Peat-forming history of the ancestral Souris mire (Palaeocene), Ravenscrag Formation, southern Saskatchewan, Canada

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 307-322

  Frank, M C ^a   Bend, S L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGINA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COAL; PETROLOGY; PLANTS (BOTANY);

FLORAL ASSEMBLAGE; GYMNOSPERMS; NUTRIENTS;

PEAT;

CYCLIC SEDIMENTATION; MIRE; PALEOCENE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PEAT; WATER DEPTH;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; SASKATCHEWAN; WILLISTON BASIN;

EID: 2342640984     PISSN: 00084077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/e04-002     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Broughton, P.L. 1979. Origin of coal basins by salt solution tectonics in western Canada. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
2. Cameron, A.R. 1991. Regional patterns of reflectance in lignites of the Ravenscrag Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada. Organic Geochemistry, 17: 223-242.
3. Cameron, C.C., Esterle, J.S., and Palmer, C.A. 1989. The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes. In Peat and coal: origin, facies, and depositional models. Edited by P.C. Lyons and B. Alpern. International Journal of Coal Geology, 12: 105-156.
4. Casagrande, D.J., Gronli, K., and Sutton, N. 1980. The distribution of sulfur and organic matter in various fractions of peat: origins of sulfur in coal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44: 25-32.
5. Christanis, K., Georgakopoulos, A., Fernández-Turiel, J.L., and Bouzinos, A. 1998. Geological factors influencing the concentration of trace-elements in the Philippi peatland, eastern Macedonia, Greece. International Journal of Coal Geology, 36: 295-313.
6. Cohen, A.D. 1973. Petrology of some Holocene peat sediments from the Okefenokee Swamp-Marsh complex of southern Georgia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84: 3867-3878.
7. Cohen, A.D. 1995. Peat deposits of the Okefenokee Swamp: their significance in interpreting the characteristics of coal seams. Fieldtrip Guidebook for Amoco Production Company's Coal Source-Rock Field Seminar, May 1995.
8. Cohen, A.D., Andrejko, M.J,. Spackman, W., and Corvinus, D. 1984. Peat deposits of the Okefenokee Swamp. In The Okefenokee Swamp: its natural history, geology and geochemistry. Edited by A.D. Cohen, D.J. Casagrande, M.J. Andrejko, and G.R. Best. Wetland Surveys, Los Alamos, N.Mex., pp. 493-553.
9. Cohen, A.D., Spackman, W., and Raymond, R. 1987. Interpreting the characteristics of coal seams from chemical, physical and petrographic studies of peat deposits. In Coal and coal-bearing strata: recent advances. Edited by A.C. Scott. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 32, pp. 107-125.
10. Cohen, A.D., Raymond, R., Ramirez, A., Morales, Z., and Ponce, F. 1989. The Changuinola peat deposit of northwestern Panama: a tropical back-barrier, peat (coal)-forming environment. International Journal of Coal Geology, 12: 157-192.
11. Collinson, M.E., and Scott, A.C. 1987. Implications of vegetational change through the geological record on models for coal-forming environments. In Coal and coal-bearing strata: recent advances. Edited by A.C. Scott. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 32, pp. 67-85.
12. Corvinus, D.A., and Cohen, A.D. 1979. Pre-maceral characteristics of carbonaceous sediments from Snuggedy Swamp, South Carolina. In Compte Rendu Neuvième Congrès International de Stratigraphie et de Géologie de Carbonifère, Washington and Champaign-Urbana, Vol. 4, pp. 171-181.
13. Courel, L. 1989. Organics versus clastics: conditions necessary for peat (coal) development. In Peat and coal: origin, facies, and depositional models. Edited by P.C. Lyons and B. Alpern. International Journal of Coal Geology, 12: 193-207.
14. Cross, A.T., and Taggart, R.E. 1982. Causes of short-term sequential changes in fossil plant assemblages: some considerations based on a Miocene flora of the northwest United States. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 69: 676-734.
15. Cypert, E. 1972. The origin of houses in the Okefenokee prairies. The American Midland Naturalist, 87: 448-458.
16. Daly, D.J., Schmit, C.R., and Sholes, M.A. 1992. A review of the geology and depositional environments of the coal bearing sequence in the Fort Union Lignite Region. In Geology and utilization of Fort Union lignites. Edited by R.B. Finkelman, S.J. Tewalt, and D.J. Daly. Environmental and Coal Associates, Reston, Virginia. In co-operation with Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N.Dak., pp. 3-51.
17. Demchuk, T, Cameron, A.R., and Hills, L.V. 1993. Organic petrology of an early Paleocene coal zone, Wabamun, Alberta: palynology, petrography and geochemistry. Organic Geochemistry, 20: 135-148.
18. Diessel, C.F.K. 1992. Coal-bearing depositional systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
19. Falcon, R.M.S. 1989. Macro- and micro-factors affecting coal-seam quality and distribution in southern Africa with particular reference to the No. 2 seam, Witbank coalfield, South Africa. In Peat and coal: origin, facies, and depositional models. Edited by P.C. Lyons and B. Alpern. International Journal of Coal Geology, 12: 681-731.
20. Ferm, J.C., and Ward, C.R. 1984. Geology of coal. In Coal geology and coal technology. Edited by C.R. Ward. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 151-176.
21. Frank, M.C. 1999. Organic petrology and depositional environments of the Souris Lignite, Ravenscrag Formation (Palaeocene), southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Ph.D. thesis, University of Regina, Regina, Sask.
22. Frank, M.C., and Bend, S.L. 2004. Preparation of oriented block-samples of lignite for petrographic analysis. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74: 311-313.
23. Fraser, F.J., McLearn, F.H., Russell, L.S., Warren, P.S., and Wickenden, R.T.D. 1935. Geology of southern Saskatchewan, Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 176.
24. Galloway, W.E., and Hobday, D.K. 1983. Terrigenous clastic depositional systems: applications to petroleum, coal, and uranium exploration. Springer- Verlag, New York, N.Y.
25. Grady, W.C., and Eble, C.F. 1990. Relationships among macerals, minerals, miospores and paleoecology in a column of Redstone coal (Upper Pennsylvanian) from north-central West Virginia (U.S.A.). International Journal of Coal Geology, 15: 1-26.
26. Hacquebard, P.A., and Donaldson, J.R. 1969. Carboniferous coal deposition associated with flood-plain and limnic environments in Nova Scotia. In Environments of coal deposition. Edited by E.C. Dapples and M.E. Hopkins. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 114, pp. 143-191.
27. Hartman, J.H., and Kihm, A.J. 1992. Chronostratigraphy of Paleocene strata in the Willsiton Basin. In Geology and utilization of Fort Union lignites. Edited by R.B. Finkelman, S.J. Tewalt, and D.J. Daly. Environmental and Coal Associates, Reston, Virginia. In co-operation with Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N.Dak., pp. 52-75.
28. Haszeldine, R.S. 1989. Coal reviewed: depositional controls, modern analogues and ancient climates. In Deltas: sites and traps for fossil fuels. Edited by M.K.G. Whateley, and K.T. Pickering. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 41, pp. 289-308.
29. ICCP (International Committee for Coal Petrology) 1971. International handbook of coal petrography, supplement to the 2nd edition. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
30. Jarzen, D.M. 1977. Aquilapollenites and some santalalean genera-a botanical comparison. Grana, 16: 29-39.
31. Jarzen, D.M. 1982. Angiosperm pollen from the Ravenscrag Formation (Paleocene), southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Pollen et Spores, 24: 119-155.
32. McCabe, P.J. 1984. Depositional environments of coal and coal-bearing strata. In Sedimentology of coal and coal-bearing sequences. Edited by R.A. Rahmani, and R.M. Flores. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 7, pp. 13-42.
33. McCarthy, T.S., McIver, J.R., Cairncross, B., Ellery, W.N., and Ellery, K. 1989. The inorganic chemistry of peat from the Maunachira channel-swamp system, Okavango Delta, Botswana. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53: 1077-1089.
34. McGlone, M.S., Nelson, C.S., and Todd, A.J. 1984. Vegetation history and environmental significance of pre-peat and surficial peat deposits at Ohinewai. Lower Waikato lowland. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 14: 233-244.
35. Melchior, R. 1983. Observations on a petrified peat from the Paleocene Sentinel Butte Formation (Fort Union Group) of North Dakota. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on peat utilization, Center for Environmental Studies, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minn., 1983. pp. 27-39.
36. Moore, P.D. 1987. Ecological and hydrological aspects of peat formation. In Coal and coal-bearing strata: recent advances. Edited by A.C. Scott. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 32, pp. 7-15.
37. Moore, P.D., and Bellamy, D.J 1974. Peatlands. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
38. Moore, T.A., and Ferm, J.C. 1988. A modification of procedures for petrographic analysis of Tertiary Indonesian coals. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 2: 175-183.
39. Moore, T.A., and Ferm, J.C. 1992. Composition and grain size of an Eocene coal bed in southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Coal Geology, 21: 1-30.
40. Rich, F.J. 1979. The origin and development of tree islands in the Okefenokee Swamp, as determined by peat petrography and pollen stratigraphy. Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Penn.
41. Rich, F.J., Kuehn, D., and Davies, T.D. 1982. The paleoecological significance of Ovoidites. Palynology. 6: 19-28.
42. Rodwell, J.S., Pigott, C.D., Ratcliffe, D.A., Malloch, A.J.C., Birks, H.J.B., Proctor, M.C.F., Shimwell, D.W., Huntley, J.P., Radford, E., Wigginton, M.J., and Wilkins, P. 1995. British plant communities, Vol. 4: Aquatic communities, swamps and tall-herb fens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
43. Rollins, M.S., Cohen, A.D., and Durig, J.R. 1993. Effects of fires on the chemical and petrographic composition of peat in the Snuggedy Swamp, South Carolina. International Journal of Coal Geology, 22: 101-117.
44. Rull, V. 1999. A palynological record of a secondary succession after fire in the Gran Sabana, Venezuela. Journal of Quaternary Science, 14: 137-152.
45. Schlesinger, W.H. 1978. Community structure, dynamics and nutrient cycling in the Okefenokee cypress swamp-forest. Ecological Monographs, 48: 43-65.
46. S.G.S. (Saskatchewan Geological Survey) 1994. Geology and mineral resources of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines, Miscellaneous Report 94-6.
47. Smith, A.H.V. 1962. The palaeoecology of Carboniferous peats based on the miospores and petrography of bituminous coals. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 33: 423-474.
48. Spackman, W., Riegel, W.L., and Dolsen, C.P. 1969. Geological and biological interactions in the swamp-complex of southern Florida. In Environments of coal deposition. Edited by E.C. Dapples and M.E. Hopkins. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 114, pp. 1-35.
49. Styan, W.B., and Bustin, R.M. 1983. Petrography of some Fraser River Delta peat deposits: coal maceral and microlithotype precursors in temperate-climate peats. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2: 321-370.
50. Styan, W.B., and Bustin, R.M. 1984. Sedimentology of Fraser River Delta peat deposits: a modern analogue for some deltaic coals. In Sedimentology of coal and coal-bearing sequences. Edited by R.A. Rahmani and R.M. Flores. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 7, pp. 241-271.
51. Sweet, A.R., and Braman, D.R. 1992. The K-T boundary and contiguous strata in western Canada: interactions between paleoenvironments and palynological assemblages. Cretaceous Research, 13: 31-79.
52. Sweet, A.R., and Cameron, A.R. 1991. Palynofacies, coal petrographic facies and depositional environments: Amphitheatre Formation (Eocene to Oligocene) and Ravenscrag Formation (Maastrichtian to Paleocene), Canada. International Journal of Coal Geology, 19: 121-144.
53. Ting, F.T.C. 1977. Microscopical investigation of the transformation (diagenesis) from peat to lignite. Journal of Microscopy, 109: 75-83.
54. Traverse, A. 1988. Paleopalynology. Unwin Hyman Ltd., London, U.K.
55. Van Geel, B. 1978. A palaeoecological study of Holocene peat bog sections in Germany and the Netherlands, based on the analysis of pollen, spores and macro- and microscopic remains of fungi, algae, cormophytes and animals. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 25: 1-120.
56. Van Geel, B., Bohncke, S.J.P., and Dee, H. 1981. A palaeoecological study of an upper Late Glacial and Holocene sequence from "De Borchert", The Netherlands. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 31: 367-448.
57. Weber, C.A. 1902. Über die Vegetation und Entstehung des Hochmoors von Augstumal im Memeldelta mit vergleichenden Ausblicken auf andere Hochmoore der Erde: eine formationsbiologischhistorische und geologische Studie. Parey, Berlin, Germany, 252 p.
58. Whitaker, S.H, Irvine, J.A., Broughton P.L., Cameron, A.R., and Sweet A.R. 1978. Coal resources of southern Saskatchewan: a model for evaluation methodology. Geological Survey of Canada Economic Geology Report 30, Department of Mineral Resources Report 209, Saskatchewan Research Council Report 20.