Three reasons why a global market in pharmaceutical products is inherently unjust

Journal of Social Philosophy

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 391-400

  Holm, Søren ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DRUG COST; DRUG INDUSTRY; ETHICS; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEGAL APPROACH; LEGAL ASPECT; PATENT; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; LEGAL APPROACH;

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUG COSTS; DRUG INDUSTRY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; PATENTS; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

EID: 2342525978     PISSN: 00472786     EISSN: 14679833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0047-2786.00060     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (16)

1. WTO, Trading into the Future-WTO: The World Trade Organisation, 2nd ed. (Geneva: WTO, 1999), p. 25.
2. On local "working" requirements, see W. Lesser, Equitable Patent Protection in the Developing World-Issues and Approaches (Christchurch, New Zealand: Eubios Ethics Institute, 1991).
3. See, for instance, Resolution WHA52.19, "Revised Drug Strategy", adopted at the 52nd World Health Assembly, 1999.
4. See, for instance, the "Open Letter to the WTO Member Countries on TRIPS and Access to Health Care Technology", sponsored by Health Action International, Médecins Sans Frontières, and the Consumer Project on Technology .
5. For a useful bibliography see G. Velásquez and P. Boulet, Globalization and Access to Drugs: Implications of the WTO/TRIPS Agreement (Geneva: WHO, 1999).
6. Intellectual Property Law. London: Cavendish, 1999.
7. However, most patented inventions are never exploited. See C. T. Taylor and Z. A. Silberston, The Economic Impact of the Patent System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).
8. The Observer, 14 November 1999, Business, p. 2.
9. C. M. Correa, "Patenting pharmaceuticals: A new global order", Essential Drugs Monitor 22(1996):20.
10. A more extended argument can be found in C. M. Correa, Uruguay Round and Drugs (Geneva: WHO Task Force on Health Economics/Action Programme on Essential Drugs, 1996).
11. J. Nogues, "Social costs and benefits of introducing patent protection for pharmaceutical drugs in developing countries", The Developing Economies 31, no. 1(1993):24-53.
12. A. Subramanian, "Putting Some Numbers on the TRIPS Pharmaceutical Debate." International Journal of Technology Management 10, no. 2-3(1995):252-68.
13. WTO, Trading into the Future, p. 59.
14. A. Donald, "Political economy of technology transfer", British Medical Journal (1999) (319): 1298.
15. For the scale of this migration see World Health Report 1998 (Geneva: WHO, 1998).
16. Velásquez and Boulet, Globalization and Access to Drugs, p. 25.