activity. Pediatric Exercise Science, 5, 210-223.
7. Brustad, R. J. (1996). Attraction to physical activity in urban schoolchildren: Parental socialization and gender influences. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67, 316-323.
8. Connell, R. (1987). Gender and power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
9. Crain, R. M. (1996). The influence of age, race, and gender on child and adolescent multidimensional self-concept. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept; developmental, social, and clinical considerations (pp. 395-420). New York: Wiley.
10. Csizma, K. A., Wittig, A. F., & Schurr, K. T. (1988). Sport stereotypes and gender. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 62-74.
11. Diamond, M. C. (1988). Enriching heredity: The impact of the environment on the anatomy of the brain. New York: Free Press.
12. Duncan, M. C. (1994). The politics of women's body images and practices: Foucault, the panopticon, and Shape magazine. Journal of Sports and Social Issues, 18, 48-65.
13. Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 135-172.
14. Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1991). Gender differences in sport involvement: Applying the Eccles' Expectancy-Value model. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 3, 7-35.
15. Eccles, J. S., & Hoffmann, L. W. (1984). Sex roles, socialization, and occupational behaviours. In H. W. Stevenson & A. E. Siegel (Eds.), Child development research and social policy (pp. 367-420). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16. Eccles, J. S., Jacobs, J. E., & Harold, R. D. (1990). Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parent's socialization of gender differences. Journal of Social Issues, 46(2), 183-201.
17. Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., & Adler, T. (1984). Grade-related changes in the school-environment: Effects on achievement motivation. In J. Nichols (Ed.), The development of achievement motivation (Vol. 3, pp. 283-331). Greenwhich, CT: JAI.
18. Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., Harold, R. D., & Blumenfeld, P. (1993). Ontogeny of children's self-perceptions and subjective task values across activity domains during the elementary school years. Child Development, 64, 830-847.
19. Eccles, J. S., Adler, T. F., Futterman, R., Goff, S. B., Kaczala, C. M., Meece, J., & Midgley, C. (1983). Expectancies, values and academic behaviours. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achivement and achievement motives (pp. 75-146). San Fransisco: Freeman.
20. Fasting, K. (2003). Women and sport in Norway, In I. Hartmann-Tews, & G. Pfister (Eds.), Sport and women: Social issues in international perspective (pp. 15-34). London: Routledge.
21. Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2002). Children's competence and value beliefs from childhood through adolescence: Growth trajectories in two male-sex-typed domains. Developmental Psychology, 38, 519-533.
22. Gill, D. L. (2002). Gender and sport behavior. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 355-375). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
23. Greendorfer, S. (1983). Shaping the female athlete: The impact of the family. In M. Boutilier & L. San Giovanni (Eds.), The sporting woman (pp. 135-155). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
24. Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women's sports. London: Routledge.
25. Hartmann-Tews, I., & Pfister, G. (2003). Women's inclusion in sport: International and comparative findings. In I. Hartmann-Tews & G. Pfister (Eds.), Sport and women: Social issues in international perspective (pp. 266-280). London: Routledge.
26. Hattie, J. (1992). Self-concept. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Hayes, S. D., Crocker, P. R. E., & Kowalski, K. C. (1999). Gender differences in physical self-perceptions, global self-esteem, and physical activity: Evaluation of the physical self-perception profile model. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 22, 1-14.
28. Horn, T. S. (1987). The influence of teacher-coach behavior on the psychological development of children. In D. Gould & M. R. Weiss (Eds.), Advances in pedriatric sport sciences. Vol. 2; Behavioral issues (pp. 121-142). Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.
29. Houston, A. C. (1983). Sex-typing. In P. Mussen & E. M. Heteringhton (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. IV, pp. 387-467). New York: Wiley.
30. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modelling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). London: Sage.
31. Jacobs, J. E., Lanza, S., Osgood, D. W., Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Changes in children's self-competence and values: Gender and domain differences across grades 1 through 12. Child Development, 73, 509-527.
32. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörborn, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
33. Jöreskog, K. H., & Sörbom, D. (1999). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
34. Kane, M. J., & Snyder, E. (1989). Sport typing: The social "containment" of women. Arena Review, 13, 77-96.
35. Klomsten, A. T., Skaalvik, E. M., & Espnes, G. A. (2004). Physical self-concept and sports: Do gender differences still exist? Sex Roles, 50, 119-127.
36. Koivula, N. (1995). Ratings of gender appropriateness of sports participation: Effects of gender-based schematic processing. Sex Roles, 33, 543-557.
37. Koivula, N. (2001). Perceived characteristics of sports categorized as gender-neutral, feminine, and masculine. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 24, 377-393.
38. Marsh, H. W. (1989). Age and sex effects in multiple dimensions of self-concept: Preadolescence to early-childhood. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 417-430.
39. Marsh, H. W. (1996a). Construct validity of Physical Self-Description Questionnaire responses. Relations to external criteria. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(2), 111-131.
40. Marsh, H. W. (1996b). Physical self description questionnaire: Stability and discriminant validity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67, 249-264.
41. Marsh, H. W. (1997). The measurement of physical self-concept: A construct validation approach. In K, Fox (Ed.), The physical self-concept: From motivation to well-being (pp. 27-58). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
42. Marsh, H. W., & Redmayne, R. S. (1994). A multidimensional physical self-concept and its relation to multiple components of physical fitness. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 45-55.
43. Marsh, H. W., Richards, G. E., Johnson, S., Roche, L., & Tremayne, P. (1994). Physical Self Description Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 270-305.
44. Matteo, S. (1986). The effects of sex and gender-schematic processing on sport participation. Sex Roles, 15, 417-432.
45. Matteo, S. (1988). The effect of gender-schematic processing on decisions about sex inappropriate sport behaviour. Sex Roles, 18, 41-58.
46. Messner, M. A. (1988). Sports and male domination: The female athlete as contested ideological terrain. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5, 197-211.
47. Messner, M. A. (1990). Men studying masculinity: Some epistemological issues in sport sociology. Sociology and Sport Journal, 7, 136-153.
48. Messner, M. A., Duncan, M. C., & Jensen, K. (1993). Separating the men from the girls: The gendered language of televised sports. Gender & Society, 7, 121-137.
49. Metheny, E. (1965). Symbolic forms of movement: The feminine image in sports. In E. Metheny (Ed.), Connotations of movement in sport and dance (pp. 43-56). Dubuque, IA: Brown.
50. Ostrow, A. C. (1981). Age grading: Implications for physical activity participation among older adults. Quest, 33, 112-123.
51. Ostrow, A. C., Jones, D. C., & Spiker, D. A. (1981). Age role expectations and sex role expectations for selected sport activities. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 52, 216-227.
52. Pedersen, D. M., & Kono, D. M. (1990). Perceived effects on femininity of the participation of women in sport. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 783-792.
53. Pfister, G. (1993). Appropriation of the environment, motor experiences and sporting activities of girls and women. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 28, 159-171.
54. Pfister, G. (2000). Women and the Olympic Games. In B. L. Drinkwater (Ed.), Women in sport (pp. 3-19). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
55. Pfister, G., & von der Lippe, G. (1994). Women's participation in sports and the Olympic games in Germany and Norway: A sociohistorical analysis. Journal of Comparative Physical Education and Sport, 16, 30-41.
56. Snyder, E. E., & Spreitzer, E. (1983). Change and variation in social acceptance of female participation. Journal of Sport Behavior, 6, 3-8.
57. Tucker, S. (1990, July). What is the ideal body. Shape, pp. 94-112.
58. von der Lippe, G. (2000). Hysterization of womens' bodies: Legitimation of the gendered body in a sport and a health context in Norway from 1890 to 1950. In J. Hansen & N. K. Nielsen (Eds.), Sports, body, and health (pp. 105-121). Odense: Odense University Press.
59. von der Lippe, G. (2002a). Media image: Sport, gender, and national identities in five European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37, 371-395.
60. von der Lippe, G. (2002b). Medical texts on gender, sexuality, and sport in Norway, 1890-1950: Changing metaphors on femininities and masculinities. Journal of Sport History, 27, 481-495.
61. Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research. Developmental Review, 23, 347-388.
62. Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1994). Children's competence beliefs, achievement values, and general self-esteem: Change across elementary and middle school. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 107-138.
63. Wigield, A., Eccles, J., Yoon, K. S., Harold, R. D., Arbreton, A. J., & Blumenfeld, P. C. (1997). Change in children's competence beliefs and subjective task values across the elementary school years: A 3-year study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 451-469.
64. Young, I. M. (1995). The exclusion of women from sport: Conceptual and existential dimensions. In W. J. Morgan & K. V. Meier (Eds.), Philosophic inquiry in sport (pp. 262-266). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.