Human herpes viruses in pregnancy: Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and varicella zoster virus

Clinics in Perinatology

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 671-696

  Hollier, Lisa M ^a   Grissom, Heidi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIPRURITIC AGENT; ANTIPYRETIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CHICKENPOX VACCINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS VACCINE; DNA VACCINE; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; GLYCOPROTEIN B; GLYCOPROTEIN H; HERPES ZOSTER IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; LIVE VACCINE; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN;

ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ARTHRITIS; ASCITES; BACTERIAL SUPERINFECTION; BLOOD TOXICITY; BRADYCARDIA; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN CALCIFICATION; BRAIN CYST; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BULBAR PARALYSIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CEREBELLUM HEMORRHAGE; CHICKENPOX; CHORIORETINITIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL CATARACT; CONGENITAL DISORDER; CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION BODY DISEASE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DECUBITUS; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIAPHRAGM PARALYSIS; DISABILITY; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; DRUG SAFETY; EDEMA; ENCEPHALITIS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; ERYTHEMA; FETUS DISEASE; FETUS HYDROPS; FETUS MALFORMATION; FEVER; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HEMATOMA; HEPATITIS; HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HERPES ZOSTER; HORNER SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYDRAMNIOS; HYDROCEPHALUS; HYDRONEPHROSIS; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; HYPOPIGMENTATION; HYPOPLASIA; HYPOXEMIA; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS; INTESTINAL FIBROSIS; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; JOINT CONTRACTURE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LUNG INSUFFICIENCY; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MICROCEPHALY; MYALGIA; MYOCARDITIS; NEUROGENIC BLADDER; NEWBORN DISEASE; NEWBORN INFECTION; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA; PARESTHESIA; PERCEPTION DEAFNESS; PERICARDITIS; PLEURISY; PORENCEPHALY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY TERMINATION; PREMATURE LABOR; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; RASH; RECURRENT INFECTION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INTUBATION; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SKIN INDURATION; SKIN SCAR; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STILLBIRTH; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRUS PNEUMONIA; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS;

ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS; DNA, VIRAL; EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS; FEMALE; HERPES ZOSTER; HERPESVIRIDAE; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN; HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS;

EID: 23444450927     PISSN: 00955108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2005.05.003     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. B. Roizman Herpesviridae: a brief introduction B.N. Fields D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Field virology 3rd edition 1996 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 2221 2230
2. S. Chou Differentiation of cytomegalovirus strains by restriction analysis of DNA sequences amplified from clinical specimens J Infect Dis 162 1990 738 742
3. S. Chou, and K.M. Dennison Analysis of interstrain variation in cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B sequences encoding neutralization- related epitopes J Infect Dis 163 1991 1229 1234
4. D.M. de Albuquerque, and S.C. Costa Genotyping of human cytomegalovirus using non-radioactive single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis J Virol Methods 110 1 2003 25 28
5. Z. Karas, R. Blok, and J. Zabel [Seroepidemiologic study of cytomegaly and rubella in pregnant women and prostitutes] Przegl Epidemiol 46 4 1992 303 307 [Polish]
6. B. Dannenmaier, W. Alle, and E.W. Hoferer Incidences of antibodies to hepatitis B, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus in prostitutes Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 259 2 1985 275 283
7. C.S. Peckham Cytomegalovirus infection: congenital and neonatal disease Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 80 1991 82 87
8. E. Klemola, and L. Kaarianinen Cytomegalovirus as a possible cause of a disease resembling infectious mononucleosis BMJ 2 1965 1099
9. M.G. Revello, and G. Gerna Diagnosis and management of human cytomegalovirus infection in the mother, fetus, and newborn infant Clin Microbiol Rev 15 4 2002 680 715
10. C.M. Nielsen, K. Hansen, and H.M.K. Andersen An enzyme labeled nuclear antigen immunoassay for detection of cytomegalovirus IgM antibodies in human serum: specific and nonspecific reactions J Med Virol 22 1987 67 76
11. G.T. Maine, T. Lazzarotto, and M.P. Landini New developments in the diagnosis of maternal and congenital CMV infection Expert Rev Mol Diagn 1 2001 19 29
12. W.J. Britt, and C.A. Alford Cytomegalovirus B.V. Fields D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Fields virology 3rd edition 1996 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 2493
13. B.J. Freij, and J.L. Sever Herpesvirus infections in pregnancy: risks to embryo, fetus, and neonate Clin Perinatol 15 1988 203 231
14. G.T. Maine, R. Stricker, and M. Schuler Development and clinical evaluation of a recombinant-antigen-based cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M automated immunoassay using the Abbott AxSYM analyzer J Clin Microbiol 38 2000 1476 1481
15. M. Bodeus, and P. Goubau Predictive value of maternal-IgG avidity for congenital human cytomegalovirus infection J Clin Virol 12 1999 3 8
16. L. Grangeot-Keros, M.J. Mayaux, and P. Lebon Value of cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG avidity index for the diagnosis of primary CMV infection in pregnant women J Infect Dis 175 1997 944 946
17. M.G. Revello, M. Zavattoni, and A. Sarasini Human cytomegalovirus in blood of immunocompetent persons during primary infection: prognostic implications for pregnancy J Infect Dis 177 5 1998 1170 1175
18. P.D. Griffiths, C. Baboonian, and D. Rutter Congenital and maternal cytomegalovirus infection in a London population Br J Obstet Gynaecol 98 2 1991 135 140
19. M. Lamy, K. Mulongo, and J. Gadisseux Prenatal diagnosis of fetal cytomegalovirus infection Am J Obstet Gynecol 166 1992 91 94
20. S. Stagno, R. Pass, and G. Cloud Primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: incidence, transmission to fetus, and clinical outcome JAMA 256 14 1986 1904 1908
21. P. Griffiths, C. Baboonian, and D. Ashby The demographic characteristics of pregnant women infected with cytomegalovirus Int J Epidemiol 14 1985 447 452
22. M.D. Yow, D.W. Williamson, and L.J. Leeds Epidemiologic characteristics of cytomegalovirus infection in mothers and their infants Am J Obstet Gynecol 158 1988 1189 1195
23. R.F. Pass, and S. Boppana Cytomegalovirus D.J. Jeffries C.E. Hudson Viral infections in obstetrics and gynecology 1999 Arnold New York 35 56
24. M.D. Yow Congenital cytomegalovirus disease. A NOW problem J Infect Dis 159 1989 163 167
25. E. Goff, B. Griffith, and J. Booss Delayed amplification of cytomegalovirus infection in the placenta and maternal tissues during late gestation Am J Obstet Gynecol 156 5 1987 1265 1270
26. G.J. Demmler Infectious Diseases Society of America and Centers for Disease Control Summary of a workshop on surveillance for congenital cytomegalovirus disease Rev Infect Dis 13 1991 315 329
27. K.B. Fowler, S. Stagno, and R.F. Pass Maternal immunity and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection JAMA 289 2003 1008 1011
28. S.B. Boppana, L.B. Rivera, and K.B. Fowler Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity N Engl J Med 344 2001 1366 1371
29. K.B. Fowler, S. Stagno, and R.F. Pass The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status N Engl J Med 326 1992 663 667
30. S. Stagno, and R. Whitley Herpesvirus infections of pregnancy. Part I. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections N Engl J Med 313 1985 1270 1274
31. D.W. Reynolds, S. Stagno, and K.G. Stubbs Inapparent congenital cytomegalovirus infection with elevated cord IgM levels: causal relationship with auditory and mental deficiency N Engl J Med 290 6 1974 291 296
32. M.A. Gaytant, E.A.P. Steegers, and B.A. Semmekrot Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: review of the epidemiology and outcome Obstet Gynecol Surv 57 2002 245 256
33. Y. Yaron, S. Hassan, and E. Geva Evaluation of fetal echogenic bowel in the second trimester Fetal Diagn Ther 14 3 1999 176 180
34. R. Pass, S. Stagno, and G.J. Myers Outcome of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Results of long-term follow-up Pediatrics 66 5 1980 758 762
35. G. Malinger, D. Lev, and N. Sahalka Fetal cytomegalovirus infection of the brain: the spectrum of sonographic findings AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24 2003 28 32
36. D.E. Noyola, G.J. Demmler, and C.T. Nelson Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection J Pediatr 138 3 2001 325 331
37. C. Liesnard, C. Donner, and F. Brancart Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: prospective study of 237 pregnancies at risk Obstet Gynecol 95 2000 881 888
38. L.E. Davis, G.V. Tweed, and T.D. Chin Intrauterine diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection: viral recovery from amniocentesis fluid Am J Obstet Gynecol 109 8 1971 1217 1219
39. C. Donner, C. Liesnard, and J. Content Prenatal diagnosis of 52 pregnancies at risk for congenital cytomegalovirus infection Obstet Gynecol 82 1993 481 486
40. W.A. Hogge, G.J. Buffone, and J.S. Hogge Prenatal diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: a preliminary report Prenat Diagn 13 2 1993 121 126
41. P. Hohlfeld, Y. Vial, and C. Maillard-Brignon Cytomegalovirus fetal infection: prenatal diagnosis Obstet Gynecol 78 4 1991 615 618
42. L. Lynch, F. Daffos, and D. Emanuel Prenatal diagnosis of fetal cytomegalovirus infection Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 3 1991 714 718
43. U. Nicolini, A. Kustermann, and B. Tassis Prenatal diagnosis of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection Prenat Diagn 14 10 1994 903 906
44. G. Enders, U. Bader, and L. Lindemann Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 189 pregnancies with known outcome Prenat Diagn 21 2001 362 377
45. M.G. Revelo, D. Lilleri, and M. Zavattoni Prenatal diagnosis of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection in amniotic fluid by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay J Clin Microbiol 41 2003 1772 1774
46. B. Guerra, T. Lazzarotto, and S. Quarta Prenatal diagnosis of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection Am J Obstet Gynecol 183 2000 476 482
47. T. Lazzarotto, A. Ripalti, and G. Bergamini Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection J Clin Microbiol 36 1998 3540 3544
48. V. Catanzarite, and W.M. Dankner Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: false negative amniocentesis at 20 weeks' gestation Prenat Diagn 13 11 1993 1021 1025
49. M.G. Revello, M. Zavattoni, and A. Sarasini Prenatal diagnostic and prognostic value of human cytomegalovirus load and IgM antibody response in blood of congenitally infected fetuses J Infect Dis 180 1999 1320 1323
50. L.C. Gilstrap, R.E. Bawdon, and S.W. Roberts The transfer of the nucleoside analog ganciclovir across the perfused human placenta Am J Obstet Gynecol 170 4 1994 967 972
51. M.G. Revello, and G. Gerna Diagnosis and implications of human cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 11 1999 117 134
52. R.J. Whitley, G. Cloud, and W. Gruber Ganciclovir treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: results of a phase II study J Infect Dis 175 5 1997 1080 1086
53. J.R. Hocker, L.N. Cook, and G. Adams Ganciclovir therapy of congenital cytomegalovirus pneumonia Pediatr Infect Dis J 9 1990 743 745
54. J.B. Hanshaw Cytomegalovirus infections Pediatr Rev 16 1995 43 48
55. American Academy of Pediatrics Cytomegalovirus infection L.K. Pickering Red book: 2003 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases 26th edition 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics Elk Grove Village (IL) 259 262
56. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Perinatal viral and parasitic infections ACOG practice bulletin 20 2000 1 13
57. S.A. Plotkin, T. Furukawa, and N. Zygraich Candidate cytomegalovirus strain for human vaccination Infect Immun 12 3 1975 521 527
58. H.H. Balfour, P.K. Velo, and G.W. Saachs Cytomegalovirus vaccine trial in 400 renal transplant candidates Transplant Proc 17 1985 81 83
59. S.A. Plotkin, S.E. Starr, and H.M. Friedman Effect of Towne live virus vaccine on cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplant. A controlled trial Ann Intern Med 114 1991 525 531
60. S.A. Plotkin, R. Higgins, and J.B. Kurtz Multicenter trial of Towne strain attenuated virus vaccine in seronegative renal transplant recipients Transplantation 58 1994 1176 1178
61. A. Porath, R. McNutt, and L. Smiley Effectiveness and cost benefit of a proposed live cytomegalovirus vaccine in the prevention of congenital disease Rev Infect Dis 12 1 1990 31 40
62. C.J. Harrison, W.J. Britt, and N.M. Chapman Reduced congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after maternal immunization with a guinea pig CMV glycoprotein before gestational primary CMV infection in the guinea pig model J Infect Dis 172 5 1995 1212 1220
63. A.B. Rickinson, and E. Kieff Epstein-Barr virus D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley D.E. Griffin Fields virology 4th edition 2001 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 2575 2627
64. J. Peter, and C.G. Ray Infectious mononucleosis Pediatr Rev 19 1998 276 279
65. G. Henle, and W. Henle The virus as etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis M.A. Epstein B.G. Achong The Epstein-Barr virus 1979 Springer-Verlag Berlin 297 320
66. Q.Y. Yao, A.B. Rickinson, and M.A. Epstein A reexamination of the Epstein-Barr virus carrier state in healthy seropositive individuals Int J Cancer 35 1 1985 35 42
67. W. Henle, G. Henle, and C.A. Horwitz Epstein-Barr virus-specific diagnostic tests in infectious mononucleosis Hum Pathol 5 5 1974 551 565
68. A.M. Arvin, and Y.A. Maldonado Other viral infections of the fetus and newborn J.S. Remington J.O. Klein Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant 5th edition 2001 WB Saunders Philadelphia 855 859
69. M.H. Ebell Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis Am Fam Physician 70 2004 1279 1287
70. E.T. Lennette Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) E.H. Lennette D.A. Lennette E.T. Lennette Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections 7th edition 1995 American Public Health Association Washington (DC)
71. R.D. Hess Routine Epstein-Barr virus diagnostics from the laboratory perspective: still challenging after 35 years J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 3381 3387
72. R.D. Pitetti, S. Laus, and R.M. Wadowsky Clinical evaluation of a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in children Pediatr Infect Dis J 22 2003 736 739
73. C.T. Le, R.S. Chang, and M.H. Lipson Epstein-Barr virus infections during pregnancy. A prospective study and review of the literature Am J Dis Child 137 5 1983 466 468
74. F. Gervais, and J.H. Joncas Seropeidemiology in various population groups of the greater Montreal area Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2 2-3 1979 207 212
75. J. Icart, J. Didier, and M. Dalens Prospective study of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection during pregnancy Biomedicine 34 3 1981 160 163
76. G. Fleisher, and R. Bolognese Epstein-Barr virus infections in pregnancy: a prospective study J Pediatr 104 3 1984 374 379
77. G. Fleisher, and R. Bolognese Infectious mononucleosis during gestation: report of three women and their infants studied prospectively Pediatr Infect Dis 3 4 1984 308 311
78. R.A. Smego, and M.O. Asperilla Use of acyclovir for varicella pneumonia during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 78 1991 1112 1116
79. Anonymous Varicella-related deaths among adults-United States, 1997 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46 1997 409 412
80. J.A. Sever, and L.R. White Intrauterine viral infections Annu Rev Med 19 1969 471 486
81. G.C. Gray, L.A. Palinkas, and P.W. Kelly Increasing incidence of varicella hospitalizations in the United States Army and Navy personnel Pediatrics 86 1990 867 873
82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee: varicella-zoster immune globulin for the prevention of chicken pox MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 33 1984 84 90
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases 8th edition 2005 National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services Atlanta (GA)
84. J.E. Cradock-Watson, M.K.S. Rideholgh, and M.S. Bourne Specific immunoglobulin responses after varicella and herpes zoster J Hyg (Lond) 82 1979 319 336
85. K.A. Martin, A.K. Junker, and E.E. Thomas Occurrence of chicken pox during pregnancy in women seropositive for varicella-zoster virus J Infect Dis 170 1994 991 995
86. C. Aebi, A. Ahmed, and O. Ramilo Bacterial complications of primary varicella in children Clin Infect Dis 23 1996 698 705
87. P.W. Choo, J.G. Donahue, and J.E. Manson The epidemiology of varicella and its complications J Infect Dis 172 1995 706 712
88. S.R. Preblud Age-specific risks of varicella complications Pediatrics 68 1981 14 17
89. S.M. Ramin, and L.C. Gilstrap Varicella zoster in pregnancy J.G. Pastorek Obstetric and gynecologic infectious disease 1994 Raven Press New York 343 351
90. A. Sauerbrei, U. Eichhorn, and M. Schacke Laboratory diagnosis of herpes zoster J Clin Virol 14 1 1999 31 36
91. J.H. Harger, J.M. Ernest, and G.R. Thurnau Frequency of congenital varicella syndrome in a prospective cohort of 347 pregnant women Obstet Gynecol 100 2002 260 265
92. C.G. Prober, A.A. Gershon, and C. Grose Consensus: varicella-zoster infections in pregnancy and the perinatal period Pediatr Infect Dis J 9 1990 865 869
93. J.A. McGregor, S. Mark, and G.P. Crawford Varicella zoster antibody testing in the care of pregnant woman exposed to varicella Am J Obstet Gynecol 157 1987 281 289
94. G. Enders Management of varicella-zoster contact and infection in pregnancy using a standardized varicella-zoster ELISA test Postgrad Med J 61 S4 1985 23
95. D.J. Rouse, M. Gardner, and S.J. Allen Management of the presumed susceptible varicella (chickenpox)-exposed gravida: a cost-effectiveness/cost- benefit analysis Obstet Gynecol 87 1996 932 936
96. Y. Asano, T. Yoshikawa, and S. Suga Postexposure prophylaxis of varicella in family contact by oral acyclovir Pediatrics 92 2 1993 219 222
97. S. Suga, T. Yoshikawa, and T. Ozaki Effect of oral acyclovir against primary and secondary viraemia in incubation period of varicella Arch Dis Child 69 1993 639 642
98. M.R. Wallace, W.A. Bowler, and N.B. Murray Treatment of adult varicella with oral acyclovir Ann Intern Med 117 1992 358 363
99. M.M. Ogilvie Antiviral prophylaxis and treatment in chickenpox. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection J Infect 36 Suppl 1 1998 31 38
100. A.M. Kesson, K. Grimwood, and M.A. Burgess Acyclovir for the prevention and treatment of varicella zoster in children, adolescents and pregnancy J Paediatr Child Health 32 1996 211 217
101. G.P. Clark, P.M. Dobson, and A. Thickett Chicken pox pneumonia, its complications and management: a report of three cases, including the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Anaesthesia 46 5 1991 376 380
102. S.M. Cox, F.G. Cunningham, and J. Luby Management of varicella pneumonia complicating pregnancy Am J Perinatol 7 4 1990 300 301
103. G.D.V. Hankins, L.C. Gilstrap, and A. Patterson Acyclovir treatment of varicella pneumonia in pregnancy Crit Care Med 15 1987 336 337
104. M.D. Moomaw, P. Cornea, and R.C. Rathbun Review of antiviral therapy for herpes labialis, genital herpes and herpes zoster Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 1 2 2003 283 295
105. R.E. Harris, and E.R. Rhoades Varicella pneumonia complicating pregnancy: report of a case and review of the literature Obstet Gynecol 25 1965 734 740
106. J.H. Harger, J.M. Ernest, and G.R. Thurnau Risk factors and outcome of varicella-zoster virus pneumonia in pregnant women J Infect Dis 185 2002 422 427
107. W.A. Lee, S. Kolla, and R.J. Schreiner Jr Prolonged extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for varicella pneumonia Crit Care Med 25 6 1997 977 982
108. D.W. Steyn, and H.J. Odendaal Fetal resuscitation in a patient with varicella pneumonia and preterm labor Int J Gynaecol Obstet 30 2 1989 171 175
109. E.G. Laforet, and C.L. Lynch Multiple congenital defects following maternal varicella N Engl J Med 236 1947 534 537
110. K. Higa, K. Dan, and H. Manabe Varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy: hypothesis concerning the mechanisms of congenital malformations Obstet Gynecol 69 2 1987 214 222
111. M. Siegel, H.T. Fuerst, and N.S. Peress Comparative fetal mortality in maternal virus disease N Engl J Med 274 1966 768
112. S.R. Preblud, S.L. Cochi, and W.A. Orenstein Varicella-zoster infection in pregnancy N Engl J Med 315 1986 1416
113. G. Enders, E. Miller, and J. Cradock-Watson Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases Lancet 343 1994 1548 1550
114. G. Cuthbertson, C.P. Weiner, and R.H. Giller Prenatal diagnosis of second-trimester congenital varicella syndrome by virus-specific immunoglobulin M J Pediatr 111 4 1987 592 595
115. E. Puchhammer-Stöckl, C. Kunz, and C. Wagner Detection of varicella virus (VZV) DNA in fetal tissue by polymerase chain reaction J Perinat Med 22 1 1994 65 69
116. F. Lécuru, R. Taurelle, and J.P. Bernard Varicella zoster virus infection during pregnancy: the limits of prenatal diagnosis Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 56 1994 67 68
117. N.B. Isada, D.P. Paar, and M.P. Johanson In utero diagnosis of congenital varicella zoster virus infection by chorionic villus sampling and polymerase chain reaction Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 1991 1727 1730
118. H. Verstraelen, B. Vanzieleghem, and P. Defoort Prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in fetal varicella syndrome: correlation with pathology findings Prenat Diagn 23 9 2003 705 709
119. D.H. Pretorius, I. Hayward, and K.L. Jones Sonographic evaluation of pregnancies with maternal varicella infection J Ultrasound Med 11 1992 45 63
120. E. Miller, J.E. Cradock-Watson, and M.K. Ridehalgh Outcome of newborn babies given anti-varicella-zoster immunogobulin after perinatal infection with varicella-zoster virus Lancet ii 8659 1989 371 373
121. American Academy of Pediatrics Varicella zoster infections L.K. Pickering Red book: 2003 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases 26th edition 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics Elk Grove Village (IL) 672 686
122. K. Hanngren, M. Grandien, and G. Granstrom Effect of zoster immunoglobulin for varicella prophylaxis in the newborn Scand J Infect Dis 17 4 1985 343 347
123. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 45 RR-11 1996 1 25
124. M.R. Hammerschlag, A.A. Gershon, and S.P. Steinberg Herpes zoster in an adult recipient of live attenuated varicella vaccine J Infect Dis 160 1989 535 537
125. National Immunization Program Varicella vaccine-FAQs related to pregnancy Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vaccine/varicella/faqs-clinic-vac-preg.htm Accessed March 21, 2005