Divergent nationalisms: Some comparative thoughts on Australia, Canada and New Zealand

Political Science

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 3-16

  Pearson, David ^a  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Australia; Canada; Nationalism; New Zealand; Settler States

Indexed keywords

EID: 23044526122     PISSN: 00323187     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003231870105300101     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Mason Durie, Te Mana Te Kawanatanga: The Politics of Maori Self-Determination (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 228-33.
2. Augie Fieras and Paul Spoonley, Recalling Aotearoa (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 240.
3. David Pearson, The Politics of Ethnicity in Settler Societies: States of Unease (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
4. Anthony D. Smith, 'The Nation: Real or Imagined?', in Edward Mortimer (ed.). People, Nation & State (London: I.B. Tauris, 1999), p. 37.
5. See my arguments in David Pearson, 'The Ties That Bind and Unwind: Ethnic and Civic Nationalisms in New Zealand', Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 6, No. 1, (2000), pp. 91-110.
6. J. Paré, 'And So the Sparring Starts', Globe and Mail, (September 7, 1999).
7. For a useful discussion of the interwoven nature of ethnic and civic elements in Quebec nationalism, see, Jeremy Webber, 'Just How Civic is Civic Nationalism in Quebec?', in Alan Cairns et al. (eds.), Citizenship, Diversity and Pluralism (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
8. In the 1961 census 30 per cent of Canadians claimed French ancestry, by 1991 this figure had fallen to 23 per cent. In contrast, the 80 per cent figure for those of French origins living in Quebec province remained unchanged over this period. See Raymond Breton, 'Ethnicity and Race in Social Organizations: Recent Developments in Canadian Society', in R. Helmes-Hay and J. Curtis (eds.), The Vertical Mosaic Revisited (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1998), p. 73.
9. Breton, 'Ethnicity and Race in Social Organizations', p. 78.
10. Michael Keating, Nations Against The State (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), p. 83.
11. Those voting to 'secede' polled 49.4 per cent, those against 50.6 per cent. Francophones voted 60-40 for Yes; non-Francophones, including aboriginal peoples, polled 90-10 for No.
12. Keating, Nations Against The State, p. 184.
13. Keating, Nations Against The State, p. 185.
14. Montserrat Guiberneau, Nations Without States (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), p. 84.
15. Guiberneau, Nations Without States, p. 88.
16. R. Sigurdson, 'First Peoples, New Peoples and Citizenship in Canada', International Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol. 14, (Autumn, 1996), p. 60.
17. Paul McHugh, 'Aboriginal identity and relations in North America and Australasia', in Ken Coates and Paul McHugh (eds.), Living Relationships (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1998), p. 172.
18. See, for example, Vine Deloria Jr., The Nations Within, (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998).
19. Stephen Cornell, The Return of The Native: American Indian Political Resurgence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
20. Richard J. Perry, From Tune Immemorial: Indigenous Peoples and State Systems (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
21. Ken Coates, 'The "Gentle Occupation": The settlement of Canada and the dispossession of the First Nations', in Paul Havemann (ed.), New Frontiers (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999).
22. Noel Dyck, What Is The Indian Problem? (St Johns, Newfoundland: ISER Books. 1992).
23. Canada, Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1996).
24. Coates, 'International Perspectives on Relations with Indigenous Peoples', p. 65.
25. Augie Fleras, 'Politicising Indigeneity', in Paul Havemann (ed.), Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Australia, Canada & New Zealand (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 199.
26. See, for example, the rather different discussions, which still support this contention, in Menno Boldt, Surviving as Indians (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993);
27. and Tom Flanagan, First Nations? Second Thoughts (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's Press, 2000).
28. Jan Pettman, 'Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Australia', in Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds.), Unsettling Settler Societies (London: Sage, 1995), pp. 75-6.
29. See, for example, Michael Mansell, 'Towards Aboriginal Sovereignty: Aboriginal Provisional Government', Social Alternatives, Vol. 13, No. 1, (1994), pp. 16-18.
30. Bain Attwood (ed.). In The Age of Mabo (St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 1996).
31. See, Ranginui Walker, 'Maori Sovereignty: Colonial and Post-Colonial Discourses', in Havemann, Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Australia, Canada & New Zealand;
32. Mason Durie, Te Mana Te Kawanatanga: The Politics of Maori Self-Determination.
33. Elizabeth Rata, Global Capitalism and the Revival of Ethnic Traditionalism in New Zealand (University of Auckland, PhD thesis, 1996).
34. McHugh, 'Aboriginal Identity and Relations in North America and Australasia', p. 143.
35. Roger Maaka, 'The New Tribe: Conflicts and Continuities in the Social Organisation of Urban Maori', The Contemporary Pacific, Vol. 6, No. 2, (1994), pp. 101-32.
36. Robin Cohen, Global Diasporas (London: UCL Press, 1997), p. 78.
37. E.T. Pryor et al., 'Measuring Ethnicity: Is "Canadian" an Evolving Indigenous Category?', Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, (1992), p. 217.
38. Pryor, 'Measuring Ethnicity: Is "Canadian" an Evolving Indigenous Category?';
39. J. Rick Ponting and J. Kiely, 'Disempowerment: "Justice", Racism and Public Opinion' in J. R. Ponting (ed.). First Nations in Canada: Perspectives on Opportunity, Empowerment and Self-Determination (Toronto: MacGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997).
40. Christine Inglis, 'An Overview of Australian and Canadian Migration Patterns and Policies', in Howard Adelman et al. (eds.) Immigration and Refugee Policy: Australia and Canada Compared (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1994), p. 7.
41. Interestingly, the New Zealand Department of Statistics removed the term 'Pakeha' from the list of ethnic options provided in the 2001 Census, replacing it with 'European New Zealander', on the grounds that this allows for more precise comparison with usage in earlier censii. Those persons wishing to name themselves 'Pakeha' had to write it in themselves in the 'Other' option. Whether this aids cross-national comparison is questionable.
42. Michael King, Being Pakeha Now (Auckland: Penguin, 1999).
43. Paul Spoonley, 'The Challenges of Post-Colonialism', Sites, Vol. 30, (Autumn, 1995), pp. 48-68.
44. Hal B. Levine, Constructing Collective Identity (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1997), p. 158.
45. In an International Social Science Survey on national belonging carried out in twenty four countries in 1995, New Zealand (at 40.3 per cent), closely followed by Australia and Canada, demonstrated the highest levels of what was defined as civic national attachment. Ethnic attachment was noticeably lower. Australia and New Zealand had respective figures of 29 and 27 per cent, with Canada on 17 per cent. These figures, of course, would be even more interesting if broken down by 'minority/ majority' status. For discussion of the survey, see, Jan Pakulski and Bruce Tranter, 'Civic, National and Denizen Identity in Australia', Journal of Sociology, Vol. 36, No. 2, August 2000, pp. 205-222.
46. Rogers Brubaker, 'Myths and Misconceptions in the Study of Nationalism', in John A. Hall (ed.). The State of the Nation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 300.
47. Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 99.
48. Will Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 141.
49. See also Eva Mackey, The House of Difference (London: Routledge, 1999), chap. 7.
50. Ghassan Hage, White Nation (Annandale, NSW: Pluto Press, 1998), p. 86.
51. See, Beryl Langer, 'Globalisation and the Myth of Ethnic Community: Salvadoran Refugees in Multicultural States', in David Bennett (ed.), Multicultural States (London: Routledge, 1998).