Trophic status and population density of zooxanthellae in hermatypic corals

Russian Journal of Marine Biology

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 231-240

  Leletkin, V A ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF MARINE BIOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Reef building corals; Symbiosis; Zooxanthellae

Indexed keywords

EID: 2342467985     PISSN: 10630740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02759502     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Achituv, Y., Ben-Zion, M., and Mizrahi, L., Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Composition of Zooxanthellae and Animal Fractions of the Coral. Pocillopora damicomis Exposed to Ammonium Enrichment., Pacif. Sci., 1994, vol. 48,. pp. 224-233.
2. Achituv, Y. and Mizrahi, L., Recycling of Ammonium Within a Hydrocoral (Millepora dichotoma)-Zooxanthellae-Cirripede (Savignium milleporum) Symbiotic Association, Bull. Mar. Sci., 1996, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 856-860.
3. Atkinson, M. J., Kotler, E., and Newton, P., Effect of Water Velocity on Respiration, Calcification, and Ammonium Uptake of a Pontes compressa Community, Pacif. Sci., 1994, vol. 48, pp. 296-303.
4. Belda, C. A., Lucas, J. S., and Yellowless, D., Nutrient limitation in the giant clam-zooxanthellae symbiosis: effect of nutrient supplements on growth of the symbiotic partners, Mar. Biol., 1993, vol. 117, pp. 655-664.
5. Berner, T. and Izhaki, I., Effect of Exogenous Nitrogen Levels on Ultrastructure of Zooxanthellae from the Heterotrophic Coral Pocillopora damicornis, Pacif. Sci., 1994, vol. 48, pp. 254-262.
6. Blanquet, R. S., Emanuel, D., and Murphy, T. A., Suppression of Exogenous Alanine Uptake Isolated Zooxanthellae by Chidarian Host Homogenate Fraction: Species and Symbiosis Specificity, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, 1988, vol. 117, pp. 1-8.
7. Boschma, H., On the Feeding Reactions and Digestion in the Coral Polyp Astrangia danae, With Notes on Its Symbiosis With Zooxanthellae, Biol. Bull., 1925, vol. 49, pp. 407-439.
8. Capblaneg, J., Nutrient Dynamics and Pelagic Food Web Interactions in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Environments: An Overview, Hidrobiologia, 1990, vol. 207, pp. 1-14.
9. Carroll, S. and Blanquet, R. S., Alanine Uptake by Isolated Zooxanthellae of the Mangrove Jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana. II. Inhibition by Host Homogenate Fraction, Biol. Bull, 1984, vol. 166, pp. 419-426.
10. Clayton, W. S. and Lasker, H. R., Host Feeding Regime and Zooxanthellae Photosynthesis in the Anemone, Aiptasia pallida (Verrill), Biol. Bull., 1984, vol. 167, pp. 590-600.
11. Colley, N. J. and Trench, R. K., Cellular Events in the Re-Establishment of a Symbiosis Between a Marine Dinoflagellate and Coelenterate, Cell Tissue Res., 1985, vol. 239, pp. 93-103.
12. Cook, C. B., Equilibrium Populations and Long-Term Stability of Mutualistic Algae Invertebrate Host, Ecology of Mutualisms: Ecology and Evolution, Croon-Helm, 1985, pp. 171-191.
13. Cook, C. B. and D'Elia, C. F., Are Natural Populations of Zooxanthellae Ever Nutrient Limited?, Symbiosis, 1987, vol. 4, pp. 199-212.
14. Cook, C. B., D'Elia C. F., and Muller-Parker, G., Host Feeding and Nutrient Sufficiency for Zooxanthellae in the Sea Anemone Aiptasia pallida, Mar. Biol., 1988, vol. 98, pp. 253-262.
15. Cook, C. B. and Fitt, W. K., Some Effects of Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients on the Growth of Zooxanthellae in the Hydroid Myrionema ambionense, Endocytobiology, Paris: INRA, 1990, vol. 4, pp. 285-288.
16. Cook, C. B., Muller-Parker, G., and D'Elia, C. F., Ammonium Enhancement of Dark Carbon Fixation and Nitrogen Limitation in Symbiotic Zooxanthellae: Effect of Feeding and Starvation on Sea Anemone Aiptasia pallida, Limnol. Oceanogr., 1992, vol. 37, pp. 131-139.
17. Cook, C. B., Muller-Parker, G., and Fernet, M. D., An Assessment of Nutrient Sufficiency in Symbiotic Dinoflagellate, Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1997, vol. 1, pp. 903-908.
18. Davies, S., Endosymbiosis in Marine Cnidarians, Plant-Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos, Oxford: Systematic Association Clarendon Press, 1992, spec, vol. 46, pp. 511-540.
19. Davy, S. K., Lucas, I. A. N., and Turner, J. R., Carbon Budgets in Temperate Anthozoan-Dinoflagellate Symbioses, Mar. Biol, 1996, vol. 126, pp. 773-783.
20. Day, R. J., Algal Symbiosis in Bunodeopsis: Sea Anemones With "Auxiliary" Structures, Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 1994, vol. 186, pp. 182-194.
21. Drew, E. A., The Biology and Physiology of Alga-Invertebrate Symbiosis. II. The Density of Symbiotic Algal Cells in a Number of Hermatypic Corals and Alcyonarians From Various Depths, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1972, vol. 9, pp. 71-75.
22. Dubinsky, Z., Falkowski, P. G., Porter, J. W., and Muscatine, L., Absorption and Utilization of Radiant Energy by Light-and Shade-Adapted Colonies of the Hermatypic Coral Stylophora pistillata, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1984, vol. 222, pp. 203-214.
23. Dubinsky, Z. and Jokiel, P. J., Ratio of Energy and Nutrient Fluxes Regulates Symbiosis Between Zooxanthellae and Corals, Pacif. Sci., 1994, vol. 48, pp. 313-324.
24. Dubinsky, Z., Stambler, N., Ben-Zion, M., et al., The Effect of External Nutrient Resource on the Optical Properties and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Stylophora pistillata, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1990, vol. 239, pp. 231-246.
25. Dubinsky, Z. and Stambler, N., Marine Pollution and Coral Reefs, Global Change Biology, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 511-526.
26. Dustan, P., Depth Dependent Photoadaptation by Zooxanthellae of the Reef Coral Mantastrea annularis, Mar. Biol., 1982, vol. 68, pp. 253-262.
27. Falkowski, P. G. and Dubinsky, Z., Light-Shade Adaptation of Stylophora pistillata, A Hermatypic Coral From the Gulf of Eilat, Nature, 1981, vol. 289, pp. 172-174.
28. Falkowski, P. G., Dubinsky, Z., Muscatine, L., and McCloskey, L. R., Population Control in Symbiotic Corals, BioScience, 1993, vol. 43, pp. 606-611.
29. Falkowski, P. G., Dubinsky, Z., Muscatine, L., and Porter, J. W., Light and Bioenergetics of a Symbiotic Coral, BioScience, 1984, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 705-709.
30. Fankboner, P. V., Intracellular Digestion of Symbiotic Zooxanthellae by Host Amoebocytes in Giant Clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae), With a Note on the Nutritional Role of the Hypertrophical Siphonal Epidermis, Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 1971, vol. 141, pp. 222-234.
31. Fitt, W. K. and Cook, C. B., Some Effects of Host Feeding on Growth of Zooxanthellae in the Hydroid Myrionema ambionense in the Laboratory and in Nature, Endocytobiology, Paris: INRA, 1990, vol. 4, pp. 281-284.
32. Fitt, W. K., Heslinga, G. A., and Watson, T. C., Utilization of Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients in Growth and Mariculture of the Tridacnid Clam Tridacna derasa, Aquaculture, 1993, vol. 109, pp. 262-272.
33. Fitt, W. K., Rees, T. A. V., and Yellowless, D., Relationship Between pH and the Availability of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in the Zooxanthellae-Giant Clam Symbiosis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 1995, vol. 40, pp. 976-982.
34. Gates, R. D., Baghdasarian, G., and Muscatine, L., Temperature Stress Causes Host Cell Detachment in Symbiotic Chidarians: Implication For Coral Bleaching, Biol. Bull., 1992, vol. 182, pp. 324-332.
35. Gates, R. D., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McFall-Ngai, M. J., et al., Free Amino Acids Exhibit Anthozoan "Host Factor" Activity: They Induce the Release of Photosynthate From Symbiotic Dinoflagellates in vitro, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, vol. 92, pp. 7430-7434.
36. Glynn, P. W., Coral Reef Bleaching in the 1980s and Possible Connection With Global Warming, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1991, vol. 6, pp. 175-179.
37. Glynn, P. W., Coral Reef Bleaching: Fact, Hypotheses and Implications, Global Change Biology, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 495-509.
38. Hawkins, A. J. S. and Klumpp, D. W., Nutrition of the Giant Clam Tridacna gigas (L.). II. Relative Contributions of Filter-Feeding and the Ammonium-Nitrogen Acquired and Recycled by Symbiotic Alga Towards Total Nitrogen Requirements for Tissue Growth and Metabolism, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, 1995, vol. 190, pp. 263-290.
39. 2] Concentration, Pacif. Sci, 1994, vol. 48, pp. 263-272.
40. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McCloskey, L. R., and Muscatine, L., Expulsion of Zooxanthellae by Symbiotic Cnidarians From the Red Sea Corals, Coral Reefs, 1987, vol. 5, pp. 201-204.
41. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Smith, G. J., Influence of the Population Density of Zooxanthellae and Supply of Ammonium on the Biomass and Metabolic Characteristics of the Corals Seriatopora hystrix and Stylophora pistillata, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Sen, 1989, vol. 57, pp. 173-186.
42. Kempf, S. C., Symbiosis Between the Zooxanthellae Symbiodinium (=Gymnodinium) microadriaticum (Fredenthal) and Four Species of Nudibranches, Biol. Bull., 1984, vol. 166, pp. 110-126.
43. Kinzie, R. A., III., Experimental Infection of Aposymbiotic Gorgonian Polyps With Zooxanthellae, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1974, vol. 15, pp. 335-345.
44. Kremer, P., Costella, J., Kremer, J., and Canino, J., Signification of Photosynthetic Endosymbionts to the Carbon Budget of the Scyphomedusa Linuche unquiculata, Limnol. Oceanogr., 1990, vol. 35, pp. 609-624.
45. Lasker, H. R., Patterns of Zooxanthellae Distribution and Polyp Expansion in the Reef Coral Montastrea cavernosa, Proc. Third. Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1977, vol. 1, pp. 157-170.
46. Leletkin, V. A., Nechai, E. G., and Titlyanov, E. A., Respiration Rate of Zooxanthellae in a Native Coral, Biol. Morya, 1993, no. 5/6, pp. 90-99.
47. Leletkin, V. A., Titlyanov, E. A., and Dubinsky, Z., Photosynthesis and Respiration of the Zooxanthellae in Hermatypic Corals Habitated on Different Depths of the Gulf of Eilat, Photosynthetica, 1996, vol. 32, pp. 481-490.
48. Leletkin, V. A., Yamazato, K., and Titlyanov, E. A., Nitrogen and Photosynthetic Function of Hermatypic Corals (Theoretical Considerations), Zh. O-va Biol, 1999, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 311-317.
49. Leletkin, V. A., Zvalinskii, V. I., and Titlyanov, E. A., Photosynthesis of Zooxantellae in Different Depths, Fiziol. Rast., 1980, vol. 27, pp. 1163-1171.
50. Marubini, F. and Davies, P. S., Nitrate Increases Zooxanthellae Population Density and Reduces Skeletogenesis in Corals, Mar. Biol., 1996, vol. 127, pp. 319-328.
51. Maruyama, T. and Heslinga, G. A., Fecal Discharge of Zooxanthellae in the Giant Clam Tridacna derasa With Reference to Their in situ Growth Rate, Mar. Biol, 1997, vol. 127, pp. 473-477.
52. Masuda, K., Goto, M., Maruyama, T, and Miyachi, S., Adaptation of Solitary Corals and Their Zooxanthellae to Low Light and UV Radiation, Mar. Biol., 1993, vol. 117, pp. 685-691.
53. Masuda, K., Katoh, M., Miyachi, S., and Maruyama, T., Effect of Tissue Homogenate From Symbiotic or Nonsymbiotic Bivalves on Photosynthate Excretion From Freshly Isolated Zooxanthellae and Free-Living Microalgae. J. Mar. Biotechnol., 1996, vol. 4, pp. 100-103.
54. Masuda, K., Miyashi, S., and Maruyama, T., Sensitivity of Zooxanthellae and Nonsymbiotic Microalgae to Stimulation of Photosynthate Excretion by Giant Clam Tissue Homogenate, Mar. Biol, 1994, vol. 118, pp. 687-693.
55. McAuley, P. J., Quantitative Estimation of Movement of an Amino Acid From Host to Chlorella Symbionts in Green Hydra, Biol. Bull, 1987, vol. 173, pp. 504-512.
56. McAuley, P. J., Interaction Between Host and Symbionts in Algal Invertebrate Intracellular Symbioses, Bot. J. Scott., 1994, vol. 47, pp. 97-112.
57. McAuley, P. J. and Cook, C. B., Effect of Host Feeding and Dissolved Ammonium on Cell Division and Nitrogen Status of Zooxanthellae in the Hydroid Myrionema amboinenses, Mar. Biol, 1994, vol. 121, pp. 343-348.
58. McCloskey, L. R., Cove, T. G., and Verde, E. A., Symbiont Expulsion From the Anemone Anthopleura elegantisima (Brand) (Chidaria: Anthozoa), J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, 1996, vol. 195, pp. 173-186.
59. McFarland, F. K. and Muller-Parker, G., Photosynthesis and Retention of Zooxanthellae and Zoochlorellae Within the Aeolid Nubibranch Aeolidia papillosa, Biol Bull, 1993, vol. 184, pp. 230-229.
60. Miller, D. J. and Yellowless, D., Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake by Symbiotic Marine Cnidarians: A Critical Review, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1989, vol. 237, pp. 109-125.
61. Muller-Parker, G., Dispersal of Zooxanthellae on Coral Reefs by Predations on Cnidarians, Biol. Bull, 1984, vol. 167, pp. 159-167.
62. Muller-Parker, G., Effect of Feeding Regime and Irradiance on the Physiology of the Symbiotic Sea Anemone Aiptasia pulchella, Mar. Biol, 1985, vol. 90, pp. 65-74.
63. Muller-Parker, G., Seasonal Variation in Light-Shade Adaptation of Natural Population on the Symbiotic Sea Anemone Aiptasia pulchella (Carlgen, 1943) in Hawaii, J. Exp. Mar. Ecol, 1987, vol. 112, pp. 165-183.
64. Muller-Parker, G., Cook, C. B., and D'Elia, C. F., Elemental Composition of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis Exposed to Elevated Seawater Ammonium, Pacif. Sci., 1994a, vol. 48, pp. 234-246.
65. Muller-Parker, G., McCloskey, L. R., Hoeg-Guldberg, O., and McAuley, P. J., Effect of Ammonium Enrichment on Animal and Algal Biomass of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis, Pacif. Sci., 1994b, vol. 48, pp. 273-283.
66. Muller-Parker, G., Lee, K., and Cook, C. B., Changes in the infrastructure of Symbiotic Zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp., Pyrrophyta) in Fed and Starved Sea Anemone (Aiptasia pallida) Maintained Under High and Low Light, J. Phycol., 1996, vol. 32, pp. 987-994.
67. Muscatine, L., Falkowski, P. G., Dubinsky, Z., et al., The Effect of External Nutrient Resources on the Population Dynamics of Zooxanthellae in a Reef Coral, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1989, vol. 236, pp. 311-324.
68. Muscatine, L., McCloskey, L. R., and Loya, Y., A Comparison of the Growth Rates of Zooxanthellae and Animal Tissue in the Red Sea Coral Stylophora pistillata, Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congn, Moorea, French Polynesia: Anten-Museum; EDHE, 1985, vol. 6, pp. 119-123.
69. Muscatine, L. and Pool, R. R., Regulation of Numbers of Zooxanthellae Algae, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1979, vol. 204, pp. 131-139.
70. Muscatine, L., Porter, J. W., and Kaplan, I. R., Resource Partitioning by Reef Corals as Determined From Stable Isotope Composition, Mar. Biol., 1989, vol. 100, pp. 185-193.
71. Porter, J. W., Muscatine, L., Dubinsky, Z., and Falkowski, P. G., Primary Production and Photoadaptation in Light-and Shade-Adapted Colonies of the Symbiotic Coral, Stylophora pistillata, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1984, vol. 222, pp. 161-180.
72. Rahav, O., Dubinsky, Z., Achituv, Y., and Falkowski, P. G., Ammonium Metabolism in the Zooxanthellae Coral Stylophora pistillata, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1989, vol. 236, pp. 325-337.
73. Rees, T. A. V., The Green Hydra Symbiosis and Ammonium. I. The Role of the Host in Ammonium Assimilation and its Possible Regulatory Significance, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1986, vol. 229, pp. 299-314.
74. Rees, T. A. V., Are Symbiotic Algae Nutrient Deficient?, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1991, vol. 243, pp. 227-233.
75. Reimer, A. A., Observation on the Relationships Between Several Species of Tropical Zoanthids (Zoanthidae, Coelenterata) and Their Zooxanthellae, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1971, vol. 7, pp. 207-214.
76. Saundler, B. K. and Muller-Parker, G., The Effect of Temperature and Light on Two Algal Populations in the Temperate Sea Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brand, 1835), J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 1997, vol. 211, pp. 213-224.
77. Schoenberg, D. A. and Trench, R. K., Genetic Variation in Symbiodinium microad riaticum Fredental and Specificity in Its Symbiosis With Marine Invertebrates. III. Specificity and Infectivity of S. microadriaticum, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1980, vol. 207, pp. 445-460.
78. Snidvongs, A. and Kinzie, R. A., III, Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Enrichment on in vivo Symbiotic Zooxanthellae of Pocillopora damicornis, Mar. Biol., 1994, vol. 118, pp. 705-711.
79. Sorokin, Yu. I., On the Role of Heterotrophic Feeding in Energy Balance of Common Coral Species of the Australian Great Barrier Reef, Zh. O-va Biol., 1984, vol. 35, pp. 813-828.
80. Stambler, N., Cox, E. F., and Vogo, R., Effect of Ammonium Enrichment on Respiration, Zooxanthellae Density, and Pigment Concentration in Two Species of Hawaiian Coral, Pacif. Sci., 1994a, vol. 48, pp. 284-289.
81. Stambler, N., Jokiel, P. J., and Dubinsky, Z., Nutrient Limitation in the Symbiotic Association Between Zooxanthellae and Reef Building Corals: The Experimental Design, Pacif. Sci., 1994b, vol. 48, pp. 219-223.
82. Stambler, N., Popper, N., Dubinsky, Z., and Stimson, J., Effect of Nutrient Enrichment and Water Motion on the Coral Pocillopora damicornis, Pacif. Sci., 1991, vol. 45, pp. 299-307.
83. Steele, R. D., Light Intensity As a Factor in the Regulation of the Density of Symbiotic Zooxanthellae in Aiptasia tagetes (Coelenterata, Anthozoa), J. Zool., 1976, vol. 179, pp. 387-405.
84. Steele, R. D. and Goreau, N. I., The Breakdown of Symbiotic Zooxanthellae in the Sea Anemone Phyllastis (=Oulastis) floseulifera (Actiniaria), J. Zool., 1977, vol. 181, pp. 421-437.
85. Stimson, J. S., The Rate and Diel Pattern of Release of Zooxanthellae by Undisturbed Colonies of Pocillopora damicornis of Two Levels of Dissolved Nitrogen, Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp., Abstracts, 1988, p. 96.
86. Stimson, J. and Kinzie, R. A., HI, Temporal Pattern and Rate of Release of Zooxanthellae From the Reef Coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) Under Nitrogen-Enrichment and Control Conditions, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, 1991, vol. 153, pp. 63-74.
87. Sutton, D. C. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Host-Zooxanthellae Interactions in Four Temperate Marine Invertebrate Symbioses, Biol. Bull, 1990, vol. 178, pp. 175-186.
88. Szmant, A. M., Ferrer, L. M., and Fitzgerald, L. M., Nitrogen Excretion and O:N Ratios in Reef Corals: Evidence For Conservation of Nitrogen, Mar. Biol, 1990, vol. 104, pp. 119-127.
89. Szmant-Froelich, A. and Pilson, M. E. Q., Effect of Feeding Frequency and Symbiosis With Zooxanthellae on Nitrogen Metabolism and Respiration of the Coral Astrangia danae, Mar. Biol, 1984, vol. 81, pp. 153-162.
90. Taylor, D. L., Nutrient Competition as a Basis for Symbiont Selection in Associations Involving Convoluta rascoffcusis and Amphiscolops longerhausi, Endocytobiology, vol. 1: Endosymbiosis and Cell Biology, Schwemmler, W. and Schek H. E. A., Eds., Berlin: Wolter de Gruyter, 1980, pp. 279-291.
91. Thinh, L.-V., Photo-Adaptation in Two Species of Acropora Grown Under Controlled Conditions, Photosynthetica, 1991, vol. 25, pp. 365-371.
92. Titlyanov, E. A., Light Adaptation and Production Characteristics of Branches Differing by Age and Illumination of Hermatypic Coral Pocillopora verrucosa. Symbiosis, 1991, vol. 10, pp. 249-260.
93. Titlyanov, E. A., Kolmakov, P. V., Le Nguen Hieu, et al, Structure and Production Function of Coral Colonies of the Genus Pocillopora Within the Light Range of Their Habitats, Biologiya korallovykh rifov (Biology of Coral Reefs), Vladivostok: DVO AN SSSR, 1988, pp. 52-71.
94. Titlyanov, E. A., Leletkin, V. A., Ermak, V. D., and Voskoboinikov, G. M., Adaptations of Common Species of Reef-Building Corals to Different Illumination, Biol. Morya, 1990, no. 1, pp. 30-37.
95. Titlyanov, E. A., Magomedov, M., Kolmakov, P. V., and Butorin, P. V., Adaptation for Light, Primary Production and Its Utilization in Common Species of Reef-Building Corals of the Indo-West-Pacific, Biologiya korallovykh rifov (Biology of Coral Reefs), Vladivostok: DVO AN SSSR, 1988, pp. 19-45.
96. Titlyanov, E. A., Titlyanova, T. V., Leletkin, V. A., et al., Degradation of Zooxanthellae and Regulation of Their Density in Hermatypic Corals, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Sen, 1996, vol. 139, pp. 167-178.
97. Titlyanov, E. A., Titlyanova, T. V., Loya, Y., and Yamazato, K., Degradation and Proliferation of Zooxanthellae in Planulae of the Hermatypic Coral Stylophora pistillata, Mar. Biol, 1998, vol. 130, pp. 471-477.
98. Titlyanov, E. A., Zvalinskii, V. I., Leletkin, V. A., and Shaposhnikova, M. G., Photosynthesis of Zooxanthellae of Reef-Buiding Corals Under Different Conditions of Illumination, Issledovaniya na banke Fantom (Timorskoe more) (Investigations at Phantom Bank (Timor Sea)), Vladivostok: DVO AN SSSR, 1983, pp. 51-74.
99. Titlyanov, E. A., Zvalinskii, V. I., Shaposhnikova, M. G., and Leletkin, V. A., Some Mechanisms of Adaptation of Reef-Building Corals of Australia for Light Intensity, Biol. Morya, 1981, no. 2, pp. 22-31.
100. Trench, R. K., The Physiology and Biochemistry of Zooxanthellae Symbiotic With Coelenterates. II. The Effect of Homogenates of the Host Tissue on the Excretion of Photosynthetic Products in vitro by Zooxanthellae From Two Marine Coelenterates, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1971, vol. 177, pp. 251-264.
101. Trench, R. K. and Fitt, W. K., Recognition Phenomena in Symbioses Between Marine Invertebrates and Zooxanthellae; Uptake, Synestration and Persistence, Ber. Dtsch. Ges. Bot., 1981, vol. 94, pp. 529-545.
102. Vareshi, E. and Fricke, H., Light Responses of a Scleractinian Coral (Plerogyra sinnosa). Mar. Biol., 1986, vol. 90, pp. 395-402.
103. Ware, J. R., Fautin, D. G., and Buddemeier, R. W., Pattern of Coral Bleaching: Modeling Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis, Ecol. Modeling, 1996, vol. 84, pp. 199-214.
104. Wilkenson, F. P., Kobayashi, D., and Muscatine, L., Mitotic Index and Size of Symbiotic Algae in Caribbean Reef Corals, Coral Reefs, 1988, vol. 7, pp. 29-36.
105. Wilkenson, F. P., Muller-Parker, G., and Muscatine, L., Temporal Patterns of Cell Division in Natural Population of Endosymbiotic Algae, Limnol. Oceanogn, 1983, vol. 28, pp. 1009-1014.
106. Yellowless, D., Rees, T. A., and Fitt, W. K., Effect of Ammonium-Supplemented Seawater on Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activities in Host Tissue and Zooxanthellae of Pocillopora damicornis and an Ammonium Uptake Rates of the Zooxanthellae, Pacif. Sci., 1994, vol. 48, pp. 291-295.
107. Yonge, C. M., Studies on the Physiology of Corals. I. Feeding Mechanisms and Food, Sci. Rep. Great Barrier Reef Exped., 1930, vol. 1/2, pp. 13-37.
108. Yonge, C. M., Studies on the Physiology of Corals. III. Assimilation and Excretion, Sci. Rep. Great Barrier Reef Exped., 1931, vol. 1, pp. 11-91.
109. Yonge, C. M. and Nicholls, A. G. Studies on the Physiology of Corals, V: The Effect of Starvation in Light and Darkness on the Relationship Between Corals and Zooxanthellae, Sci. Rep. Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-1929, 1931, vol. 1, pp. 177-211.