Hypertension 2005: An evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment - An American perspective

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 691-704

  Phillips, Robert A ^a   Weinberg, Joy M ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b LENOX HILL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Compelling indications; Coronary artery disease; Diabetes; Hypertension; Hypertensive nephrosclerosis; Masked hypertension; Octogenarians; Organ damage; Prehypertension; Risk stratification; Target; Uncomplicated hypertensio

Indexed keywords

ACEBUTOLOL; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHLORTALIDONE; DIHYDROPYRIDINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; DOXAZOSIN; ENALAPRIL; FELODIPINE; FUROSEMIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; NIFEDIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRANDOLAPRIL; VERAPAMIL;

BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BORDERLINE HYPERTENSION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIET THERAPY; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALIZATION; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL PRACTICE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PROGNOSIS; RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNITED STATES; WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION;

AGED, 80 AND OVER; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING, AMBULATORY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; UNITED STATES;

EID: 23144463164     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.4.691     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension: results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA 202, 1028-1034 (1967).
2. Joint National Committee. Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. A cooperative study. JAMA 237, 255-261 (1977).
3. Phillips RA, Diamond JA. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography - noninvasive techniques for evaluation of the hypertensive patient. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 41(6), 397-440 (1999).
4. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L et al. Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement. J. Hypertens. 23(4), 697-701 (2005).
5. Hinman A, Engel BT, Bickford AF. Portable blood pressure recorder. Accuracy and preliminary use in evaluating intradaily variations. Am. Heart J. 63, 663 (1962).
6. O'Brien E, Atkins N, Staessen J. Factors influencing validation of ambulatory blood pressure measuring devices. J. Hypertens. 13(11), 1235-1240 (1995).
7. Pickering TG, James GD, Boddie C, Harshfield GA, Blank S, Laragh JH. How common is white coat hypertension? JAMA 259, 225-228 (1988).
8. Eison H, Phillips RA, Ardeljan M, Krakoff LR. Differences in ambulatory blood pressure between men and women with mild hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 4, 400-404 (1990).
9. Staessen JA, O'Brien ET, Atkins N, Amery AK. Short report: ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive compared with hypertensive subjects. The Ad-Hoc Working Group. J. Hypertens. 11(11), 1289-1297 (1993).
10. Martin KL, Phillips RA, Krakoff LR. Persistent white coat hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 7, 368-370 (1994).
11. Staessen JA, Byttebier G, Buntinx F, Celis H, O'Brien ET, Fagard R. Antihypertensive treatment based on conventional or ambulatory blood pressure measurement. JAMA 278, 1065-1072 (1997).
12. Kuwajima I, Suzuki Y, Fujisawa A, Kuramoto K. Is white coat hypertension innocent? Structure and function of the heart in the elderly. Hypertension 22(6), 826-831 (1993).
13. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G et al. Ambulatory blood pressure: an independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 24(6), 793-801 (1994).
14. Celis H, Fagard RH. White-coat hypertension: a clinical review. Eur. J. Inter. Med. 15(6), 348-357 (2004).
15. Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 348(24), 2407-2415 (2003).
16. Lurbe E. Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 797-805 (2002).
17. Fagard RH, Staessen JA, Thijs L et al. Response to antihypertensive therapy in older patients with sustained and nonsustained systolic hypertension. Circulation 102(10), 1139-1144 (2000).
18. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of 'masked hypertension' detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA 291(11), 1342-1349 (2004).
19. Bjorklund K, Lind L, Zethelius B, Andren B, Lithell H. Isolated ambulatory hypertension predicts cardiovascular morbidity in elderly men. Circulation 107(9), 1297-1302 (2003).
20. ALLHAT Investigators. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288(23), 2981-2997 (2002).
21. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 289(19), 2560-2571 (2003).
22. Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 362(9395), 1527-1535 (2003).
23. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber MA et al. Outcomes in hypertensive pateints at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the value randomized trial. Lancet 363, 2022-2031 (2004).
24. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in pateints with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292, 2217-2226 (2004).
25. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until 1 March 2003. J. Hypertens. 21, 1055-1076 (2003).
26. Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Prineas RJ et al. Treatment of mild hypertension study: final results. JAMA 270, 713-724 (1993).
27. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int. 61(3), 1086-1097 (2002).
28. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International nifedipine-GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 356(9227), 366-372 (2000).
29. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and β-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 356(9227), 359-365 (2000).
30. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359(9311), 995-1003 (2002).
31. Julius S, Alderman MH, Beevers G et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in hypertensive black patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43(6), 1047-1055 (2004).
32. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 317, 713-720 (1998).
33. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 342(3), 145-153 (2000).
34. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354(9192), 1751-1756 (1999).
35. Wing LMH, Reid CM, Ryan P et al. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med. 348(7), 583-592 (2003).
36. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Psaty BM, Greenland P et al. Association between cardiovascular outcomes and antihypertensive drug treatment in older women. JAMA 292, 2849-2859 (2004).
37. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease: the International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290(21), 2805-2816 (2003).
38. Wright JT Jr, Agodoa L, Contreras G et al. Successful blood pressure control in the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(14), 1636-1643 (2002).
39. Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288(12), 1491-1498 (2002).
40. Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am. J. Med. 115(1), 41-46 (2003).
41. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Massie BM, Materson BJ, Williams DW, Anderson RJ. Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of six antihypertensive agents. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Circulation 95(8), 2007-2014 (1997).
42. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of a perindopirl-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous storke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet 358, 1033-1041 (2001).
43. Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P et al. Glucose intolerance during diuretic therapy in elderly hypertensive patients. A second report from the European Working Party on High blood pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE). Postgrad. Med. J. 62(732), 919-924 (1986).
44. Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Freudenberger RS, Cosgrove NM, Pressel SL, Davis BR. Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension with and without diabetes. Am. J. Cardiol. 95(1), 29-35 (2005).
45. Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 276(23), 1886-1892 (1996).
46. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 43(5), 963-969 (2004).
47. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 351(9118), 1755-1762 (1998).
48. Estacio RO, Jeffers BF, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care B54-B64 (2004).
49. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 330(13), 877-884 (1994).
50. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 288(19), 2421-2431 (2002).
51. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 36(3), 646-661 (2000).
52. Benet LZ, Sheirner LB. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: The Phamacological Basis of Therapeutics. Goodman AG, Gillman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (Eds), MacMillan Publishing Company, NY, USA, 1663-1733 (1985).
53. Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP et al. Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 353(9155), 793-796 (1999).
54. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 265, 3255-3264 (1991).
55. Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP-hypertension). Lancet 338, 1281-1285 (1991).
56. Bulpitt CJ, Beckett NS, Cooke J et al. Results of the pilot study for the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial. J. Hypertens. 21(12), 2409-2417 (2003).
57. Lever AF, Ramsay LE. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. J. Hypertens. 13, 571-579 (1995).
58. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA et al. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(18), 2046-2052 (2002).
59. Perry HMJ, Davis BR, Price TR et al. Effect of treating isolated systolic hypertension on the risk of developing various types and subtypes of stroke: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 284(4), 465-471 (2000).
60. Somes GW, Pahor M, Shorr RI, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. The role of diastolic blood pressure when treating isolated systolic hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. 159(17), 2004-2009 (1999).
61. Smulyan H, Safar M. The diastolic blood pressure in systolic hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. 132(3), 233-237 (2000).
62. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(20), 2058-2068 (2004).
63. Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364(9437), 849-857.