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The optical path length difference of the decoherers is not generally exactly 140λ, causing an extra phase on the off-diagonal elements. The phase is set to zero by slightly tipping one of the decoherers about its vertical axis.
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33
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As recently demonstrated [M. Barbieri, F. De Martini, G. Di Nepi, and P. Mataloni, quant-ph/0303018; G. Di Nepi, F. De Martini, M. Barbieri, and P. Mataloni, quant-ph/0307204], one could instead use the spatial degree of freedom to induce decoherence; however, the states are then not suitable, e.g., for use in fiber optic systems, or where interference methods are needed.
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2-4).
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In "twirling," a random SU(2) rotation is independently performed on each photon pair.
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Because it is presently very difficult to produce simultaneous indistinguishable pairs of photons, the filtration technique is much more efficient, e.g., where typically 20% of our incident ensemble of pairs survived, less than 0.005% would survive (estimated from the twofold and fourfold coincidence data reported in [24]) in the interference schemes, which require four photons.
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