News agencies, national images, and global media events

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 8-21

  Giffard, C Anthony ^a   Rivenburgh, Nancy K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2342452667     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900007700102     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Jarol B. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy (NY: Oxford University Press, 1994); Bosah Ebo, "Media Diplomacy and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Framework," in News Media and Foreign Relations: A Multifaceted Perspective, ed. A. Malek (NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1997); Frank L. Rusciano, Roberta Fiske-Rusciano, and Minmin Wang, "The Impact of World Opinion on National Identity," Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 2 (summer 1997): 71-92.
2. Jarol B. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy (NY: Oxford University Press, 1994); Bosah Ebo, "Media Diplomacy and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Framework," in News Media and Foreign Relations: A Multifaceted Perspective, ed. A. Malek (NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1997); Frank L. Rusciano, Roberta Fiske-Rusciano, and Minmin Wang, "The Impact of World Opinion on National Identity," Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 2 (summer 1997): 71-92.
3. Jarol B. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy (NY: Oxford University Press, 1994); Bosah Ebo, "Media Diplomacy and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Framework," in News Media and Foreign Relations: A Multifaceted Perspective, ed. A. Malek (NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1997); Frank L. Rusciano, Roberta Fiske-Rusciano, and Minmin Wang, "The Impact of World Opinion on National Identity," Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 2 (summer 1997): 71-92.
4. Philip M. Taylor, Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945 (London: Routledge, 1997).
5. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy, ch. 2.
6. Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz, Media Events, The Live Broadcasting of History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Ralph Negrine, The Communication of Politics (London: Sage Publications, 1996); Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event: The Reagan/Gorbachev Meetings on U.S., Italian, and Soviet Television," in Comparatively Speaking: Communication and Culture across Space and Time, ed. J. Blumler, J.M. McLeod and K.E. Rosengren (London: Sage, 1992), 121-39.
7. Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz, Media Events, The Live Broadcasting of History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Ralph Negrine, The Communication of Politics (London: Sage Publications, 1996); Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event: The Reagan/Gorbachev Meetings on U.S., Italian, and Soviet Television," in Comparatively Speaking: Communication and Culture across Space and Time, ed. J. Blumler, J.M. McLeod and K.E. Rosengren (London: Sage, 1992), 121-39.
8. Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz, Media Events, The Live Broadcasting of History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Ralph Negrine, The Communication of Politics (London: Sage Publications, 1996); Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event: The Reagan/Gorbachev Meetings on U.S., Italian, and Soviet Television," in Comparatively Speaking: Communication and Culture across Space and Time, ed. J. Blumler, J.M. McLeod and K.E. Rosengren (London: Sage, 1992), 121-39.
9. Rusciano, Fiske-Rusciano, and Wang, "The Impact of World Opinion on National Identity," 74; Yaacov Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decision Making (CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), 262.
10. Rusciano, Fiske-Rusciano, and Wang, "The Impact of World Opinion on National Identity," 74; Yaacov Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decision Making (CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), 262.
11. Robert Jervis, The Logic of Images in International Relations (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970).
12. Taylor, Global Communications, 48.
13. James Larson and Heung-Soo Park, Global Television and the Politics of the Seoul Olympics (CO: Westview Press, 1993).
14. Miquel de Moragas Spa, Nancy K. Rivenburgh, and James Larson, Television in the Olympics (London: John Libbey Publishing Co., 1995), 163.
15. Steven Hess, International News and Foreign Correspondents (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1996), 31.
16. Larson and Park, Global Television, xvii.
17. Sheila Tefft, "In Beijing, Communism Beseiged," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 63.
18. "United Nations Conferences: What Have They Accomplished?" U.N. Department of Public Information, 5 April 1998.
19. Rusciano, Fiske-Rusciano, and Wang, "The Impact of World Opinion on National Identity."
20. Thimios Zaharopoulos, Carolyn Punitha, Venilton Reinert, Ling-Yin Chuang, Bob Foos, Todd Sandness, and Syi-Wei Yeh, "International Press Coverage of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit," International Communication Bulletin 30 (spring 1995): 10-12, 23.
21. Dayan and Katz, Media Events, 108.
22. Hallin and Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event,"131; Moragas Spa, Rivenburgh, and Larson, Television in the Olympics, ch. 8; Christine Ogan, "Coverage of the Development News in Developed and Developing Countries," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 80-87; Nancy K. Rivenburgh, "National Image Richness in US-Televised Coverage of South Korea During the 1988 Olympics," Asian Journal of Communication 2 (2, 1992): 1-39.
23. Hallin and Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event,"131; Moragas Spa, Rivenburgh, and Larson, Television in the Olympics, ch. 8; Christine Ogan, "Coverage of the Development News in Developed and Developing Countries," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 80-87; Nancy K. Rivenburgh, "National Image Richness in US-Televised Coverage of South Korea During the 1988 Olympics," Asian Journal of Communication 2 (2, 1992): 1-39.
24. Hallin and Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event,"131; Moragas Spa, Rivenburgh, and Larson, Television in the Olympics, ch. 8; Christine Ogan, "Coverage of the Development News in Developed and Developing Countries," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 80-87; Nancy K. Rivenburgh, "National Image Richness in US-Televised Coverage of South Korea During the 1988 Olympics," Asian Journal of Communication 2 (2, 1992): 1-39.
25. Hallin and Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event,"131; Moragas Spa, Rivenburgh, and Larson, Television in the Olympics, ch. 8; Christine Ogan, "Coverage of the Development News in Developed and Developing Countries," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 80-87; Nancy K. Rivenburgh, "National Image Richness in US-Televised Coverage of South Korea During the 1988 Olympics," Asian Journal of Communication 2 (2, 1992): 1-39.
26. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy, 139; Jennifer Henderson, "The Reykjavik Summit: A case study in indexing" (working paper, University of Washington School of Communications, 1999).
27. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy, 139; Jennifer Henderson, "The Reykjavik Summit: A case study in indexing" (working paper, University of Washington School of Communications, 1999).
28. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy, 131-35.
29. Jervis, The Logic of Images.
30. K.W. Deutsch and R. L. Merritt, "Effects of Events on National and International Images," in International Behavior: A Social-Psychological Analysis, ed. H.C. Kelman (NY: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, 1965), 130-87.
31. Alvaro De Soto, U.N. Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs, telephone conversation with the author, 21 October 1998.
32. The authors wish to thank the following for their coding assistance: Jodi Archer, Kristin Engstrand, Mike Graubard, Alex Halavais, Greg Lang, Kelley McCoy, and Laurilee Sweeney. All are graduate students from the School of Communications at the University of Washington.
33. The stories examined represent the entire population of items from the three news agencies during relevant time periods surrounding each U.N. summit. As such there was no need to conduct any inferential tests concerning differences.
34. "China tells West to back off on human rights," Reuters, 16 June 1993.
35. "All and sundry won't get past Austria's gate," IPS, 12 May 1993.
36. "Odds and ends from the Food Summit," Reuters, 15 November 1996.
37. "Earth Summit host Brazil has plenty of environment headaches," Reuters, 3 June 1992.
38. "Rio cleans up for 1992 World Environment Conference," AP, 1 June 1992.
39. "Pollution keeps tourists, holiday bathers away from Rio's shore," AP, 2 June 1992.
40. "Rich and poor nations clash at first eco-summit," AP, 3 June 1992.
41. "Brazil accused of hiding dirt for Earth Summit," AP, 23 May 1992.
42. "U.N. conference adopts population blueprint with reservations," AP, 13 September 1994.
43. "Conference to test Egypt's success in quelling Muslim radicals," AP, 1 September 1994.
44. "Egyptian authorities not taking any chances," IPS, 2 September 1994.
45. "Bush urges consultation not confrontation with China," AP, 11 September 1995
46. "China defends its population control policy," AP, 23 August 1995.
47. "Hard road to travel, long way to go," IPS, 3 September 1995.
48. "Disabled women: We were charged extra at women's conference," AP, 15 September 1995.
49. "Mammoth NGO parley set to open tomorrow," IPS, 29 August 1995.
50. "Hours Before Opening, Security, Disorganization Raise Tempers," AP, 29 August 1995.
51. Dayan and Katz, Media Events, 108; Hallin and Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event," 131.
52. Dayan and Katz, Media Events, 108; Hallin and Mancini, "The Summit as Media Event," 131.
53. P. Dahlgren, with S. Chakrapani, "The Third World on TV News: Western Ways of Seeing the 'Other'," in Television Coverage of International Affairs, ed. W. Adams (NJ: Ablex: 1982), 45-63.
54. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy, 125-47.
55. Jervis, The Logic of Images. See also Jacob Bendix and Carol Liebler, "Environmental Degradation on Brazilian Amazonia: Perspectives in U.S. News Media," The Professional Geographer 43 (November 1991): 474-85 for more about media perceptions of Brazil's national practices regarding the environment.
56. Jervis, The Logic of Images. See also Jacob Bendix and Carol Liebler, "Environmental Degradation on Brazilian Amazonia: Perspectives in U.S. News Media," The Professional Geographer 43 (November 1991): 474-85 for more about media perceptions of Brazil's national practices regarding the environment.
57. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy, 139.
58. Deutsch and Merritt, "Effects of Events."