Cdc42 - The centre of polarity

Journal of Cell Science

Volumn 117, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1291-1300

  Etienne Manneville, Sandrine ^a  

^a INSTITUT CURIE   (France)

Author keywords

GEF; PAR proteins; Polarisation; Rho GTPases

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; INTEGRIN; NERVE CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; PROTEIN CDC42; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN KINASE P60; RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; SEPTIN; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR; UVOMORULIN;

CELL CONTACT; CELL DIVISION; CELL JUNCTION; CELL POLARITY; CELL TYPE; CYTOSKELETON; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; EPITHELIUM CELL; FIBROBLAST; MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; YEAST CELL;

ANIMALS; CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; CELL POLARITY; CUES; GTP PHOSPHOHYDROLASES; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EUKARYOTA; MAMMALIA; RICKETTSIA SP. PAR;

EID: 2342432240     PISSN: 00219533     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01115     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Adamo, J. E., Moskow, J. J., Gladfelter, A. S., Viterbo, D., Lew, D. J. and Brennwald, P. J. (2001). Yeast Cdc42 functions at a late step in exocytosis, specifically during polarized gowth of the emerging bud. J. Cell Biol. 155, 581-592.
2. Adams, A. E. M., Johnson, D. J., Longnecker, R. M., Sloat, B. F. and Pringle, J. R. (1990). CDC42 and CDC43, two additional genes involved in budding and establishment of cell polarity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 111, 131-142.
3. Allen, W. E., Zicha, D., Ridley, A. J. and Jones, G. E. (1998). A role for Cdc42 in macrophage chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol. 141, 1147-1157.
4. Arthur, W. T., Noren, N. K. and Burridge, K. (2002). Regulation of Rho family GTPases by cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Biol. Res. 35, 239-246.
5. Ayscough, K. R. and Drubin, D. G. (1998). A role for the yeast actin cytoskeleton in pheromone receptor clustering and signalling. Curr. Biol. 8, 927-930.
6. Ayscough, K. R., Stryker, J., Pokala, N., Sanders, M., Crews, P. and Drubin, D. G. (1997). High rates of actin filament turnover in budding yeast and roles for actin in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity revealed using the actin inhibitor latrunculin-A. J. Cell Biol. 137, 399-416.
7. Benard, V., Bohl, B. P. and Bokoch, G. M. (1999). Characterization of rac and cdc42 activation in chemoattractant-stimulated human neutrophils using a novel assay for active GTPases. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 13198-13204.
8. Betschinger, J., Mechtler, K. and Knoblich, J. A. (2003). The Par complex directs asymetric cell division by phosphorylating the cytoskeletal protein Lgl. Nature 22, 326-330.
9. Bi, E., Chiavetta, J. B., Chen, H., Chen, G. C., Chan, C. S. and Pringle, J. R. (2000). Identification of novel, evolutionarily conserved Cdc42p-interacting proteins and of redundant pathways linking Cdc24p and Cdc42p to actin polarization in yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 773-793.
10. Bilder, D., Schober, M. and Perrimon, N. (2003). Integrated activity of PODZ complexes regulates epithelial polarity. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 53-58.
11. Bloom, K. (2000). It's a kar9ochore to capture microtubules. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, E96-E98.
12. Bokoch, G. M. (2003). Biology of the p21-activated kinases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72, 743-781.
13. Bose, I., Irazoqui, J. E., Moskow, J. J., Bardes, E. S., Zyla, T. R. and Lew, D. J. (2001). Assembly of scaffold-mediated complexes containing Cdc42p, the exchange factor Cdc24p, and the effector Cla4p required for cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of Cdc24p. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 7176-7186.
14. Briggs, M. W. and Sacks, D. B. (2003). IQGAP proteins are integral components of cytoskeletal regulation. EMBO Rep. 4, 571-574.
15. Brown, J. L., Jaquenoud, M., Gulli, M. P., Chant, J. and Peter, M. (1997). Novel Cdc42-binding proteins Gic1 and Gic2 control cell polarity in yeast. Genes Dev. 11, 2972-2982.
16. Cannon, J. L. and Burkhardt, J. K. (2002). The regulation of actin remodeling during T-cell-APC conjugate formation. Immunol. Rev. 186, 90-99.
17. Caviston, J. P., Tcheperegine, S. E. and Bi, E. (2002). Singularity in budding: a role for the evolutionarily conserved small GTPase Cdc42p. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12185-12190.
18. Caviston, J. P., Longtine, M., Pringle, J. R. and Bi, E. (2003). The role of Cdc42p GTPase-activating proteins in assembly of the septin ring in yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 4051-4066.
19. Chang, F. and Peter, M. (2003). Yeasts make their mark. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 294-299.
20. Chou, J., Burke, N. A., Iwabu, A., Watkins, S. C. and Wells, A. (2003). Directional motility induced by epidermal growth factor requires Cdc42. Exp. Cell Res. 287, 47-56.
21. Daub, H., Gevaert, K., Vandekerckhove, J., Sobel, A. and Hall, A. (2001). Rac/Cdc42 and p65PAK regulate the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin through phosphorylation at serine 16. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1677-1680.
22. Dharmawardhane, S., Brownson, D., Lennartz, M. and Bokoch, G. M. (1999). Localization of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) to pseudopodia, membrane ruffles, and phagocytic cups in activated human neutrophils. J. Leukocyte Biol. 66, 521-527.
23. Dong, Y., Pruyne, D. and Bretscher, A. (2003). Formin-dependent actin assembly is regulated by distinct modes of Rho signaling in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 161, 1081-1092.
24. Ebnet, K., Suzuki, A., Horikoshi, Y., Hirose, T., Meyer Zu Bridkwedde, M. K., Ohno, S. and Vestweber, D. (2001). The cell polarity protein ASIP/PAR-3 directly associates with junctional adhesion molecule (JAM). EMBO J. 20, 3738-3748.
25. Ebnet, K., Suzuki, A., Ohno, S. and Vestweber, D. (2004). Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs): more molecules with dual functions? J. Cell Sci. 117, 19-29.
26. Edwards, D. C., Sanders, L. C., Bokoch, G. M. and Gill, G. N. (1999). Activation of LIM-kinase by Pak1 couples Rac/Cdc42 GTPase signalling to actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 253-259.
27. Etienne-Manneville, S. and Hall, A. (2001). Integrin-mediated Cdc42 activation controls cell polarity in migrating astrocytes through PKCζ. Cell 106, 489-498.
28. Etienne-Manneville, S. and Hall, A. (2002). Rho GTPases in cell biology. Nature 420, 629-635.
29. Etienne-Manneville, S. and Hall, A. (2003a). Cell polarity: Par6, aPKC and cytoskeletal crosstalk. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 67-72.
30. Etienne-Manneville, S. and Hall, A. (2003b). Cdc42 regulates GSK3 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) to control cell polarity. Nature 420, 629-635.
31. Evangelista, M., Pruyne, D., Amberg, D. C., Boone, C. and Bretscher, A. (2002). Formins direct Arp2/3-independent actin filament assembly to polarize cell growth in yeast. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 260-269.
32. Evangelista, M., Zigmond, S. and Boone, C. (2003). Formins: signaling effectors for assembly and polarization of actin filaments. J. Cell Sci. 116, 2603-2611.
33. Fukata, M., Watanabe, T., Noritake, J., Nakagawa, M., Yamaga, M., Kuroda, S., Matsuura, Y., Iwamatsu, A., Perez, F. and Kaibuchi, K. (2002). Rac1 and Cdc42 capture microtubules through IQGAP1 and Clip-170. Cell 109, 873-885.
34. Gao, L., Joberty, G. and Macara, I. G. (2002). Assembly of epithelial tight junctions is negatively regulated by Par-6. Curr. Biol. 12, 221-225.
35. Gan, X. D., Albert, S., Tcheperegine, S. E., Burd, C. G., Gallwitz, D. and Bi, E. (2003). The GAP activity of Msb3p and Msb4p for the Rab GTPase Sec4p is required for efficient exocytosis and actin organization. J. Cell Biol. 162, 635-646.
36. Garrard, S. M., Capaldo, C. T., Gao, L., Rosen, M. K., Macara, I. G. and Tomchick, D. R. (2003). Structure of Cdc42 in a complex with the GTPase-binding domain of the cell polarity protein, Par6. EMBO J. 22, 1125-1133.
37. Gladfelter, A. S., Bose, I., Zyla, T. R., Bardes, E. S. G. and Lew, D. J. (2002). Septin ring assembly involves cycles of GTP loading and hydrolysis by Cdc42p. J. Cell Biol. 156, 315-326.
38. Goehring, A. S., Mitchell, D. A., Tong, A. H., Keniry, M. E., Boone, C. and Sprague, J. (2003). Synthetic lethal analysis implicates Ste20p, a p21-activated protein kinase, in polarisome activation. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 1501-1516.
39. Gotta, M., Abraham, M. C. and Ahringer, J. (2001). CDC-42 controls early cell polarity and spindle orientation in C. elegans. Curr. Biol. 11, 482-488.
40. Grill, S. W., Gonczy, P., Stelzer, E. H. and Hyman, A. A. (2001). Polarity controls forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Nature 409, 630-633.
41. Gulli, M. P., Jacquenoud, M., Shimada, Y., Niederhauser, G., Wiget, P. and Peter, M. (2000). Phosphorylation of the Cdc42 exchange factor Cdc24 by PAK-like kinase Cla4 may regulate polarized growth in yeast. Mol. Cell 6, 1155-1167.
42. Gupta, S., Fanzo, J. C., Hu, C., Cox, D., Jang, S. Y., Lee, A. E., Greenberg, S. and Pernis, A. B. (2003). T cell receptor engagement leads to the recruitment of IBP, a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor, to the immunological synapse. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 43541-43549
43. Henrique, D. and Schweisguth, F. (2003). Cell polarity: the ups and downs of the Par6/aPKC complex. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 13, 341-350.
44. Honda, T., Shimizu, K., Kawakatsu, T., Fukuhara, A., Irie, K., Nakamura, T., Matsuda, M. and Takai, Y. (2003). Cdc42 and Rac small G proteins activated by trans-interaction of nectins are involved in activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, not in association of nectins and cadherin to form adherens junctions, in fibroblast. Genes Cells 8, 481-491.
45. Hwang, E., Kusch, J., Barral, Y. and Huffaker, T. C. (2003). Spindle orientation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on the transport of microtubule ends along polarised actin cables. J. Cell Biol. 161, 483-488.
46. Irazoqui, J. E., Gladfelter, A. S. and Lew, D. J. (2003). Scaffold-mediated symmetry breaking by Cdc42p. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 1062-1070.
47. Itoh, M., Sasaki, H., Furuse, M., Ozak, H., Kita, T. and Tsukita, S. (20001). JAM binds to PAR-3: a possible mechanism behind the recruitment of PAR-3 to tight junctions. J. Cell Biol. 154, 491-498.
48. Jaquenoud, M. and Peter, M. (2000). Gic2p may link activated Cdc42p to components involved in actin polarization, including Bni1p and Bud6p (Aip3p). Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 6244-6258.
49. Kawakatsu, T., Shimizu, K., Honda, T., Fukuhara, T., Hoshino, T. and Takai, Y. (2002). Trans-interactions of nectins induce formation of filopodia and lamellipodia through the respective activation of Cdc42 and small G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50749-50755.
50. Kawasaki, R., Fujimura-Kamada, K., Toi, H., Kato, H. and Tanaka, K. (2003). The upstream regulator, Rsr1p, and downstream effectors, Gic1p and Gic2p, of the Cdc42p small GTPase coordinately regulate initiation of budding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Cells 8, 235-250.
51. Kay, A. J. and Hunter, C. P. (2001). CDC-42 regulates PAR protein localization and function to control cellular and embryonic polarity in C. elegans. Curr. Biol. 11, 474-481.
52. Kim, A. S., Kakalis, L. T., Abdul-Manan, N., Liu, G. A. and Rosen, M. K. (2000). Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Nature 404, 151-158.
53. Kinoshita, M. and Noda, M. (2001). Role of septins in the mammalian cytokinesis machinery. Cell Struct. Funct. 26, 667-670.
54. Kreitzer, G., Schmoranzer, J., Low, S. H., Li, X., Gan, Y., Weimbs, T., Simon, F. and Rodriguez-Boulan, E. (2003). Three dimensional analysis of post-Golgi carrier exocytosis in epithelial cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 126-136.
55. Kroschewski, R., Hall, A. and Mellman, I. (1999). Cdc42 controls secretory and endocytic transport to the basolateral plasma membrane of MDCK cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 8-13.
56. Labno, C. M., Lewis, C. M., You, D., Leung, D. W., Takesono, A., Kamberos, N. A., Seth, A., Filkelstein, L. D., Rosen, M. K., Schwartzberg, P. L. et al. (2003). Itk functions to control actin polymerization at the immunological synapse through localized activation of Cdc42 and WASP. Curr. Biol. 13, 1619-1624.
57. Lecher, T., Jonsdottir, G. A., Klee, S. K., Pellman, D. and Li, R. (2001). A two-tiered mechanism by which Cdc42 controls the localization and activation of an Arp2/3-activating motor complex in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 155, 261-270.
58. Lee, L., Tirnauer, J. S., Li, J., Schuyler, S. C., Liu, J. Y. and Pellman, D. (2000). Positioning of the mitotic spindle by a cortical-microtubule capture mechanism. Science 287, 2260-2262.
59. Li, Z., Hannigan, M., Mo, Z., Liu, B., Lu, W., Wu, Y., Smrcka, A. V., Wu, G., Li, L., Liu, M. et al. (2003). Directional sensing requires Gβγ-mediated PAK1 and PIXα-dependent activation of Cdc42. Cell 114, 215-227.
60. Liu, B. P. and Burridge, K. (2000). Vav2 activates Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA downstream from growth factor receptors but not beta1 integrins. Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 7160-7169.
61. Machesky, L. and Insall, R. H. (1999). Signaling to actin dynamics. J. Cell Biol. 146, 267-272.
62. Magdalena, J., Millard, T. H., Etienne-Manneville, S., Launay, S., Warwick, H. K. and Machesky, L. M. (2003). Involvement of the Arp2/3 complex and Scar2 in Golgi polarity in scratch wound models. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 670-684.
63. Merlot, S. and Firtel, R. A. (2003). Leading the way: directional sensing through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other signaling pathways. J. Cell Sci. 116, 3471-3478.
64. Miller, R. K., Cheng, S. C. and Rose, M. D. (2000). Bim1p/Yeb1p mediates the Kar9p-dependent cortical attachment of cytoplasmic microtubules. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 2949-2959.
65. Murthy, M., Garza, D., Scheller, R. H. and Schwarz, T. L. (2003). Mutations in the exocyst component sec5 disrupt neuronal membrane traffic, but neurotransmitter release persists. Neuron 37, 433-447.
66. Musch, A., Cohen, D., Kreitzer, G. and Rodriguez-Boulan, E. (2001). Cdc42 regulates the exit of apical and basolateral proteins from the trans-Golgi network. EMBO J. 20, 2171-2179.
67. Musch, A., Cohen, D., Yeaman, C., Nelson, W. J., Rodriguez-Boulan, E. and Brennwald, P. J. (2002). Mammalian homolog of Drosophila tumor suppressor lethal (2) giant larvae interacts with basolateral exocytic machinery in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 158-168.
68. Myat, M. M. and Andrew, D. J. (2002). Epithelial tube morphology is determined by the polarized growth and delivery of apical membrane. Cell 111, 879-891.
69. Nam, S. C. and Choi, K. W. (2003). Interaction of Par-6 and Crumbs complexes is essential for photoreceptor morphogenesis in Drosophila. Development 130, 4363-4372.
70. Nelson, W. J. (2003). Adaptation of core mechanisms to generate cell polarity. Nature 422, 741-745.
71. Nern, A. and Arkowitz, R. A. (1999). A Cdc24p-Far1p-Gβγ protein complex required for yeast orientation during mating. J. Cell Biol. 144, 1187-1202.
72. Nern, A. and Arkowitz, R. A. (2000). Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the Cdc42p exchange factor Cdc24p. J. Cell Biol. 148, 1115-1122.
73. Nobes, C. D. and Hall, A. (1995). Rho, Rac and Cdc42 regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia and filopodia. Cell 81, 53-62.
74. Nobes, C. D. and Hall, A. (1999). Rho GTPases control polarity, protrusion and adhesion during cell movement. J. Cell Biol. 144, 1235-1244.
75. Noren, N. K., Liu, B. P., Burridge, K. and Kreft, B. (2000). p120 catenin regulates the actin cytoskeleton via Rho family GTPases. J. Cell Biol. 150, 567-580.
76. Okabe, T., Nakamura, T., Nishimura, Y. N., Kohu, K., Ohwada, S. and Morishi Akiyama, T. (2003). RICS, a novel GTPase-activating protein for Cdc42 and Rac1 involved in the beta-catenin-N-cadherin and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 9920-9927.
77. Osman, M. A. and Cerione, R. A. (1998). Iqg1p, a yeast homologue of the mammalian IQGAPs, mediates cdc42p effects on the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 142, 443-455.
78. Osman, M. A., Konopka, J. B. and Cerione, R. A. (2002). Ipg1p links spatial and secretion landmarks to polarity and cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 159, 601-611.
79. Ozaki-Kuroda, K., Yamamoto, Y., Nohara, H., Kinoshita, M., Fujiwara, T., Irie, K. and Takai, Y. (2001). Dynamic localization and function of Bni1p at the sites of directed growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 827-839.
80. Palazzo, A. F., Joseph, H. L., Chen, Y. J., Dujardin, D. L., Alberts, A. S., Pfister, K. K., Vallee, R. B. and Gundersen, G. G. (2001). Cdc42, dynein, and dynactin regulate MTOC reorientation independent of Rho-regulated microtubule stabilization. Curr. Biol. 11, 1536-1541.
81. Petronczki, M. and Knoblich, J. A. (2001). DmPAR-6 directs epithelial polarity and asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts in Drosophila. Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 43-49.
82. Plant, P. J., Fawcett, J. P., Lin, D. C., Holdorf, A. D., Binns, K., Kulkarni, S. and Pawson, T. (2003). A polarity complex of mPar-6 and atypical PKC binds, phosphorylates and regulates mammalian Lgl. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 301-308.
83. Pollard, T. D. and Borisy, G. G. (2003). Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Cell 112, 453-465.
84. Price, L. S., Leng, J., Schwartz, M. A. and Bokoch, G. M. (1998). Activation of Rac and Cdc42 by integrins mediates cell spreading. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 1863-1871.
85. Richman, T. J., Sawyer, M. M. and Johnson, D. I. (2002). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc42p localizes to cellular membranes and clusters at sites of polarized growth. Eukaryot. Cell 1, 458-468.
86. Rojas, R., Ruiz, W. G., Leung, S. M., Jou, T. S. and Apodaca, G. (2001). Cdc42-dependent modulation of tight junctions and membrane protein traffic in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 2257-2274.
87. Sagot, I., Klee, S. K. and Pellman, D. (2002). Yeast formins regulate cell polarity by controlling the assembly of actin cables. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 42-50.
88. Shimada, Y., Gulli, M. P. and Peter, M. (2000). Nuclear sequestration of the exchange factor Cdc24 by Far1 regulates cell polarity during yeast mating. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 117-124.
89. Srinivasan, S., Wang, F., Glavas, S., Ott, A., Hofmann, F., Aktories, K., Kalman, D. and Bourne, H. R. (2003). Rac and Cdc42 play distinct roles in regulating PI(3,4,5)P3 and polarity during neutrophil chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol. 160, 375-385.
90. Sugihara, K., Asano, S., Tanaka, K., Iwamatsu, A., Okawa, K. and Ohta, Y. (2001). The exocyst complex binds the small GTPase RalA to mediate filopodia formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 73-78.
91. Suzuki, A., Ishiyama, C., Hashiba, K., Shimuzu, M., Ebnet, K. and Ohno, S. (2002). aPKC kinase activity is required for the asymmetric differentiation of the premature junctional complex during epithelial cell polarization. J. Cell Sci. 115, 3565-3573.
92. Takai, Y. and Nakanishi, H. (2003). Nectin and afadin: novel organizers of intercellular junctions. J. Cell Sci. 116, 17-27.
93. Tanentzapf, G. and Tepass, U. (2003). Interactions between the crumbs, lethal giant larvae and bazooka pathways in epithelial polarization. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 46-52.
94. Tu, S., Wu, W. J., Wang, J. and Cerione, R. A. (2003). Epidermal growth factor-dependent regulation of Cdc42 is mediated by the Src tyrosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 49293-49300.
95. Tzima, E., Kiosses, W. B., del Pozo, M. A. and Schwartz, M. A. (2003). Localized Cdc42 activation, detected using a novel assay, mediates microtubule organizing center positioning in endothelial cells in response to fluid shear stress. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 31020-31023.
96. Wallenfang, M. R. and Seydoux, G. (2000). Polarization of the anterior-posterior axis of C. elegans is a microtubule directed process. Nature 408, 89-92.
97. Wang, F., Herzmark, P., Weiner, O. D., Srinivasan, S., Servant, G. and Bourne, H. R. (2002). Lipid products of PI(3)Ks maintain persistent cell polarity and directed motility in neutrophils. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 513-518.
98. Wedlich-Soldner, R., Altschuler, S., Wu, L. and Rong, L. (2003). Spontaneous cell polarization through actomyosin-based delivery of the Cdc42 GTPase. Science 299, 1231-1235.
99. Weiner, O. D., Neilsen, P. O., Prestwich, G. D., Kirschner, M. W., Cantley, L. C. and Bourne, H. R. (2002). A PtdInsP(3) and Rho GTPase-mediated positive feedback loop regulates neutrophil polarity. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 509-513.
100. Wittmann, T., Bokoch, G. M. and Waterman-Storer, C. M. (2003). Regulation of leading edge microtubule and actin dynamics downstream of Rac1. J. Cell Biol. 161, 845-851.
101. Wu, W. J., Erickson, J. W., Lin, R. and Cerione, R. A. (2000). The γ-subunit of the coatomer complex binds Cdc42 to mediate transformation. Nature 405, 800-804.
102. Yamada, T., Horikoshi, Y., Sygiyama, Y., Ishiyama, C., Suzuki, A., Hirose, T., Iwamatsu, A., Shinohara, A. and Ohno, S. (2003). Mammalian Lgl forms a proteins complex with PAR-6 and aPKC independently of PAR-3 to regulate epithelial cell polarity. Curr. Biol. 13, 734-743.
103. Yamanaka, T., Horikoshi, Y., Suzuki, A., Sugiyama, Y., Kitamura, K., Maniwa, R., Nagai, Y., Yamashita, A., Hirose, T., Ishikawa, H. et al. (2001). PAR-6 regulates aPKC activity in a novel way and mediates cell-cell contact-induced formation of the epithelial junctional complex. Genes Cells 6, 721-731.
104. Zhang, X., Bi, E., Novick, P., Du, L., Kozminski, K. D., Lipschutz, J. H. and Guo, W. (2001). Cdc42 interacts with the exocyst and regulates polarized secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 46745-46750.
105. Ziman, M., Preuss, D., Mulholland, J., O'Brien, J. M., Bodstein, D. and Johnson, D. I. (1993). Subcellular localization of Cdc42p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae GTP-binding protein involved in the control of cell polarity. Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 1307-1316.