Flight-path management/control methodology to reduce helicopter blade-vortex interaction noise

Journal of Aircraft

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 193-205

  Schmitz, Fredric H ^a,b,c   Gopalan, Gaurav ^a,b,c   Sim, Ben Wel C ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b Aerospace Engineering Department   (United States)

^c AIAA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATION; ACOUSTIC NOISE; EQUATIONS OF STATE; HELICOPTERS; LANDING; PROCESS CONTROL; ROTORS; TURBOMACHINE BLADES;

BLADE-VORTEX INTERACTION NOISE; FLIGHT-PATH MANAGEMENT; RADIATED NOISE; ROTORCRAFT; STEADY-STATE TRIM EQUATIONS;

FLIGHT DYNAMICS;

EID: 2342635049     PISSN: 00218669     EISSN: 15333868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2514/2.2923     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Schmitz, F. H., "Rotor Noise," Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles, Theory and Practice, edited by H. H. Hubbard, Vol. 1, Noise Sources, Acoustical Society of America, New York, 1995, pp. 65-149.
2. George, A. R., "Helicopter Noise: State of the Art," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 15, No. 11, 1978, pp. 707-715.
3. Boxwell, D. A., Schmitz, F. H., Splettstoesser, W. R., and Schultz, K. J., "Helicopter Model Rotor-Blade Vortex Interaction Impulsive Noise: Scalability and Parametric Variations," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1987, pp. 3-12.
4. Shultz, K. J., and Splettstoesser, W. R., "Measured and Predicted Impulsive Noise Directivity Characteristics," Thirteenth European Rotorcraft Forum, Paper 12, Sept. 1987.
5. Tung, C., Kube, R., Brooks, T. F., and Rahier, G., "Prediction and Measurement of Blade-Vortex Interaction," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1998, pp. 260-266.
6. Hawles, D. R., "Flight Operations to Minimize Noise," Vertiflite, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1971. pp. 4-9.
7. "Pilot Training," Fly Neighborly Guide, Helicopter Association International (HAI) Fly Neighborly Committee, Alexandria, VA, 1993, pp. 3-26.
8. Hindson, W. S., and Chen, R. T. N., "Operational Tests of Noise Abatement for Rotorcraft Using Differential GPS for Guidance," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 43, No. 4, 1998, pp. 352-359.
9. Schmitz, F. H., Stepniewski, W. Z., Gibs, J., and Hinterkeuser, E., "A Comparison of Optimal and Noise-Abatement Trajectories of a Tilt-Rotor Aircraft," NASA CR-2034, May 1972.
10. Stepniewski, W. Z., and Schmitz, F. H., "Possibilities and Problems of Achieving Community Noise Acceptance of VTOL Aircraft," Aeroenautical Journal of Great Britain, Vol. 77, No. 730, 1973, pp. 311-326.
11. Schmitz, F. H., and Stepniewski, W. Z., "Reduction of VTOL Operational Noise Through Flight Trajectory Management," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 10, No. 7, 1973, pp. 385-394.
12. Schmitz, F. H., "Reduction of Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) Noise through X-Force Control," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 43, No. 1, 1998, pp. 14-24.
13. Abello, J. C., and George, A. R., "Rotorcraft BVI Noise Radiation by Attitude Modification," AIAA Paper 99-1931, May 1999.
14. Lucas, M. J., and Marcolini, M. A., "Rotorcraft Noise Model," American Helicopter Society Technical Specialists Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics and Aerodynamics, Oct. 1997.
15. Sim, B. W., and Schmitz, F. H., "Acoustic Phasing and Amplification Effects of Single Rotor Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interactions," American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum, May 1999.
16. Lowson, M. V., "Focusing of Helicopter BVI Noise," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 190, No. 3, 1996. pp. 477-494.
17. Leishman, J. G., "Acoustic Focusing Effects Generated by Parallel and Oblique Blade Vortex Interactions," American Helicopter Society Technical Specialists Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics and Aerodynamics, Oct. 1997.
18. Schmitz, F. H., and Sim, B. W., "Radiation and Directionality Characteristics of Advancing Side Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) Noise," AIAA Paper 2000-1922, June 2000.
19. Sim, B. W., and Schmitz, F. H., "Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) Noise: Retreating Side Characteristics, Sensitivity to Chordwise Loading and Unsteady Aerodynamics," American Helicopter Society Aeromechanics Specialists Meeting, Nov. 2000.
20. Johnson, W., "Airloads and Wake Models for a Comprehensive Helicopter Analysis," NASA CR-177551, April 1990.
21. Bir, G., and Chopra, I., "University of Maryland Advanced Rotorcraft Code (UMARC), Theory Manual," Rept. UM-AERO 94-18, Univ. of Maryland. College Park, MD, 1994.
22. Ffowcs-Williams, J. E., and Hawkings, D. L., "Sound Generation by Turbulence and Surfaces in Arbiturary Motion," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. A 264, No. 1151, 1969. pp. 321-342.
23. Farassat, F., "Linear Acoustic Formulas for Calculation of Rotating Blade Noise," AIAA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 9, 1981, pp. 1122-1130.
24. Brentner, K. S., and Jones, H. E., "Noise Prediction for Maneuvering Rotorcraft," AIAA Paper 2000-2031, June 2000.
25. Sim, B. W., Schmitz, F. H., and Aoyama, T., "Near/Far-Field Radiation Characteristics of Advancing Side Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) Noise," American Helicopter Society 56th Annual National Forum, May 2000.
26. Leishman, J. G., "Rotor Wakes and Tip Vortices," Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, 1st ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, U.K.; 2000, pp. 418-486.
27. Beddoes, T. S., "A Wake Model for High Resolution Airloads," Army Research Office 2nd International Conf. on Rotorcraft Basic Research, Research Triangle Park, NC, Feb. 1985.
28. Lowson, M. V., "The Sound Field for Singularities in Motion," Proceedings of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Vol. 286, 1965, pp. 559-572.
29. "Method for Calculation of the Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere," American National Standard, ANSI S1.26-1995, American National Standard Inst., NY, 1995.
30. Bennet, R. L., and Pearsons, K. S., "Handbook of Aircraft Noise Metric," NASA CR-3406, 1981.
31. Conner, D. A., Marcolini, M. A., Decker, W. A., Cline, J. H., Edwards, B. D., Nicks, C. O., and Klein, P. D., "XV-15 Tiltrotor Low Noise Approach Operations," American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum, May 1999.