Translating contention: Culture, history, and the circulation of collective action

Alternatives

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 491-514

  Scalmer, Sean ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23044522473     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540002500404     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. For a useful discussion of transnational social movements, see Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco, eds., Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics (Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1997).
2. On global civil society, see Stephen Gill, "Globalization Market Civilization, and Disciplinary Neoliberalism," Millennium 24, no. 3 (1995): 399-423;
3. on the internet, see M. Castells, S. Yazawa, and E. Kiselyova, "Insurgents against the Global Order," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 40 (1995-96): 21-59.
4. Cecelia Lynch, "Social Movements and the Problem of Globalization," Alternatives 23, no. 2 (1998): 149-173.
5. R. B. J. Walker, "Social Movements/World Politics, Millennium 23, no. 3 (1994): 669-700;
6. Mustapha Kamal Pasha and David L. Blaney, "Elusive Paradise: The Promise and Peril of Global Civil Society," Alternatives 23, no. 4 (1998): 417-450.
7. Critiques of the undemocratic and limited nature of the internet include a number of contributions to the following anthologies: David Porter, ed., Internet Culture (New York: Routledge, 1997);
8. James Brook and Iain A. Boal, eds., Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information (San Francisco: City Lights, 1995).
9. Studies of protest in the eighteenth century that emphasize such actions include C. Tilly, "Repertoires of Contention in America and Britain, 1750-1830," in M. Zald and J. McCarthy, eds., The Dynamics of Social Movements (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1979), p. 129.
10. Benjamin Lee, "Peoples and Publics," Public Culture 10, no. 2 (1998): 372.
11. A recent work that takes seriously the international nature of the working-class movement, focusing on social democracy, is Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London: Fontana, 1997).
12. Charles Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1995), p. 46.
13. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998), chaps. 3 and 4.
14. Walker, note 3: 699.
15. Martin Shaw, "Civil Society and Global Politics: Beyond a Social Movement Approach," Millennium 23, no. 3 (1994): 648.
16. Tarrow, note 9, p. 103.
17. Tarrow himself notes as much in his own "Modular Collective Action and the Rise of the Social Movement: Why the French Revolution Was Not Enough," Politics and Society 21, no. 1 (1993).
18. For the use of the telegraph, see John Carey, introduction to The Faber Book of Reportage (London: Faber & Faber, 1987).
19. The relevance of film and photography to the development of mass mobilization is noted by Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," Illuminations (New York: Shocken, 1969), p. 251.
20. On television and the falling of the Berlin Wall, see Roland Bleiker, "Retracing and Redrawing the Boundaries of Events: Postmodern Interferences with International Theory," Alternatives 23, no. 4 (1998): 481.
21. On the internet, see M. Castells, The Power of Identity (Malden, UK: Blackwell, 1997), p. 91, 107.
22. J. McCarthy, "The Globalization of Social Movement Theory," in Smith, Chatfield, and Pagnucco, note 1, p. 257.
23. S. Reicher, "The St. Paul's Riot: An Explanation of the Limits of Crowd Action in Terms of a Social Identity Model," European Journal of Social Psychology 14, no. 1 (1984): 1-21.
24. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1981), pp. 80-81.
25. The quote is Michael Kirby's in "A Call to Action by the President of the S.R.C.," Honi Soit 35, no. 1 (1963): supp. p. 4.
26. The impact of the restrictions and their lifting is referred to in Bob McDonald, "Student Politics - by a Participant," Honi Soit 35, no. 3 (1963): 5;
27. Peter Wilenski, "Wilenski on South Africa," Honi Soit 35, no. 17 (1963): 4.
28. On the British New Left, see Michael Kenny, The First New Left: British Intellectuals after Stalin (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1995);
29. Lin Chun, The British New Left (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ, Press, 1993);
30. Paul Byrne, The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (London: Routledge, 1988).
31. Leyden's comments and search are in "An Analysis of Protest Movements," Honi Soit 36, no. 16 (1964): 4. See also McDonald, note 18, and Wilenski, note 18.
32. For protest history, see J. P. Magnus, "Le Peuple Emu," Honi Soit 35, no. 4 (1963): 7;
33. for the failure of the CND in Sydney, Dennis Strangman, "The University Right Wing - Flapping Weakly," Honi Soit 36, no. 3 (1964): 5.
34. Derek Evans, "Anti-Apartheid," Crux 67, no. 1 (1964): 20;
35. Peter D. Bakalor, "Comments on Apartheid," Tharunka June 14, 1963, p. 2;
36. "Government Ban on Student Body," Tharunka April 23, 1964, p. 1.
37. On the history of Australian comics, see J. Ryan, Panel by Panel (Stanmore, NSW: Cassell Australia, 1979).
38. On Australia-USA Relations, see P. Bell and R. Bell, Implicated: The United States in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993).
39. For the praise of American pranks, see M. E., "The Case for Some Awards," Tharunka, April 19, 1963, p. 1.
40. For the singing of folk songs on public occasions, see "Commem Park Protest Climaxes in 'Wynyard Riots': 28 Students Arrested and Police Go Right Off," Honi Soit 36, no. 9 (1964): 1;
41. Patrick Dawson, "The Student Bus: SAFA Interviewed," Outlook 9, no. 2 (1965): 5.
42. For a reference to the evils of racial segregation, see R. J. K. E., "A Minor Apocalypse," Honi Soit 35, no. 15 (1963): 2.
43. An anonymous, first-person account of heroism of those integrating buses is "Golden Rule for Negroes," Honi Soit 35, no. 13 (1963): 4,
44. An example of a story lifted from the Forum News Service is Herbert Krosnev, "Change and the Negro Way Down South in Dixie," Honi Soit 36, no. 9 (1964): 4. The sit-in is recalled as an inspiration for students in Evans, note 22: 20.
45. The American "freedom summer" is explored in Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988).
46. Its inspiration for Australians will be explored in detail later in this article. A picture of the tribute "freedom ride" from the UNSW Foundation Day procession is in Tharunka, June 14, 1963, p. 6.
47. On the translation of rock'n'roll, dance, and subcultural groupings such as surfies, see Peter Cox and Louise Douglas, Teen Riots to Generation X: The Australian Rock Audience (Sydney: Powerhouse, 1994), pp. 6-10,
48. Michael Sturma, Australian Rock'n'Roll: The First Wave (Kenthurst, Sydney: Kangaroo, 1991), p. 65.
49. Protesting students were dubbed as "beatniks" (in a typical "translation") in "Minister Refused Beds to Color Bar Pickets," Australian, Feb. 16, 1965, p. 4.
50. McDonald, note 18.
51. For an account of a particularly theatrical "Commem" in 1946, see W. F. Connell et al., Australia's First: A History of the University of Sydney, Volume 2, 1940-1990 (Sydney: Univ. of Sydney, in association with Hale & Iremonger, 1995), p. 30.
52. Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure (Chicago: Aldine, 1969).
53. "US Civil Rights: Protest from Uni Students?" Honi Soit 36, no. 8 (1964): 1;
54. "Council Hears Directors' Report on Commem Day: 'Hundreds Have Entered the Marathon March,'" Honi Soit 36, no. 8 (1964): 8.
55. Honi Soit, note 23: 1.
56. A wide range of newspapers and figures are quoted on the affair in Honi Soit 30, no. 9 (1964): 5.
57. Honi Soit, note 23, p. 1.
58. J. S. Baker, "Letter of Protest," Honi Soit 36, no. 10 (1964): 1.
59. "Voice of America?" Honi Soit 36, no. 10 (June 1964):
60. "The Grand Festive," supp., p. 1.
61. The quote is cited in a letter from Charlie Pyatt II, "Negro Thanks on Protest," Honi Soit 36, no. 13 (June 1964): 2.
62. Pyatt, note 35: 2.
63. Lynette Nightingale, "'If You're Black, Get Back . . .'" Honi Soit 30, no. 10 (June 1964): 2.
64. Heather Meredith, "Tasmanian Racial Problem: Cape Barren Island," Honi Soit 36, no. 12 (1964): 7;
65. "Aborigines," Honi Soit 37, no. 18 (1964): 1;
66. Gillian Harrison, "The Hypocrisy of National Aborigines Day," Honi Soit 36, no. 13 (1964): 5.
67. On the demonstrations, see "Demonstration for Aborigines," Tharunka, July 17, 1964, p. 9;
68. "March for Aboriginal Rights," Honi Soit 36, no. 15 (1964): 1.
69. Jim Spigelman, "Student Action for Aborigines," Honi Soit 37, no. 20 (1964): 9.
70. See, for example, Charles Perkins, A Bastard Like Me (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1975);
71. Peter Read, Charles Perkins: A Biography (Ringwood, Vic.: Viking, 1990);
72. Ann Curthoys, "Sex and Racism: Australia in the 1960s," in Jane Long, Jan Gothard, and Helen Brash, eds., Forging Identities: Bodies, Gender, and Feminist History (Nedlands: Univ. of Western Australia Press, 1997), pp. 11-28.
73. Heather Goodall, Invasion to Embassy: Land in Aboriginal Politics in New South Wales, 1770-1972 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, in association with Black Books, 1996), p. 320;
74. Curthoys, note 41, p. 12. The prayers of Ted Noffs sent the trip on its way: Peter Read, "Darce Cassidy's Freedom Ride," Australian Aboriginal Studies 1 (1988): 46.
75. Spigelman, note 40, p. 9.
76. Jim Spigelman, SAFA Talkabout 2 (December 1964): 1.
77. Sam Lipski, "The Freedom Riders: "I Wish I Was Jet-black," Bulletin, Feb. 20, 1965, p. 21;
78. "SAFA Comes to NSW," Tharunka, May 3, 1905, p. 4.
79. The leaflet is entitled "Our Struggle," and the passages mentioned are underlined; see a surviving copy in the folder "Student Action for Aborigines," Aboriginal Australian Fellowship Records, 1956-1978, Mitchell Library, Sydney, ML MSS 4057, box 15.
80. For the emphasis on tactical rather than ethical nonviolence, see an illuminating critique of spiritual nonviolence by a US freedom-summer participant: Sally Belfrage, Freedom Summer (New York: Viking, 1965), p. 16.
81. Bill Ford, cited in Lipski, note 45, p. 21.
82. Spigelman's statement is in a letter to J. Horner Jan. 24, 1965, to be found in the folder "Student Action," note 46.
83. Jim Spigelman, cited in Read, note 42, p. 51.
84. The picket of the Walgett RSL Club is related in "Minister Refused Beds to Color Bar Pickets," Australian, Feb. 16, 1965, p. 4;
85. the initial demonstration at Moree baths is reported in "Students Crack Pool Color Bar at Moree," Australian, Feb. 18, 1965, p. 2;
86. publicity for reserve conditions includes "Reserve Disgusts Student Group," Australian, Feb. 20, 1965, p. 4;
87. publicity for segregation of retail includes "Race Bar Students in Angry Scenes," Sydney Morning Herald, Feb. 16, 1965, p. 1;
88. for segregation in hotels, see "Students Will Check on Hotel Discrimination," Sydney Morning Herald, Feb. 19, 1965, p. 1;
89. for segregation in picture theaters, see "Close Theatre Picketed by Touring Students," Sydney Morning Herald, Feb. 25, 1965, p. 4.
90. Heather Goodall focuses on the importance of land in Invasion to Embassy: Land in Aboriginal Politics in New South Wales, 1770-1972 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, in association with Black Books, 1996).
91. She notes that civil rights is an interruption to this concern on pages 312-313. Whites at the time who admitted the importance of "land" include Colin Tatz, "Some Aboriginal Thoughts," Dissent 15 (spring 1965): 14;
92. Ian Spalding, "No Genteel Silence," Crux 68, no. 3 (1965): 3.
93. For Perkins's assessment, see Sam Lipski, "Alien Son," p. 28. For his inspiration and the impact on Aboriginal people, see Lyall Munroe, cited in Read, note 42, p. 52;
94. also "To Walgett," Honi Soit 38, no. 14 (1965): 10; and Curthoys, note 41, p. 12.
95. Elite and city press support is noted in Alex Mills, "SAFA Trip," Honi Soit 38, no. 5 (1965): 4;
96. Jim Spigelman, "Reactions to the SAFA Tour," Dissent 14 (1965): 44;
97. Patrick Dawson in "The Student Bus: SAFA Interviewed," Outlook 9, no. 2 (1965): 10.
98. For SAFA as antidote to indifference, see editorial "Aborigines Have Right to Full Life," Australian, Feb. 24, 1965, p. 8; Spalding, note 52: 2-3.
99. "Renshaw: 'No Color Bar in My Seat,'" Australian, Feb. 17, 1965, p. 2.
100. The latter sit-ins in Sydney hotels are reported in "Sit-in Backs Drink Demand," Sun-Herald, Mar. 21, 1965, p. 7;
101. "Women Chained in Hotel," Sydney Morning Herald, Apr. 1, 1965, p. 6;
102. and in Courier-Mail, Apr. 1, 1965, p. 1.
103. Reports of examples of such actions include "Three Held in Vietnam Demonstration," Sydney Morning Herald, May 4, 1965, p. 10;
104. "Many Protests on Vietnam," Sydney Morning Herald, May 5, 1965, p. 1;
105. "Four Youths Arrested in Student Stunts," Sydney Morning Herald, May 6, 1965, p. 1;
106. "Hasluck Warning on Vietnam War," Sydney Morning Herald, May 26, 1965, p. 1.
107. For reports of these actions, see "Just Sitting," Sydney Morning Herald, May 12, 1966, p. 4;
108. "City Protest," Sun-Herald, Apr. 11, 1965, p. 23.
109. The quote is from "'Strike War' Over Prices," Sun-Herald, Jun. 20, 1965, p. 26.
110. Charles Taylor, "Two Theories of Modernity," Public Culture 11, no. 1 (1999): 153-174.
111. Arjun Appadurai, "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy," in Bruce Robbins, ed., The Phantom Public Sphere (Minneapolis: Minnesota Univ. Press, 1993), pp. 269-295;
112. Mike Featherstone and Scott Lash, "Globalization, Modernity, and the Spatialization of Social Theory: An Introduction," in M. Featherstone, S. Lash, and R. Robinson, eds., Global Modernities (London: Sage, in association with Theory, Culture, & Society, 1995), pp. 1-24.
113. Appadurai, note 59, p. 280.