Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase as a Target for Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 267-283

  Chen, X ^a   Wang, S ^a   Wu, N ^a   Yang, C S ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

(4 DIMETHYLAMINOBENZYL) N (3 MERCAPTO 2 METHYLPROPIONYL)CYSTEINE; 2 [2 PROPYL 3 [3 [2 ETHYL 4 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 5 HYDROXYPHENOXY]PROPOXY]PHENOXY]BENZOIC ACID; 5 [2 (2 CARBOXYETHYL) 3 [6 (4 METHOXYPHENYL) 5 HEXENYLOXY]PHENOXY]VALERIC ACID; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVE; BESTATIN; CHELATING AGENT; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; ENZYME INHIBITOR; LEUKOTRIENE A4 DERIVATIVE; LEUKOTRIENE A4 HYDROLASE; LEUKOTRIENE A4 HYDROLASE INHIBITOR; LEUKOTRIENE B4 RECEPTOR; LEUKOTRIENE B4 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LEUKOTRIENE B4 RECEPTOR BLT1; LEUKOTRIENE B4 RECEPTOR BLT2; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; NUFENOXOLE; SA 6541; SC 22716; SC 57461A; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC;

ADENOCARCINOMA; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER PREVENTION; CARCINOGENESIS; CATALYSIS; CATALYST; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPITHELIUM CELL; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE STRUCTURE; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; PARACRINE SIGNALING; POSITIVE FEEDBACK; PRECANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; EPOXIDE HYDROLASES; HUMANS; LEUKOTRIENE B4; NEOPLASMS; RECEPTORS, LEUKOTRIENE B4; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 2342421274     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568009043333041     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. Okada, F.; Kawaguchi, T.; Habelhah, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Tazawa, H.; Takeichi, N.; Kitagawa, T.; Hosokawa, M. Conversion of human colonic adenoma cells to adenocarcinoma cells through inflammation in nude mice. Lab. Invest., 2000, 80, 1617-1628.
2. Raz, A.; Levine, G.; Khomiak, Y. Acute local inflammation potentiates tumor growth in mice. Cancer Lett., 2000, 148, 115-120.
3. Martins-Green, M.; Boudreau, N.; Bissell, M. J. Inflammation is responsible for the development of wound-induced tumors in chickens infected with Rous sarcoma virus. Cancer Res., 1994, 54, 4334-4341.
4. Lutz, W. K.; Beland, P. E.; Candrian, R.; Fekete, T.; Fischer, W. H. Dose-time response in mouse skin tumor induction by 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 1996, 23, 44-48.
5. Hong, S. H.; Avis, I.; Vos, M. D.; Martinez, A.; Treston, A. M.; Mulshine, J. L. Relationship of arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme expression in epithelial cancer cell lines to the growth effect of selective biochemical inhibitors. Cancer Res., 1999, 59, 2223-2228.
6. Longo, W. E.; Grossmann, E. M.; Erickson, B.; Panesar, N.; Mazuski, J. E.; Kaminski, D. L. The effect of phospholipase A2 inhibitors on proliferation and apoptosis of murine intestinal cells. J. Surg. Res., 1999, 84, 51-56.
7. Tsubouchi, Y.; Mukai, S.; Kawahito, Y.; Yamada, R.; Kohno, M.; Inoue, K. ; Sano, H. Meloxicam inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res., 2000, 20, 2867-2872.
8. Vilgus, T. A.; Ross, M. S.; Parrett, M. L.; Oberyszyn, T. M. Topical application of a selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor suppresses UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2000, 62, 367-384.
9. Funk, C. D. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science, 2001, 294, 1871-1875.
10. Steele, V. E.; Holmes, C. A.; Hawk, E. T.; Kopelovich, L.; Lubet, R. A.; Crowell, J. A.; Sigman, C. C.; Kelloff, G. J. Lipoxygenase inhibitors as potential cancer chemopreventives. Cancer Epidemiol. Biom. Prev., 1999, 8, 467-483.
11. Nie, D.; Tang, K.; Diglio, C.; Honn, K. V. Eicosanoid regulation of angiogenesis: role of endothelial arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase. Blood, 2000, 95, 2304-2311.
12. Shureiqi, I.; Chen, D.; Lee, J. J.; Yang, P.; Newman, R. A.; Brenner, D. E.; Lotan, R.; Fischer, S. M.; Lippman, S. M. 15-Lox-1-1: a novel molecular target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2000, 92, 1136-1142.
13. Haeggstrom, J. Z.; Wetterholm, A. Enzymes and receptors in the leukotriene cascade. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2002, 59, 742-753.
14. Marleau, S.; de Laclos, B. F.; Sanchez, A. B.; Poubelle, P. E.; Borgeat, P. Role of 5-lipoxygenase products in the local accumulation of neutrophils in dermal inflammation in the rabbit. J. Immunol., 1999, 163, 3349-3358.
15. Goulet, J. L.; Snouwaert, J. N.; Latour, A. M.; Coffman, T. M.; Koller, B. H. Altered inflammatory response in leukotriene-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, 91, 12852-12856.
16. Byrum, R. S.; Goulet, J. L.; Griffiths, R. J.; Koller, B. H. Role of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) in murine acute inflammatory responses. J. Exp. Med., 1997, 185, 1065-1075.
17. Ghosh, J.; Myers, C. E. Arachidonic acid stimulates prostate cancer cell growth: critical role of 5-lipoxygenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1997, 235, 418-423.
18. Rioux, N.; Castonguay, A. Inhibitors of lipoxygenase: a new class of cancer chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis, 1998, 19, 1393-1400.
19. Moody, T. W.; Leyton, J.; Martinez, A.; Hong, S.; Malkinson, A.; Mulshine, J. L. Lipoxygenase inhibitors prevent lung carcinogenesis and inhibit non-small cell lung cancer growth. Exp. Lung Res., 1998, 24, 617-628.
20. Wenger, F. A.; Kilian, M.; Achucarro, P.; Heinicken, D.; Schimke, I.; Guski, H.; Jacobi, C. A.; Muller, J. M. Effects of Celebrex and Zyflo on BOP-induced pancreatic cancer in Syrian hamsters. Pancreatology, 2002, 2, 54-60.
21. Gunning, W. T.; Kramer, P. M.; Steele, V. E.; Pereira, M. A. Chemoprevention by lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathway inhibitors of vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors in mice. Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 4199-4201.
22. Jiang, H.; Yamamoto, S.; Kato, R. Inhibition of two-stage skin carcinogenesis as well as complete skin carcinogenesis by oral administration of TMK688, a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor. Carcinogenesis, 1994, 15, 807-812.
23. Castonguay, A.; Rioux, N.; Duperron, C.; Jalbert, G. Inhibition of lung tumorigenesis by NSAIDS: a working hypothesis. Exp. Lung Res., 1998, 24, 605-615.
24. Chen, X.; Yang, G.-Y.; W., D.; Bondoc, F.; Curtis, S. K.; Yang, C. S. An esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis model for esophageal adenocarcinogenesis in rats and enhancement by iron overload. Carcinogenesis, 1999, 20, 1801-1807.
25. Chen, X.; Li, N.; Wang, S.; Wu, N.; Hong, J.; Jiao, X.; Krasna, M. J.; Yang, C. S. Overexpression of Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase in Rat and Human Esophageal Adenocarcinomas and Inhibitory Effects of Bestatin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2003, 95, 1053-1061.
26. Orning, L.; Krivi, G.; Fitzpatrick, F. A. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: inhibition by bestatin and intrinsic aminopeptidase activity establish its functional resemblance to metallohydrolase enzymes. J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 1375-1378.
27. Byrum, R. S.; Goulet, J. L.; Snouwaert, J. N.; Griffiths, R. J.; Koller, B. H. Determination of the contribution of cysteinyl leukotrienes and leukotriene B4 in acute inflammatory responses using 5-lipoxygenase- and leukotriene A4 hydrolase-deficient mice. J. Immunol., 1999, 163, 6810-6819.
28. Crooks, S. W.; Stockley, R. A. Leukotriene B4. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 1998, 30, 173-178.
29. Dahlen, S.-E. Leukotriene receptors. Crit. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 1999, 17, 179-191.
30. Haeggstrom, J. Z.; Kull, F.; Rudberg, P. C.; Tholander, F.; Thunnissen, M. M. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2002, 68-69, 495-510.
31. Muskardin, D. T.; Voelkel, N. F.; Fitzpatrick, F. A. Modulation of pulmonary leukotriene formation and perfusion pressure by bestatin, an inhibitor of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1994, 48, 131-137.
32. Tsuji, F.; Oki, K.; Fujisawa, K.; Okahara, A.; Horiuchi, M.; Mita, S. Involvement of leukotriene B4 in arthritis models. Life Sci., 1999, 64, 51-56.
33. Penning, T. D. Inhibitiors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Current Pharm. Design, 2001, 7, 163-179.
34. Mancini, J. A.; Evans, J. F. Cloning and characterization of the human leukotriene A4 hydrolase gene. Eur. J. Biochem., 1995, 231, 65-71.
35. Funk, C. D.; Radmark, O.; Fu, J. Y.; Matsumoto, T.; Jornvall, H.; Shimizu, T.; Samuelsson, B. Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987, 84, 6677-6681.
36. Minami, M.; Mutoh, H.; Ohishi, N.; Honda, Z.; Bito, H.; Shimizu, T. Amino-acid sequence and tissue distribution of guinea-pig leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Gene, 1995, 161, 249-251.
37. Mikita, N.; Funk, C. D.; Imai, E.; Hoover, R. L.; Badr, K. F. Molecular cloning and functional expression of rat leukotriene A4 hydrolase using the polymerase chain reaction. FEBS Lett., 1992, 299, 273-277.
38. Medina, J. F.; Radmark, O.; Funk, C. D.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Molecular cloning and expression of mouse leukotriene A4 hydrolase cDNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1991, 176, 1516-1524.
39. Stromberg-Kull, F.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Purification and characterization of leukotriene A4 hydrolase from Xenopus laevis oocytes. FEBS Lett., 1998, 433, 219-222.
40. Kull, F.; Ohlson, E.; Lind, B.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Saccharomyces cerevisiae leukotriene A4 hydrolase: formation of leukotriene B4 and identification of catalytic residues. Biochemistry, 2001, 40, 12695-12703.
41. Noverr, M. C.; Toews, G. B.; Huffnagle, G. B. Production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by pathogenic Fungi. Infect. Immun., 2002, 70, 400-402.
42. Jendraschak, E.; Kaminski, W. E. Isolation of human promoter regions by Alu repeat consensus-based polymerase chain reaction. Genomics, 1998, 50, 53-60.
43. Jendraschak, E.; Kaminski, W. E.; Kiefl, R.; von Schacky, C. The human leukotriene A4 hydrolase gene is expressed in two alternatively spliced mRNA forms. Biochem. J., 1996, 314, 733-737.
44. Iversen, L.; Kragballe, K.; Ziboh, V. A. Significance of leukotriene-A4 hydrolase in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Skin Pharmacol., 1997, 10, 169-177.
45. Hattori, N.; Fujiwara, H.; Maeda, M.; Yoshioka, S.; Higuchi, T.; Mori, T.; Ohishi, N.; Minami, M.; Fujii, S.; Ueda, M. Human large luteal cells in the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy express leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 4, 803-810.
46. Odlander, B.; Claesson, H. E.; Bergman, T.; Radmark, O.; Jornvall, H.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in the human B-lymphocytic cell line Raji: indications of catalytically divergent forms of the enzyme. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1991, 287, 167-174.
47. Haeggstrom, J.; Bergman, T.; Jornvall, H.; Radmark, O. Guinea-pig liver leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Purification, characterization and structural properties. Eur. J. Biochem., 1988, 174, 717-724.
48. Bito, H.; Ohishi, N.; Miki, I.; Minami, M.; Tanabe, T.; Shimizu, T.; Seyama, Y. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase from guinea pig lung: the presence of two catalytically active forms. J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 1989, 105, 261-264.
49. Evans, J. F.; Nathaniel, D. J.; Zamboni, R. J.; Ford-Hutchinson, A. W. Leukotriene A3. A poor substrate but a potent inhibitor of rat and human neutrophil leukotriene A4 hydrolase. J. Biol. Chem., 1985, 260, 10966-10970.
50. Nathaniel, D. J.; Evans, J. F.; Leblanc, Y.; Leveille, C.; Fitzsimmons, B. J.; Ford-Hutchinson, A. W. Leukotriene A5 is a substrate and an inhibitor of rat and human neutrophil LTA4 hydrolase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1985, 131, 827-835.
51. Orning, L.; Gierse, J.; Duffin, K.; Bild, G.; Krivi, G.; Fitzpatrick, F. A. Mechanism-based inactivation of leukotriene A4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase by leukotriene A4. Mass spectrometric and kinetic characterization. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267, 22733-22739.
52. Thunnissen, M. M. G. M.; Nordlund, P.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Crystal structure of human leukotriene A4 hydrolase, a bifunctional enzyme in inflammation. Nat. Struct. Biol., 2001, 8, 131-135.
53. Rudberg, P. C.; Tholander, F.; Thunnissen, M. M.; Samuelsson, B.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: Selective abrogation of leukotriene B4 formation by mutation of aspartic acid 375. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 4215-4220.
54. Thunnissen, M. M.; Andersson, B.; Samuelsson, B.; Wong, C. H.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Crystal structures of leukotriene A4 hydrolase in complex with captopril and two competitive tight-binding inhibitors. FASEB J., 2002, 16, 1648-1650.
55. Medina, J. F.; Wetterholm, A.; Radmark, O.; Shapiro, R.; Haeggstrom, J. Z.; Vallee, B. L.; Samuelsson, B. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: determination of the three zinc-binding ligands by site-directed mutagenesis and zinc analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, 88, 7620-7624.
56. Andberg, M. B.; Hamberg, M.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Mutation of tyrosine 383 in leukotriene A4 hydrolase allows conversion of leukotriene A4 into 5S,6S-dihydroxy-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid. Implications for the epoxide hydrolase mechanism. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 23057-23063.
57. Andberg, M.; Wetterholm, A.; Medina, J. F.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: a critical role of glutamic acid-296 for the binding of bestatin. Biochem. J., 2000, 345 Pt 3. 621-625.
58. Wetterholm, A.; Medina, J. F.; Radmark, O.; Shapiro, R.; Haeggstrom, J. Z.; Vallee, B. L.; Samuelsson, B. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: abrogation of the peptidase activity by mutation of glutamic acid-296. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1992, 89, 9141-9145.
59. Minami, M.; Bito, H.; Ohishi, N.; Tsuge, H.; Miyano, M.; Mori, M.; Wada, H.; Mutoh, H.; Shimada, S.; Izumi, T.; Abe, K.; Shimizu, T. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, a bifunctional enzyme. Distinction of leukotriene A4 hydrolase and aminopeptidase activities by site-directed mutagenesis at Glu-297. FEBS Lett., 1992, 309, 353-357.
60. Rybina, I. V.; Feinmark, S. J. Alteration of human leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity after site-directed mutagenesis: serine-415 is a regulatory residue. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1999, 1438, 199-203.
61. Mueller, M. J.; Blomster, M.; Oppermann, U. C.; Jornvall, H.; Samuelsson, B.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: protection from mechanism-based inactivation by mutation of tyrosine-378. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 5931-5935.
62. Mueller, M. J.; Andberg, M. B.; Samuelsson, B.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, mutation of tyrosine 378 allows conversion of leukotriene A4 into an isomer of leukotriene B4. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 24345-24348.
63. Seidegard, J.; Ekstrom, G. The role of human glutathione transferases and epoxide hydrolase in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Environ. Health Persp., 1997, 105, 791-799.
64. Rybina, I. V.; Liu, H.; Gor, Y.; Feinmark, S. J. Regulation of leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity in endothelial cells by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 31865-31871.
65. McColl, S. R.; Hurst, N. P.; Betts, W. H.; Cleland, L. G. Modulation of human neutrophil LTA hydrolase activity by phorbol myristate acetate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1987, 147, 622-626.
66. Haeggstrom, J. Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase and the committed steps in leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 1999, 17, 111-131.
67. Habib, G. M.; Cuevas, A. A.; Barrios, R.; Lieberman, M. W. Mouse leukotriene A4 hydrolase is expressed at high levels in intestinal crypt cells and splenic lymphocytes. Gene, 1999, 234, 249-255.
68. Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T.; Seyama, Y.; Ohishi, N.; Takaku, F. Tissue distribution of leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity in guinea pig. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1986, 135, 139-145.
69. Gut, J.; Goldman, D. W.; Jamieson, G. C.; Trudell, J. R. Conversion of leukotriene A4 to leukotriene B4: catalysis by human liver microsomes under anaerobic conditions. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1987, 259, 497-509.
70. Brock, T. G.; Maydanski, E.; McNish, R. W.; Peters-Golden, M. Co-localization of leukotriene A4 hydrolase with 5-lipoxygenase in nuclei of alveolar macrophages and rat basophilic leukemia cells but not neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 35071-35077.
71. Fitzpatrick, F.; Haeggstrom, J.; Granstrom, E.; Samuelsson, B. Metabolism of leukotriene A4 by an enzyme in blood plasma: a possible leukotactic mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, 80, 5425-5429.
72. Munafo, D. A.; Shindo, K.; Baker, J. R.; Bigby, T. D. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 1042-1050.
73. Clamagirand, C.; Cadel, S.; Barre, N.; Cohen, P. Evidence for a leukotriene A4 hydrolase in Xenopus laevis skin exudate. FEBS Lett., 1998, 433, 68-72.
74. Amat, M.; Diaz, C.; Vila, L. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase and leukotriene C4 synthase activities in human chondrocytes: transcellular biosynthesis of Leukotrienes during granulocyte-chondrocyte interaction. Arthritis Rheum., 1998, 41, 1645-1651.
75. Okano-Mitani, H.; Ikai, K.; Imamura, S. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in peripheral leukocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 1996, 288, 168-172.
76. Iversen, L.; Deleuran, B.; Hoberg, A. M.; Kragballe, K. LTA4 hydrolase in human skin: decreased activity, but normal concentration in lesional psoriatic skin. Evidence for different LTA4 hydrolase activity in human lymphocytes and human skin. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 1996, 288, 217-224.
77. Ikehata, A.; Hiwatashi, N.; Kinouchi, Y.; Yamazaki, H.; Ito, K.; Toyota, T. Altered leukotriene B4 metabolism in colonic mucosa with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 1995, 30, 44-49.
78. Menegatti, E.; Roccatello, D.; Fadden, K.; Piccoli, G.; De Rosa, G.; Sena, L. M.; Rifai, A. Gene expression of 5-lipoxygenase and LTA4 hydrolase in renal tissue of nephrotic syndrome patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1999, 116, 347-353.
79. Rachelefsky, G. Childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis: the role of leukotrienes. J. Pediatr., 1997, 131, 348-355.
80. Seymour, M. L.; Rak, S.; Aberg, D.; Riise, G. C.; Penrose, J. F.; Kanaoka, Y.; Austen, K. F.; Holgate, S. T.; Sampson, A. P. Leukotriene and prostanoid pathway enzymes in bronchial biopsies of seasonal allergic asthmatics. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 164, 2051-2056.
81. Eberhard, J.; Jepsen, S.; Tiemann, M.; Krause, R.; Acil, Y.; Albers, H. K. Leukotriene A(4)-hydrolase expression and leukotriene B(4) levels in chronic inflammation of bacterial origin: immunohistochemistry and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of oral mucosal epithelium. Virchows Arch., 2002, 440, 627-634.
82. Montero, A.; Nassar, G. M.; Uda, S.; Munger, K. A.; Badr, K. F. Reciprocal regulation of LTA(4) hydrolase expression in human monocytes by gamma-interferon and interleukins 4 and 13: potential relevance to leukotriene regulation in glomerular disease. Exp. Nephrol., 2000, 8, 258-265.
83. Zaitsu, M.; Hamasaki, Y.; Matsuo, M.; Kukita, A.; Tsuji, K.; Miyazaki, M.; Hayasaki, R.; Muro, E.; Yamamoto, S.; Kobayashi, I.; Ichimaru, T.; Kohashi, O.; Miyazaki, S. New induction of leukotriene A(4) hydrolase by interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood, 2000, 96, 601-609.
84. Iversen, L.; Svendsen, M.; Kragballe, K. Cyclosporin A down-regulates the LTA4 hydrolase level in human keratinocyte cultures. Acta Derm. Venereol., 1996, 76, 424-428.
85. Ishizaka, N.; Nakao, A.; Ohishi, N.; Suzuki, M.; Aizawa, T.; Taguchi, J. ; Nagai, R.; Shimizu, T.; Ohno, M. Increased leukotriene A(4) hydrolase expression in the heart of angiotensin 11-induced hypertensive rat. FEBS Lett., 1999, 463, 155-159.
86. Dias, V. C.; Shaffer, E. A.; Wallace, J. L.; Parsons, H. G. Bile salts determine leukotriene B4 synthesis in a human intestinal cell line (CaCo-2). Dig. Dis. Sci., 1994, 39, 802-808.
87. Craven, P. A.; Pfanstiel, J.; DeRubertis, F. R. Role of reactive oxygen in bile salt stimulation of colonic epithelial proliferation. J. Clin. Invest., 1986, 77, 850-859.
88. Guo, X.; Ko, J. K.; Mei, Q. B.; Cho, C. H. Aggravating effect of cigarette smoke exposure on experimental colitis is associated with leukotriene B(4) and reactive oxygen metabolites. Digestion, 2001, 63, 180-187.
89. Guo, X.; Wang, W. P.; Ko, J. K.; Cho, C. H. Involvement of neutrophils and free radicals in the potentiating effects of passive cigarette smoking on inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Gastroenterology, 1999, 117, 884-892.
90. Chow, J. Y.; Ma, L.; Cho, C. H. Effect of cigarette smoke on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions: the role of nitric oxide and neutrophils. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1998, 342, 253-260.
91. Guo, X.; Liu, E. S. L.; Ko, J. K.; Wong, B. C.; Ye, Y. N.; Lam, S. K.; Cho, C. H. Protective role of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in the adverse action of passive cigarette smoking on the initiation of experimental colitis in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 411, 193-203.
92. Sugiyama, Y.; Izumi, T.; Ohishi, N.; Yotsumoto, H.; Shimizu, T.; Kitamura, S.; Takaku, F. Effects of smoking on the synthesis of leukotriene B4 by rat alveolar macrophages. Respiration, 1989, 56, 198-203.
93. Masubuchi, T.; Koyama, S.; Sato, E.; Takamizawa, A.; Kubo, K.; Sekiguchi, M.; Nagai, S.; Izumi, T. Smoke extract stimulates lung epithelial cells to release neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activity. Am. J. Pathol., 1998, 153, 1903-1912.
94. Sato, E.; Koyama, S.; Takamizawa, A.; Masubuchi, T.; Kubo, K.; Robbins, R. A.; Nagai, S.; Izumi, T. Smoke extract stimulates lung fibroblasts to release neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activities. Am. J. Physiol., 1999, 277, L1149-1157.
95. Thornton, W. H., Jr.; Adelstein, E. H.; Edes, T. E. Leukotriene B4 is measurable in serum of smokers and nonsmokers. Clin. Chem., 1989, 35, 459-460.
96. Thornton, W. H., Jr.; Edes, T. E.; Adelstein, E. H. Detection of elevated levels of leukotriene B4 in the serum of smokers and patients with lung cancer. J. Am. Coll. Nutri. 1988, 7, 415.
97. Peters-Golden, M.; Brock, T. G. Intracellular compartmentalization of leukotriene synthesis: unexpected nuclear secrets. FEBS Lett., 2001, 487, 323-326.
98. Reid, G. K.; Kargman, S.; Vickers, P. J.; Mancini, J. A.; Leveille, C.; Ethier, D.; Miller, D. K.; Gillard, J. W.; Dixon, R. A.; Evans, J. F. Correlation between expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, 5-lipoxygenase, and cellular leukotriene synthesis. J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265, 19818-19823.
99. Haeggstrom, J. Z. Structure, function, and regulation of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, 161, s25-s31.
100. Zhou, S.; Stark, J. M.; Leikauf, G. D. Leukotriene B4 formation: human neutrophil-airway epithelial cell interactions. J. Appl. Physiol., 1995, 78, 1396-1403.
101. Nakao, A.; Watanabe, T.; Ohishi, N.; Toda, A.; Asano, K.; Taniguchi, S.; Nosaka, K.; Noiri, E.; Suzuki, T.; Sakai, T.; Kurokawa, K.; Shimizu, T.; Kimura, S. Ubiquitous localization of leukotriene A4 hydrolase in the rat nephron. Kidney Int., 1999, 55, 100-108.
102. McGee, J.; Fitzpatrick, F. Enzymatic hydration of leukotriene A4. Purification and characterization of a novel epoxide hydrolase from human erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 1985, 260, 12832-12837.
103. Fu, J. Y.; Medina, J. F.; Funk, C. D.; Wetterholm, A.; Radmark, O. Leukotriene A4, conversion to leukotriene B4 in human T-cell lines. Prostaglandins, 1988, 36, 241-248.
104. Feinmark, S. J.; Cannon, P. J. Vascular smooth muscle cell leukotriene C4 synthesis: requirement for transcellular leukotriene A4 metabolism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1987, 922, 125-135.
105. Dahinden, C. A.; Clancy, R. M.; Gross, M.; Chiller, J. M.; Hugli, T. E. Leukotriene C4 production by murine mast cells: evidence of a role for extracellular leukotriene A4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1985, 82, 6632-6636.
106. Ibe, B. O.; Campbell, W. B. Synthesis and metabolism of leukotrienes by human endothelial cells: influence on prostacyclin release. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1988, 960, 309-321.
107. Sala, A.; Zarini, S.; Folco, G.; Murphy, R. C.; Henson, P. M. Differential metabolism of exogenous and endogenous arachidonic acid in human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 28264-28269.
108. Sala, A.; Bolla, M.; Zarini, S.; Muller-Peddinghaus, R.; Folco, G. Release of leukotriene A4 versus leukotriene B4 from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 17944-17948.
109. Brady, H. R.; Lamas, S.; Papayianni, A.; Takata, S.; Matsubara, M.; Marsden, P. A. Lipoxygenase product formation and cell adhesion during neutrophil-glomerular endothelial cell interaction. Am. J. Physiol., 1995, 268, F1-12.
110. Brady, H. R.; Serhan, C. N. Adhesion promotes transcellular leukotriene biosynthesis during neutrophil-glomerular endothelial cell interactions: inhibition by antibodies against CD18 and L-selection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1992, 186, 1307-1314.
111. Brady, H. R.; Papayianni, A.; Serhan, C, N. Transcellular pathways and cell adhesion as potential contributors to leukotriene and lipoxin biosynthesis in acute glomerulonephritis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1997, 400B, 631-640.
112. Fabre, J. E.; Goulet, J. L.; Riche, E.; Nguyen, M.; Coggins, K.; Offenbacher, S.; Koller, B. H. Transcellular biosynthesis contributes to the production of leukotrienes during inflammatory responses in vivo. J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1373-1380.
113. Planaguma, A.; Titos, E.; Lopez-Parra, M.; Gaya, J.; Pueyo, G.; Arroyo, V.; Claria, J. Aspirin (ASA) regulates 5-lipoxygenase activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-mediated CINC-1 release in rat liver cells: novel actions of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and ASA-triggered 15-epi-LXA4. Faseb J., 2002, 16, 1937-1939.
114. Frommel, T. O.; Dyavanapalli, M.; Oldham, T.; Kazi, N.; Lietz, H.; Liao, Y.; Mobarhan, S. Effect of aspirin on prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene 134 production in human colonic mucosa from cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res., 1997, 3, 209-213.
115. Harizi, H.; Juzan, M.; Pitard, V.; Moreau, J.-F.; Gualde, N. Cyclooxygenase-2-issued PGE2 enhances the production of endogenous IL10, which down-regulates the dendritic cell functions. J. Immunol., 2002, 168, 2255-2260.
116. Ham, E. A.; Soderman, D. D.; Zanetti, M. E.; Dougherty, H. W.; McCauley, E.; Kuchl, F. A., Jr. Inhibition by prostaglandins of leukotriene B4 release from activated neutrophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, 80, 4349-4353.
117. Flamand, N.; Surette, M. E.; Picard, S.; Bourgoin, S.; Borgeat, P. Cyclic AMP-mediated inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase translocation and leukotriene biosynthesis in human neutrophils. Mol. Pharmacol., 2002, 62, 250-256.
118. Klockmann, M. T.; Hu, J.; Hippenstiel, S.; Kramer, H. J.; Suttorp, N. Interaction of human neutrophils with airway epithelial cells: reduction of leukotriene B4 generation by epithelial cell derived prostaglandin E2. J. Cell Physiol., 1998, 175, 268-275.
119. Schultz, M. J.; Wijnholds, J.; Peppelenbosch, M. P.; Vervoordeldonk, M. J.; Speelman, P.; van Deventer, S. J.; Borst, P.; van der Poll, T. Mice lacking the multidrug resistance protein 1 are resistant to Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia. J. Immunol., 2001, 166, 4059-4064.
120. Tornhamre, S.; Elmqvist, A.; Lindgren, J. A. 15-lipoxygenation of leukotriene A(4). Studies Of 12- and 15-lipoxygenase efficiency to catalyze lipoxin formation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2000, 1484, 298-306.
121. Serhan, C. N. Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin biosynthesis: an update and role in anti-inflammation and pro-resolution. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2002, 68-69, 433-455.
122. Schottelius, A. J.; Giesen, C.; Asadullah, K.; Fierro, I. M.; Colgan, S. P.; Bauman, J.; Guilford, W.; Perez, H. D.; Parkinson, J. F. An aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 stable analog displays a unique topical anti-inflammatory profile. J. Immunol., 2002, 169, 7063-7070.
123. Zhu, Y. I.; Stiller, M. J. Preview of potential therapeutic applications of leukotriene B4 inhibitors in dermatology. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol., 2000, 13, 235-245.
124. Fogh, K.; Hansen, E. S.; Herlin, T.; Knudsen, V.; Henriksen, T. B. 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) inhibits carrageenan-induced experimental arthritis and reduces synovial fluid leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Prostaglandins, 1989, 37, 213-228.
125. Fogh, K.; Soggard, H.; Herlin, T.; Kragballe, K. Improvement of psoriasis vulgaris after intralesional injections of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1988, 18, 279-285.
126. Profita, M.; Sala, A.; Riccobono, L.; Pace, E.; Paterno, A.; Zarini, S.; Siena, L.; Mirabella, A.; Bonsignore, G.; Vignola, A. M. 15(S)-HETE modulates LTB(4) production and neutrophil chemotaxis in chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol., 2000, 279, C1249-1258.
127. Profita, M.; Sala, A.; Siena, L.; Henson, P. M.; Murphy, R. C.; Paterno, A.; Bonanno, A.; Riccobono, L.; Mirabella, A.; Bonsignore, G.; Vignola, A. M. Leukotriene B4 production in human mononuclear phagocytes is modulated by interleukin-4-induced 15-lipoxygenase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 868-875.
128. Yokomizo, T.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. Leukotriene B4: metabolism and signal transduction. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2001, 385, 231-241.
129. Wheelan, P.; Hankin, J. A.; Bilir, B.; Guenette, D.; Murphy, R. C. Metabolic transformations of leukotriene B4 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1999, 288, 326-334.
130. Hankin, J. A.; Murphy, R. C. The metabolism of leukotriene B4 in Lewis lung carcinoma porcine kidney cells. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, 161, S81-87.
131. Hashizume, T.; Imaoka, S.; Hiroi, T.; Terauchi, Y.; Fujii, T.; Miyazaki, H.; Kamataki, T.; Funae, Y. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel cytochrome p450 (cyp4f12) from human small intestine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 280, 1135-1141.
132. Ferdinandusse, S.; Meissner, T.; Wanders, R. J.; Mayatepek, E. Identification of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes involved in the degradation of leukotrienes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 293, 269-273.
133. Yamamoto, T.; Yokomizo, T.; Nakao, A.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. Immunohistochemical localization of guinea-pig leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/15-ketoprostaglandin 13-reductase. Eur. J. Biochem., 2001, 268, 6105-6113.
134. Devchand, P. R.; Keller, H.; Peters, J. M.; Vazquez, M.; Gonzalez, F. J. ; Wahli, W. The PPARalpha-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control. Nature, 1996, 384, 39-43.
135. Fiedler, J.; Simon, F. R.; Iwahashi, M.; Murphy, R. C. Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation on leukotriene B4 metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 299, 691-697.
136. Willemsen, M. A.; de Jong, J. G.; van Domburg, P. H.; Rotteveel, J. J.; Wanders, R. J.; Mayatepek, E. Defective inactivation of leukotriene B4 in patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. J. Pediatr., 2000, 136, 258-260.
137. Willemsen, M. A.; L, I. J.; Steijlen, P. M.; Rotteveel, J. J.; de Jong, J. G.; van Domburg, P. H.; Mayatepek, E.; Gabreels, F. J.; Wanders, R. J. Clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic characteristics of 19 patients with the Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Brain, 2001, 124, 1426-1437.
138. Willemsen, M. A.; Lutt, M. A.; Steijlen, P. M.; Cruysberg, J. R.; van der Graaf, M.; Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W.; Pasman, J. W.; Mayatepek, E.; Rotteveel, J. J. Clinical and biochemical effects of zileuton in patients with the Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2001, 160, 711-717.
139. Primiano, T.; Li, Y.; Kensler, T. W.; Trush, M. A.; Sutter, T. R. Identification of dithiolethione-inducible gene-I as a leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase: implications for chemoprevention. Carcinogenesis, 1998, 19, 999-1005.
140. Primiano, T.; Kensler, T. W.; Trush, M. A.; Sutter, T. R. Induction of leukotriene B4 metabolism by cancer chemopreventive agents. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1999, 469, 599-605.
141. Busse, W. W. Leukotrienes and inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1998, 157, S210-213; discussion S247-218.
142. Hotter, G.; Closa, D.; Prats, N.; Pi, F.; Gelpi, E.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Free radical enhancement promotes leucocyte recruitment through a PAF and LTB4 dependent mechanism. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 1997, 22, 947-954.
143. Griffiths, R. J.; Pettipher, E. R.; Koch, K.; Farrell, C. A.; Breslow, R.; Conklyn, M. J.; Smith, M. A.; Hackman, B. C.; Wimberly, D. J.; Milici, A. J.; Scampoli, D. N.; Cheng, J. B.; Pillar, J. S.; Pazoles, C. J.; Doherty, N. S.; Melvin, L. S.; Reiter, L. A.; Biggars, M. S.; Falkner, F. C.; Mitchell, D. Y.; Liston, T. E.; Showell, H. J. Leukotriene B4 plays a critical role in the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92., 517-521.
144. Turner, C. R.; Breslow, R.; Conklyn, M. J.; Andresen, C. J.; Patterson, D. K.; Lopez-Anaya, A.; Owens, B.; Lee, P.; Watson, J. W.; Showell, H. J. In vitro and in vivo effects of leukotriene B4 antagonism in a primate model of asthma. J. Clin. Invest., 1996, 97, 381-387.
145. Nakao, A.; Nosaka, K.; Ohishi, N.; Noiri, E.; Suzuki, T.; Taniguchi, S.; Seki, G.; Watanabe, T.; Kurokawa, K.; Shimizu, T.; Kimura, S. Long-term effects of LTB4 antagonist on lipid induced renal injury. Kidney Int. Suppl., 1997, 63, S236-238.
146. Gladue, R. P.; Carroll, L. A.; Milici, A. J.; Scampoli, D. N.; Stukenbrok, H. A.; Pettipher, E. R.; Salter, E. D.; Contillo, L.; Showell, H. J. Inhibition of leukotriene B4-receptor interaction suppresses eosinophil infiltration and disease pathology in a murine model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med., 1996, 183, 1893-1898.
147. Noiri, E.; Yokomizo, T.; Nakao, A.; Izumi, T.; Fujita, T.; Kimura, S.; Shimizu, T. An in vivo approach showing the chemotactic activity of leukotriene B4 in acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97, 823-828.
148. Sharon, P.; Stenson, W. F. Enhanced synthesis of leukotriene B4 by colonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 1984, 86, 453-460.
149. Ren, W.; Dziak, R. Effects of leukotrienes on osteoblastic cell proliferation. Calcif. Tissue Int., 1991, 49, 197-201.
150. Makogon, N. V.; Korneitchuk, A. N.; Lushnikova, I. V.; Alexeyeva, I. N. Effects of exogenous leukotrienes B4 and C4 on the viability of cultured rat hepatocytes. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Bulg., 2000, 25, 87-91.
151. Andoh, T.; Kuraishi, Y. Intradermal leukotriene B4, but not prostaglandin E2, induces itch-associated responses in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1998, 353, 93-96.
152. Levine, J. D.; Lau, W.; Kwiat, G.; Goetzl, E. J. Leukotriene B4 produces hyperalgesia that is dependent on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Science, 1984, 225, 743-745.
153. Andoh, T.; Katsube, N.; Maruyama, M.; Kuraishi, Y. Involvement of leukotriene B(4) in substance P-induced itch-associated response in mice. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2001, 117, 1621-1626.
154. Andoh, T.; Kuraishi, Y. Involvement of blockade of leukotriene B(4) action in anti-pruritic effects of emedastine in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2000, 406, 149-152.
155. Andoh, T.; Kuraishi, Y. Inhibitory effects of azelastine on substance P-induced itch-associated response in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2002, 436, 235-239.
156. Wedi, B.; Kapp, A. Pathophysiological role of leukotrienes in dermatological diseases: potential therapeutic implications. BioDrugs, 2001, 15, 729-743.
157. Hwang, S. W.; Cho, H.; Kwak, J.; Lee, S. Y.; Kang, C. J.; Jung, J.; Cho, S.; Min, K. H.; Suh, Y. G.; Kim, D.; Oh, U. Direct activation of capsaicin receptors by products of lipoxygenases: endogenous capsaicin-like substances. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 2000, 97, 6155-6160.
158. Teixeira, M. M.; Cunha, F. Q.; Noronha-Dutra, A.; Hothersall, J. Production of singlet oxygen by eosinophils activated in vitro by C5a and leukotriene 134. FEBS Lett., 1999, 453, 265-268.
159. Perkins, R. S.; Lindsay, M. A.; Barnes, P. J.; Giembycz, M. A. Early signalling events implicated in leukotriene B4-induced activation of the NADPH oxidase in eosinophils: role of Ca2+, protein kinase C and phospholipases C and D. Biochem. J., 1995, 310, 795-806.
160. Subramanian, N. Leukotriene B4 induced steady state calcium rise and superoxide anion generation in guinea pig eosinophils are not related events. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1992, 187, 670-676.
161. Lee, M.; You, H. J.; Cho, S. H.; Woo, C. H.; Yoo, M. H.; Joe, E. H.; Kim, J. H. Implication of the small GTPase Rac1 in the generation of reactive oxygen species in response to beta-amyloid in C6 astroglioma cells. Biochem. J., 2002, 366, 937-943.
162. Woo, C. H.; Eom, Y. W.; Yoo, M. H.; You, H. J.; Han, H. J.; Song, W. K.; Yoo, Y. J.; Chun, J. S.; Kim, J. H. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha generates reactive oxygen species via a cytosolic phospholipase A2-linked cascade. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 32357-32362.
163. Woo, C.-H., You, H.-J.; Cho, S.-H.; Eom, Y.-W.; Chun, J.-S.; Yoo, Y.-J.; Kim, J.-H. Leukotriene B4 stimulates Rac-ERK cascade to generate reactive oxygen species that mediates chemotaxis. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277.
164. Steiner, D. R.; Gonzalez, N. C.; Wood, J. G. Leukotriene B(4) promotes reactive oxidant generation and leukocyte adherence during acute hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol., 2001, 91, 1160-1167.
165. Larfars, G.; Lantoine, F.; Devynck, M. A.; Palmblad, J.; Gyllenhammar, H. Activation of nitric oxide release and oxidative metabolism by leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood, 1999, 93, 1399-1405.
166. Matousek, M.; Mitsube, K.; Mikuni, M.; Brannstrom, M. Inhibition of ovulation in the rat by a leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 2001, 7, 35-42.
167. Carson, D. D.; Lagow, E.; Thathiah, A.; Al-Shami, R.; Farach-Carson, M. C.; Vernon, M.; Yuan, L.; Fritz, M. A.; Lessey, B. Changes in gene expression during the early to mid-luteal (receptive phase) transition in human endometrium detected by high-density microarray screening. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 8, 871-879.
168. Yokomizo, T.; Izumi, T.; Chang, K.; Takuwa, Y.; Shimizu, T. A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B4 that mediates chemotaxis. Nature, 1997, 387, 620-624.
169. Striggow, F.; Ehrlich, B. E. Regulation of intracellular calcium release channel function by arachidonic acid and leukotriene B4. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, 237, 413-418.
170. Owman, C.; Garzino-Demo, A.; Cocchi, F.; Popovic, M.; Sabirsh, A.; Gallo, R. C. The leukotriene B4 receptor functions as a novel type of coreceptor mediating entry of primary HIV-1 isolates into CD4-positive cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 9530-9534.
171. Martin, V.; Ronde, P.; Unett, D.; Wong, A.; Hoffman, T. L.; Edinger, A. L.; Doms, R. W.; Funk, C. D. Leukotriene binding, signaling, and analysis of HIV coreceptor function in mouse and human leukotriene B4 receptor-transfected cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 8597-8603.
172. Toda, A.; Yokomizo, T.; Masuda, K.; Nakao, A.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. Cloning and characterization of rat leukotriene B(4) receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999, 262, 806-812.
173. Kato, K.; Yokomizo, T.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. Cell-specific transcriptional regulation of human leukotriene B(4) receptor gene. J. Exp. Med., 2000, 192, 413-420.
174. Owman, C.; Nilsson, C.; Lolait, S. J. Cloning of cDNA encoding a putative chemoattractant receptor. Genomics, 1996, 37, 187-194.
175. Nilsson, N. E.; Tryselius, Y.; Owman, C. Genomic organization of the leukotriene B(4) receptor locas of human chromosome 14. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 274, 383-388.
176. Yokomizo, T.; Kato, K.; Terawaki, K.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. A second leukotriene B(4) receptor, BLT2. A new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders. J. Exp. Med., 2000, 192, 421-432.
177. Kamohara, M.; Takasaki, J.; Matsumoto, M.; Saito, T.; Ohishi, T.; Ohishi, T.; Ishii, H.; Furuichi, K. Molecular cloning and characterization of another leukotriene B4 receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 27000-27004.
178. Wang, S.; Gustafson, E.; Pang, L.; Qiao, X.; Behan, J.; Maguire, M.; Bayne, M.; Laz, T. A novel hepatointestinal leukotriene B4 receptor. Cloning and functional characterization. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 40686-40694.
179. Tryselius, Y.; Nilsson, N. E.; Kotarsky, K.; Olde, B.; Owman, C. Cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding a novel human leukotriene B(4) receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 274, 377-382.
180. Yokomizo, T.; Kato, K.; Hagiya, H.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. Hydroxyeicosanoids bind to and activate the low affinity leukotriene B4 receptor, BLT2. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 12454-12459.
181. Toda, A.; Yokomizo, T.; Shimizu, T. Leukotriene 134 receptors. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2002, 68-69, 575-585.
182. Anthonsen, M. W.; Andersen, S.; Solhaug, A.; Johansen, B. Atypical I/ iPKC conveys 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene B4-mediated cross-talk between phospholipase A2s regulating NF-kB activation in response to tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1b. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 35344-34351.
183. Anthonsen, M. W.; Solhaug, A.; Johansen, B. Functional coupling between secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A2 modulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1beta-induced NF-kappa B activation. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 30527-30536.
184. Gaudreau, R.; Le Gouill, C.; Metaoui, S.; Lemire, S.; Stankova, J.; Rola-Pleszezynski, M. Signalling through the leukotriene B4 receptor involves both alphai and alpha16, but not alphaq or alpha11 G-protein subunits. Biochem. J., 1998, 335, 15-18.
185. Haribabu, B.; Zhelev, D. V.; Pridgen, B. C.; Richardson, R. M.; Ali, H.; Snyderman, R. Chemoattractant receptors activate distinct pathways for chemotaxis and secretion. Role of G-protein usage. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 37087-37092.
186. Kim, Y. J.; Kim, K. P.; Han, S. K.; Munoz, N. M.; Zhu, X.; Sano, H.; Leff, A. R.; Cho, W. Group V phospholipase A2 induces leukotriene biosynthesis in human neutrophils through the activation of group IVA phospholipase A2. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 36479-36488.
187. Ito, N.; Yokomizo, T.; Sasaki, T.; Kurosu, H.; Penninger, J.; Kanaho, Y. ; Katada, T.; Hanaoka, K.; Shimizu, T. Requirement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-activation and Ca influx for leukotriene B4-induced enzyme release. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 19, 19.
188. Fiedler, J.; Wheelan, P.; Henson, P. M.; Murphy, R. C. Exogenous leukotriene B4 (LTB4) inhibits human neutrophil generation of LTB4 from endogenous arachidonic acid during opsonized zymosan phagocytosis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1998, 287, 150-156.
189. Serio, K. J.; Baker, J. R.; Ring, W. L.; Riddick, C. A.; Bigby, T. D. Leukotriene B4 costimulates 5-lipoxygenase activity in neutrophils via increased 5-lipoxygenase translocation. Am. J. Physiol., 1997, 272, C1329-1334.
190. Stankova, J.; Turcotte, S.; Harris, J.; Rola-Pleszezynski, M. Modulation of leukotriene B4 receptor-1 expression by dexamethasone: potential mechanism for enhanced neutrophil survival. J. Immunol., 2002, 168, 3570-3576.
191. Surette, M. E.; Krump, E.; Picard, S.; Borgeat, P. Activation of leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils by exogenous arachidonic acid: inhibition by adenosine A2a receptor agonists and crucial role of autocrine activation by leukotriene B4. Mol. Pharmacol., 1999, 56, 1055-1062.
192. Foulon, T.; Cadel, S.; Cohen, P. Aminopeptidase B (EC 3.4.11.6). Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 1999, 31, 747-750.
193. Haeggstrom, J. Z.; Wetterholm, A.; Shapiro, R.; Vallee, B. L.; Samuelsson, B. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: a zinc metalloenzyme. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1990, 172, 965-970.
194. Minami, M.; Ohishi, N.; Mutoh, H.; Izumi, T.; Bito, H.; Wada, H.; Seyama, Y.; Toh, H.; Shimizu, T. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase is a zinc-containing aminopeptidase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1990, 173, 620-626.
195. Orning, L.; Gierse, J. K.; Fitzpatrick, F. A. The bifunctional enzyme leukotriene-A4 hydrolase is an arginine aminopeptidase of high efficiency and specificity. J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 11269-11273.
196. Nissen, J. B.; Iversen, L.; Kragballe, K. Characterization of the aminopeptidase activity of epidermal leukotriene A4 hydrolase against the opioid dynorphin fragment 1-7. Br. J. Dermatol., 1995, 133, 742-749.
197. Wetterholm, A.; Haeggstrom, J. Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase: an anion activated peptidase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1992, 1123, 275-281.
198. Shimizu, T.; Tani, K.; Hase, K.; Ogawa, H.; Huang, L.; Shinomiya, F.; Sone, S. CD13/aminopeptidase N-induced lymphocyte involvement in inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2002, 46, 2330-2338.
199. Huang, L.; Tani, K.; Ogushi, F.; Ogawa, H.; Shimizu, T.; Motoki, Y.; Moriguchi, H.; Sone, S. Role of CD13/aminopeptidase N in rat lymphocytic alveolitis caused by thoracic irradiation. Radiat. Res., 2002, 157, 191-198.
200. Saiki, I.; Fujii, H.; Yoneda, J.; Abe, F.; Nakajima, M.; Tsuruo, T.; Azuma, I. Role of aminopeptidase N (CD13) in tumor-cell invasion and extracellular matrix degradation. Int. J. Cancer, 1993, 54, 137-143.
201. Ishii, K.; Usui, S.; Sugimura, Y.; Yoshida, S.; Hioki, T.; Tatematsu, M. ; Yamamoto, H.; Hirano, K. Aminopeptidase N regulated by zinc in human prostate participates in tumor cell invasion. Int. J. Cancer, 2001, 92, 49-54.
202. Sekine, K.; Fujii, H.; Abe, F.; Nishikawa, K. Augmentation of death ligand-induced apoptosis by aminopeptidase inhibitors in human solid tumor cell lines. Int. J. Cancer, 2001, 94, 485-491.
203. Mishima, Y.; Matsumoto-Mishima, Y.; Terui, Y.; Katsuyama, M.; Yamada, M. ; Mori, M.; Ishizaka, Y.; Ikeda, K.; Watanabe, J.; Mizunuma, N.; Hayasawa, H.; Hatake, K. Leukemic cell-surface CD13/aminopeptidase N and resistance to apoptosis mediated by endothelial cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2002, 94, 1020-1028.
204. Hashida, H.; Takabayashi, A.; Kanai, M.; Adachi, M.; Kondo, K.; Kohno, N.; Yamaoka, Y.; Miyake, M. Aminopeptidase N is involved in cell motility and angiogenesis: its clinical significance in human colon cancer. Gastroenterology, 2002, 122, 376-386.
205. Tokuhara, T.; Adachi, M.; Hashida, H.; Ishida, H.; Taki, T.; Higashiyama, M.; Kodama, K.; Tachibana, S.; Sasaki, S.; Miyake, M. Neutral endopeptidase/CD10 and aminopeptidase N/CD13 gene expression as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. Jpn. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2001, 49, 489-496.
206. Haribabu, B.; Verghese, M. W.; Steeber, D. A.; Sellars, D. D.; Bock, C. B.; Snyderman, R. Targeted disruption of the leukotriene B4 receptor in mice reveals its role in inflammation and platelet-activating factor-induced anaphylaxis. J. Exp. Med., 2000, 193, 433-348.
207. Tager, A. M.; Dufour, J. H.; Goodarzi, K.; Bercury, S. D.; von Andrian, U. H.; Luster, A. D. BLTR mediates leukotriene B4-induced chemotaxis and adhesion and plays a dominant role in eosinophil accumulation in a murine model of peritonitis. J. Exp. Med., 2000, 192, 439-446.
208. Chiang, N.; Gronert, K.; Clish, C. B.; O'Brien, J. A.; Freeman, M. W.; Serhan, C. N. Leukotriene B4 receptor transgenic mice reveal novel protective roles for lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins in reperfusion. J. Clin. Invest., 1999, 104, 309-316.
209. Ford-Hutchinson, A. W. Regulation of leukotriene biosynthesis. Cancer Metast. Rev., 1994, 13, 257-267.
210. Bhatia, P. A.; Brooks, C. D.; Basha, A.; Ratajczyk, J. D.; Gunn, B. P.; Bouska, J. B.; Lanni, C.; Young, P. R.; Bell, R. L.; Carter, G. W. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of 1-aryl-2H,4H-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-ones. J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 3938-3950.
211. Tsuji, F.; Miyake, Y.; Enomoto, H.; Horiuchi, M.; Mita, S. Effects of SA6541, a leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, and indomethacin on carrageenan-induced murine dermatitis. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1998, 346, 81-85.
212. Tsuji, F.; Miyake, Y.; Horiuchi, M.; Mita, S. Involvement of leukotriene B4 in murine dermatitis models. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1998, 55, 297-304.
213. Penning, T. D.; Chandrakumar, N. S.; Chen, B. B.; Chen, H. Y.; Desai, B. N.; Djuric, S. W.; Docter, S. H.; Gasiecki, A. F.; Haack, R. A.; Miyashiro, J. M.; Russell, M. A.; Yu, S. S.; Corley, D. G.; Durley, R. C.; Kilpatrick, B. F.; Parnas, B. L.; Askonas, L. J.; Gierse, J. K.; Harding, E. I.; Highkin, M. K.; Kachur, J. F.; Kim, S. H.; Krivi, G. G.; Villani-Price, D.; Pyla, E. Y.; Smith, W. G. Structure-activity relationship studies on 1-[2-(4-Phenylphenoxy)ethyl]pyrrolidine (SC-22716), a potent inhibitor of leukotriene A(4) (LTA(4)) hydrolase. J. Med. Chem., 2000, 43, 721-735.
214. Smith, W. G.; Russell, M. A.; Liang, C.; Askonas, L. A.; Kachur, J. F.; Kim, S.; Souresrafil, N.; Price, D. V.; Clapp, N. K. Pharmacological characterization of selective inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 1996, 55, 13.
215. Yuan, J. H.; Birkmeier, J.; Yang, D. C.; Hribar, J. D.; Liu, N.; Bible, R.; Hajdu, E.; Rock, M.; Schoenhard, G. Isolation and identification of metabolites of leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor SC-57461 in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos., 1996, 24, 1124-1133.
216. Askonas, L. J.; Kachur, J. F.; Villani-Price, D.; Liang, C. D.; Russell, M. A.; Smith, W. G. Pharmacological characterization of SC-57461A (3-[methyl[3-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl] amino]propanoic acid HCl), a potent and selective inhibitor of leukotriene A(4) hydrolase 1: in vitro studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 577-582.
217. Kachur, J. F.; Askonas, L. J.; Villani-Price, D.; Ghoreishi-Haack, N.; Won-Kim, S.; Liang, C. D.; Russell, M. A.; Smith, W. G. Pharmacological characterization of SC-57461A (3-[methyl[3-]4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl]amino]propanoic acid HCl), a potent and selective inhibitor of leukotriene A(4) hydrolase II: in vivo studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 583-587.
218. Kim, S. W.; Burton, E. G.; Torkelson, A. R.; Smith, W. G.; Tanner, S. W. ; Clapp, N. K. Efficacy of a selective LTA4 hydrolase inhibitor in colitic cotton-top tamarins, the 8th International Congress of the Inflammation Research Association, pp. W1. Hershey, PA, 1996.
219. Penning, T. D.; Chandrakumar, N. S.; Desai, B. N.; Djuric, S. W.; Gasiecki, A. F.; Liang, C. D.; Miyashiro, J. M.; Russell, M. A.; Askonas, L. J. ; Gierse, J. K.; Harding, E. I.; Highkin, M. K.; Kachur, J. F.; Kim, S. H.; Villani-Price, D.; Pyla, E. Y.; Ghoreishi-Haack, N. S.; Smith, W. G. Pyrrolidine and piperidine analogues of SC-57461A as potent, orally active inhibitors of leukotriene A(4) hydrolase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12, 3383-3386.
220. Scornik, O. A.; Botbol, V. Bestatin as an experimental tool in mammals. Current Drug Metab., 2001, 2, 67-85.
221. Talmadge, J. E.; Lenz, B. F.; Pennington, R.; Long, C.; Phillips, H.; Schneider, M.; Tribble, H. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of bestatin in mice. Cancer Res., 1986, 46, 4505-4510.
222. Sakakibara, T.; Ito, K.; Irie, Y.; Hagiwara, T.; Sakai, Y.; Hayashi, M.; Kishi, H.; Sakamoto, M.; Suzuki, M.; Irie, Y.; Horiguchi, M.; Kurata, M.; Machida, T.; Nozawa, Y.; Tsubosaki, M.; Matsuda, A.; Konoha, N. Toxicological studies on bestatin. I. Acute toxicity test in mice, rats and dogs. Jpn. J. Antibiot., 1983, 36, 2971-2984.
223. Sakakibara, T.; Sakai, Y.; Sakamoto, M.; Ito, K.; Hagiwara, T.; Furuta, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Tsubosaki, M.; Matsuda, A.; Konoha, N. Toxicological studies on bestatin. IV. Studies on antigenicity, ocular mucosal irritation and mutagenicity. Jpn. J. Antibiot., 1983, 36, 3194-3203.
224. Ebihara, K.; Abe, F.; Yamashita, T.; Shibuya, K.; Hayashi, E.; Takahashi, K.; Horinishi, H.; Enomoto, M.; Ishizuka, M.; Umezawa, H. The effect of ubenimex on N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced stomach tumor in rats. J. Antibiot., 1986, 39, 966-970.
225. Iwahashi, M.; Tanimura, H.; Yamaue, H.; Tsunoda, T.; Tani, M.; Noguchi, K.; Mizobata, S.; Tamai, M.; Hotta, T.; Arii, K.; Terasawa, H. In vitro augmentation of cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells of cancer patients. Anticancer Res., 1992, 14, 1557-1562.
226. Okiji, T.; Morita, I.; Sunada, I.; Murota, S. The role of leukotriene B4 in neutrophil infiltration in experimentally-induced inflammation of rat tooth pulp. J. Dent. Res., 1991, 70, 34-37.
227. Mathe, G. Bestatin, an aminopeptidase inhibitor with a multi-pharmacological function. Biomed. Pharmacother., 1991, 45, 49-54.
228. Yasumitsu, T.; Ohshima, S.; Nakano, N.; Kotake, Y.; Tominaga, S. Bestatin in resected lung cancer. A randomized clinical trial. Acta Oncol., 1990, 29, 827-831.
229. Ino, K.; Bierman, P. J.; Varney, M. L.; Heimann, D. G.; Kuszynski, C. A. ; Walker, S. A.; Talmadge, J. E. Monocyte activation by an oral immunomodulator (bestatin) in lymphoma patients following autologous bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 1996, 43, 206-212.
230. Abe, F.; Alvord, G.; Koyama, M.; Matsuda, A.; Talmadge, J. E. Pharmacokinetics of bestatin and oral activity for treatment of experimental metastases. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 1989, 28, 29-33.
231. Botbol, V.; Scornik, O. A. Measurement of muscle protein degradation in live mice by accumulation of bestatin-induced peptides. Am. J. Physiol., 1997, 273, E1149-1157.
232. Schorlemmer, H. U.; Bosslet, K.; Sedlacek, H. H. Ability of the immunomodulating dipeptide bestatin to activate cytotoxic mononuclear phagocytes. Cancer Res., 1983, 43, 4148-4153.
233. Ezawa, K.; Minato, K.; Dobashi, K. Induction of apoptosis by ubenimex (bestatin) in human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Biomed Pharmacother., 1996, 50, 283-289.
234. Sekine, K.; Fujii, H.; Abe, F. Induction of apoptosis by bestatin (ubenimex) in human leukemic cell lines. Leukemia, 1999, 13, 729-734.
235. Grujic, M.; Renko, M. Aminopeptidase inhibitors bestatin and actinonin inhibit cell proliferation of myeloma cells predominantly by intracellular interactions. Cancer Lett., 2002, 182, 113-119.
236. Agha, A. M.; Mansour, M. Effects of captopril on interleukin-6, leukotriene B(4), and oxidative stress markers in serum and inflammatory exudate of arthritic rats: evidence of antiinflammatory activity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2000, 168, 123-130.
237. Orning, L.; Krivi, G.; Bild, G.; Gierse, J.; Aykent, S.; Fitzpatrick, F. A. Inhibition of leukotriene A4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase by captopril. J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 16507-16511.
238. Shindo, K.; Baker, J. R.; Munafo, D. A.; Bigby, T. D. Captopril inhibits neutrophil synthesis of leukotriene B4 in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol., 1994, 153, 5750-5759.
239. Brooks, C. D. W.; Summers, J. B. Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation. j. Medicin. Chem., 1996, 39, 2629-2654.
240. Buchmann, B.; Klar, U.; Rehwinkel, H.; Skuballa, W. Synthetic eicosanoids: development and clinical applications. In: Marks, F. Furstenberger, G. (eds.), Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Other Eicosanoids: from biogenesis to clinical application, pp. 331-374. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1999.
241. Jackson, W. T.; Froelich, L. L.; Boyd, R. J.; Schrementi, J. P.; Saussy, D. L., Jr.; Schultz, R. M.; Sawyer, J. S.; Sofia, M. J.; Herron, D. K.; Goodson, T., Jr.; Snyder, D. W.; Pechous, P. A.; Spaethe, S. M.; Roman, C. R.; Fleisch, J. H. Pharmacologic actions of the second-generation leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist LY293111: in vitro studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1999, 288, 286-294.
242. Kuwabara, K.; Yasui, K.; Jyoyama, H.; Maruyama, T.; Fleisch, J. H.; Hori, Y. Effects of the second-generation leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist, LY293111Na, on leukocyte infiltration and collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2000, 402, 275-285.
243. Seegers, B. A.; Andriessen, M. P.; van Hooijdonk, C. A.; de Bakker, E. S.; van Vlijmen-Willems, I. M.; Parker, G. L.; van Erp, P. E.; van de Kerkhof, P. C. Pharmacological effects of a specific leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist (VML 295) on blood leukocytes, cutaneous inflammation and epidermal proliferation. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol., 2000, 13, 75-85.
244. Asanuma, F.; Kuwabara, K.; Arimura, A.; Furue, Y.; Fleisch, J. H.; Hori, Y. Effects of leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, LY293111Na, on antigen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness and leukocyte infiltration in sensitized guinea pigs. Inflamm Res., 2001, 50, 136-141.
245. Tong, W. G.; Ding, X. Z.; Hennig, R.; Witt, R. C.; Standop, J.; Pour, P. M.; Adrian, T. E. Leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist LY293111 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res., 2002, 8, 3232-3242.
246. Morita, H.; Takeda, K.; Yagita, H.; Okumura, K. Immunosuppressive effect of leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist in vitro. Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999, 264, 321-326.
247. Tanaka, M.; Tamaki, T.; Konoeda, Y.; Uchida, Y.; Kaizu, T.; Kawamura, A. Effect of leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist (ONO4057) on hepatic allografting in rats. Transplant. Proc., 2000, 32. 2340.
248. Suzuki, S.; Kuroda, T.; Kazama, J. I.; Imai, N.; Kimura, H.; Arakawa, M. ; Gejyo, F. The leukotriene 134 receptor antagonist ONO-4057 inhibits nephrotoxic serum nephritis in WKY rats. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 1999, 10, 264-270.
249. Sakurada, T.; Abe, M.; Kodani, M.; Sakata, N.; Katsuragi, T. Synergistic effects of pranlukast and leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist on antigen-induced pulmonary reaction. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1999, 370, 153-159.
250. Dreyling, K. W.; Hoppe, U.; Peskar, B. A.; Morgenroth, K.; Kozuschek, W. ; Peskar, B. M. Leukotriene synthesis by human gastrointestinal tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1986, 878, 184-193.
251. Triadafilopoulos, G.; Kaczynska, M.; Iwane, M. Esophageal mucosal eicosanoids in gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1996, 91, 65-74.
252. el-Hakim, I. E.; Langdon, J. D.; Zakrzewski, J.T.; Costello, J. F. Leukotriene B4 and oral cancer. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 1990, 28, 155-159.
253. Bortuzzo, C.; Hanif, R.; Kashli, K.; Staiano-Coico, L.; Shiff, S. J.; Rigas, B. The effect of leukotriene B and selected HETE2 on the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1996, 130, 240-246.
254. Qiao, L.; Kozoni, V.; Tsioulias, G. J.; Koutsos, M. I.; Hanif, R.; Shiff, S. J.; Rigas, B. Selected eicosanoids increase the proliferation rate of human colon carcinoma cell lines and mouse colonocytes in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1258, 215-223.
255. Kragballe, K.; Desjarlais, L.; Voorhees, J. J. Leukotrienes B4, C4 and D4 stimulate DNA synthesis in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Br. J. Dermatol., 1985, 113, 43-52.
256. Ohd, J. F.; Wikstrom, K.; Sjolander, A. Leukotrienes induce cell-survival signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology, 2000, 119, 1007-1018.
257. Stoekton, R. A.; Jacobson, B. S. Modulation of cell-substrate adhesion by arachidonic acid: lipoxygenase regulates cell spreading and ERK1/2-inducible cyclooxygenase regulates cell migration in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2001, 12, 1937-1956.
258. Reich, R.; Martin, G. P., Identification of arachidonic acid pathways required for the invasive and metastatic activity of malignant tumor cells. Prostaglandins, 1996, 51, 1-17.
259. Bauer, R. W.; van der Kerhof, P. C. M.; de Grood, R. M. Epidermal hyperproliferation following the induction of microabscesses by leukotriene B4. Br. J. Dermatol., 1986, 114, 409-412.
260. Ruzicka, T.; Burg, G. Effects of chronic intracutaneous administration of arachidonic acid and its metabolites. Induction of leukocytoclastic vasculitis by leukotriene B4 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and its prevention by prostaglandin E2. J. Invest. Dermatol., 1987, 88, 120-123.
261. Coussens, L. M.; Raymond, W. W.; Bergers, G.; Laig-Webster M.; Behrendtsen, O.; Werb, Z.; Caughey, G. H.; Hanahan, D. Inflammatory mast cells up-regulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis. Genes Develop., 1999, 13, 1382-1397.
262. Ono, M.; Torisu, H.; Fukushi, J.; Nishie, A.; Kuwano, M. Biological implications of macrophage infiltration in human tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1999, 43, S69-S71.
263. Ghiabi, M.; Gallagher, G. T.; Wong, D. T. Eosinophils, tissue eosinophilia, and eosinophil-derived transforming growth factor alpha in hamster oral carcinogenesis. Cancer Res., 1992, 52, 389-393.
264. Todd, R.; Chou, M. Y.; Matossian, K.; Gallagher, G. T.; Donoff, R. B.; Wong, D. T. Cellular sources of transforming growth factor-alpha in human oral cancer. J. Dent. Res., 1991, 70, 917-923.
265. Elovic, A.; Galli, S. J.; Weller, P. F.; Chang, A. L.; Chiang, T.; Chou, M. Y.; Donoff, R. B.; Gallagher, G. T.; Matossian, K.; McBride, J.; Tsai, M.; Todd, R.; Wong, D. T. W. Production of transforming growth factor alpha by hamster eosinophils. Am. J. Pathol., 1990, 137, 1425-1434.
266. Horiuchi, K.; Mishima, K.; Ohsawa, M.; Sugimura, M.; Aozasa, K. Prognostic factors for well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity with emphasis on immunohistochemical evaluation. J. Surg. Oncol., 1993, 53, 92-96.
267. Penning, T. D.; Russell, M. A.; Chen, B. B.; Chen, H. Y.; Liang, C. D.; Mahoney, M. W.; Malecha, J. W.; Miyashiro, J. M.; Yu, S. S.; Askonas, L. I.; Gierse, J. K.; Harding, E. I.; Highkin, M. K.; Kachur, J. F.; Kim, S. H.; Villani-Price, D.; Pyla, E. Y.; Ghoreishi-Haack, N. S.; Smith, W. G. Synthesis of potent leukotriene A(4) hydrolase inhibitors. Identification of 3-[methyl[3-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl]amino]propanoic acid. J. Med. Chem., 2002, 45, 3482-3490.
268. Ohd, J. F.; Nielsen, C. K.; Campbell, J.; Landberg, G.; Lofberg, H. Sjolander, A. Expression of the leukotriene D4 receptor CysLTI, COX-2, and other cell survival factors in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology, 2003, 124, 57-70.
269. Wikstrom, K.; Juhas, M.; Sjolander, A. The anti-apoptotic effect of Leukotriene D4 involves prevention of Caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage. Biochem. J., 2003, 371 (Pt. 1), 115-124.
270. DuBois, R. N. New paradigms for cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis, 2001, 22, 691-692.
271. Ohishi, N.; Minami, M.; Kobayashi, J.; Seyama, Y.; Hata, J.; Yotsumoto, H.; Takaku, F.; Shimizu, T. Immunological quantitation and immunohistochemical localization of leukotriene A4 hydrolase in guinea pig tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265, 7520-7525.
272. Montero, A.; Uda, S.; Munger, K. A.; Badr, K. F. LTA4 hydrolase expression during glomerular inflammation: correlation of immunohistochemical localization with cytokine regulation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1999, 469, 449-454.
273. Dasari, V. R.; Jin, J.; Kunapuli, S. P. Distribution of leukotriene B4 receptors in human hematopoietic cells. Immunopharmacology, 2000, 48, 157-163.
274. Huang, W. W.; Garcia-Zepeda, E. A.; Sauty, A.; Oettgen, H. C.; Rothenberg, M. E.; Luster, A. D. Molecular and biological characterization of the murine leukotriene 134 receptor expressed on eosinophils. J Exp Med., 1998, 188, 1063-1074.
275. Yokomizo, T.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. Co-expression of two LTB4 receptors in human mononuclear cells. Life Sci., 2001, 68, 2207-2212.
276. Akbar, G. K.; Dasari, V. R.; Webb, T. E.; Ayyanathan, K.; Pillarisetti, K.; Sandhu, A. K.; Athwal, R. S.; Daniel, J. L.; Ashby, B.; Barnard, E. A.; Kunapuli, S. P. Molecular cloning of a novel P2 purinoceptor from human erythroleukemia cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 18363-18367.
277. Paredes, Y.; Massicotte, F.; Pelletier, J. P.; Martel-Pelletier, J.; Laufer, S.; Lajeunesse, D. Study of the role of leukotriene B(4) in abnormal function of human subchondral osteoarthritis osteoblasts: effects of cyclooxygenase and/or 5-lipoxygenase inhibition. Arthritis Rheum., 2002, 46, 1804-1812.