The treatment of adolescent depression in the era of the black box warning

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 466-472

  Richmond, Tracy K ^a,c   Rosen, David S ^b  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Children; Depression

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; CITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; MIRTAZAPINE; NEFAZODONE; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; VERTIGO; XEROSTOMIA;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DRUG APPROVAL; HUMANS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 23344448595     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mop.0000166347.53102.e7     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Wagner KD, Ambrosini P, Rynn M, et al. Efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. JAMA 2003; 290:1033-1041.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994.
3. Brent DA, Birmaher B. Adolescent depression. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 667-671.
4. Birmaher B, Williamson DE, Dahl RE, et al. Clinical presentation and course of depression in youth: does onset in childhood differ from onset in adolescence? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:63-71.
5. Hatcher-Kay C, King CA. Depression and suicide. Pediatr Rev 2003; 24: 363-370.
6. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, et al. Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder in a community sample: predictors of recurrence in young adults. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1584-1591.
7. Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Merikangas KR. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 1002-1014.
8. Goodman E, Whitaker RC. A prospective study of the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics 2002; 109:497-504.
9. Brent DA, Baugher M, Bridge J, et al. Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1497-1505.
10. Pfeffer CR, Klerman GL, Hurt SW, et al. Suicidal children grow up: demographic and clinical risk factors for adolescent suicide attempts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30:609-616.
11. Weissman MM, Wolk S, Goldstein RB, et al. Depressed adolescents grown up. JAMA 1999; 281:1707-1713.
12. Goodman E, Huang B, Wade TJ, Kahn RS. A multilevel analysis of the relationship of socioeconomic status to adolescent depressive symptoms: does school context matter? J Pediatr 2003; 143:451-456.
13. Birmaher B, Brent D, Brenson RS. Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998; 37:1234-1238.
14. Olfson M, Gameroff MJ, Marcus SC, Waslick BD. Outpatient treatment of child and adolescent depression in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:1236-1242.
15. Reinecke MA, Ryan NE, Dubois DL. Cognitive-behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence: a review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:26-34.
16. Brent DA, Holder D, Kolko D, et al. A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family and supportive therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:877-885.
17. Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Team. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression. JAMA 2004; 292:807-820. This study was a large multicenter randomized trial of fluoxetine plus CBT compared with fluoxetine alone, CBT alone, and placebo. The authors found greatest efficacy in treatment of depression with fluoxetine plus CBT. There was an increased risk of adverse events in the two groups treated with fluoxetine. CBT seemed to protect against adverse events.
18. Geller B, Reising D, Leonard HL, et al. Critical review of tricyclic antidepressant use in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:513-516.
19. Hazell P, O'Connell D, Heathcote D, Henry D. Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 1. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. This meta-analysis evaluated studies of TCAs for treatment of depression in adolescents. They found no improvement in depression for those treated with TCAs in comparison with those treated with placebo.
20. Keller MB, Ryan ND, Strober M, et al. Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40:762-772.
21. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinber WA, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen P sychiatry 1997; 54:1031-1037.
22. Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Wagner KD, et al. Fluoxetine for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41:1205-1215.
23. Mandoki MW, Tapia MR, Tapia MA, et al. Venlafaxine in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997; 33:149-154.
24. Whittington CJ, Kendall T, Fonagy P, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data. Lancet 2004; 363:1341-1345. This review examined the published and unpublished data of antidepressants used to treat adolescent depression. The authors found that fluoxetine has a positive risk-benefit ratio but that sertraline, paroxetine, and venlafaxine do not.
25. Duff G. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: use in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder, 2003. Available at: http://medicines. mhra.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/safetymessages/ cemssri_101203.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2003.
26. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA statement regarding the anti-depressant Paxil for pediatric population. June 19, 2003. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANSO 1230.html. Accessed March 28, 2005.
27. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA launches a multi-pronged strategy to strengthen safeguards for children treated with antidepressant medications. October 15, 2004. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/ NEW01124.html. Accessed March 10, 2005.
28. Newman TB. A black-box warning for antidepressants in children? N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1595-1598.
29. US Food and Drug Administration. Background on suicidality associated with antidepressant drug treatment. January 5, 2004. Available at: http:// www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/briefing/2004-4065b1-04-Tab02-Laughren-Jan5.pdf Accessed March 10, 2005. This briefing from the FDA provides background information on both the efficacy of and the increased risk of adverse events associated with the use of antidepressants in adolescents.
30. Khan A, Khan S, Kolts R, Brown WA. Suicide rates in clinical trials of SSRIs, other antidepressants, and placebo: analysis of FDA reports. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:790-792.
31. Vitello B, Swedo S. Antidepressant medications in children. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1489-1491.
32. Jick H, Kaye JA, Jick SS. Antidepressants and the risk of suicidal behaviors. JAMA 2004; 292:338-343. This British study compared the risk of suicide in those treated with TCAs with those treated with SSRIs and found no difference. It also examined the risk of suicidality relative to duration of treatment with antidepressants and found that the period of greatest risk for suicidality is during the first weeks of treatment.
33. Ramchandani P. Treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. BMJ 2004; 328:3-4.
34. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA proposed medication guide: about using antidepressants in children or teenagers. November 3, 2004. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/SSRIMedicationGuide.htm.Accessed March 10, 2004. This release from the FDA provides information to both providers and patients about antidepressants, their risks, and appropriate monitoring with initiation of therapy.
35. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ. The relationship between antidepressant medication use and rate of suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:165-172. This study examined the association between antidepressant prescriptions and suicide rates at the county level. The authors found that the rate of suicide declines with an increase in antidepressant prescriptions
36. Olfson M, Shaffer D, Marcus SC, Greenberg T. Relationship between antidepressant medication treatment and suicide in adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:978-982.