메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 345-353

Return of the cycad hypothesis - Does the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC) of Guam have new implications for global health?

Author keywords

ALS; ALS PDC; BMAA; Cyanobacteria; Cycad; Guam; Pathology

Indexed keywords

2 AMINO 3 METHYLAMINOPROPIONIC ACID; ALKALOID; AMINO ACID; ANATOXIN A; BACTERIAL TOXIN; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CYANOGINOSIN; CYANOTOXIN; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROTOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 23044505197     PISSN: 03051846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2005.00686.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (97)

References (57)
  • 1
  • 2
    • 0023618089 scopus 로고
    • Cycad use and motor neurone disease in Man Jaya
    • Spencer P, Palmer V, Herman A, Asmedi A. Cycad use and motor neurone disease in Man Jaya. Lancet 1987; 2: 1273-4
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1273-1274
    • Spencer, P.1    Palmer, V.2    Herman, A.3    Asmedi, A.4
  • 4
    • 0022618122 scopus 로고
    • Motor-neurone disease on Guam: Possible role of a food neurotoxin
    • Spencer P, Nunn P, Hugon J, Ludolph A, Roy D. Motor-neurone disease on Guam: possible role of a food neurotoxin. Lancet 1986; 1: 965
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 965
    • Spencer, P.1    Nunn, P.2    Hugon, J.3    Ludolph, A.4    Roy, D.5
  • 5
    • 0000317724 scopus 로고
    • α-amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid, a new amino acid from the seeds of Cycas circinalis
    • Vega A, Bell A. α-Amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid, a new amino acid from the seeds of Cycas circinalis. Phytochemistry 1967; 6: 759-62
    • (1967) Phytochemistry , vol.6 , pp. 759-762
    • Vega, A.1    Bell, A.2
  • 6
    • 0038774044 scopus 로고
    • The preparation of L- and D α-amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid and the identification of the compound isolated from Cycas circinalis as the 1-isomer
    • Vega A, Bell A, Nunn P. The preparation of L- and D α-amino-β- methylaminopropionic acid and the identification of the compound isolated from Cycas circinalis as the 1-isomer. Photochemistry 1968; 7: 1885-7
    • (1968) Photochemistry , vol.7 , pp. 1885-1887
    • Vega, A.1    Bell, A.2    Nunn, P.3
  • 7
    • 0023181410 scopus 로고
    • Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plant excitant neurotoxin
    • Spencer PS, Nunn PB, Hugon J. Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plant excitant neurotoxin. Science 1987; 237: 517-22
    • (1987) Science , vol.237 , pp. 517-522
    • Spencer, P.S.1    Nunn, P.B.2    Hugon, J.3
  • 8
    • 0025343142 scopus 로고
    • 2-Amino-3-(methylamino) -propanoic acid (BMAA) in cycad flour: An unlikely cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Guam
    • Duncan W, Steele J, Kopin I, Stanford P. 2-Amino-3-(methylamino) -propanoic acid (BMAA) in cycad flour: an unlikely cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Guam. Neurology 1990; 40: 767-72
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 767-772
    • Duncan, W.1    Steele, J.2    Kopin, I.3    Stanford, P.4
  • 9
    • 0026160504 scopus 로고
    • Slow toxins, biological markers, and long latency neurodegenerative disease in the western Pacific region
    • Spencer P, Kisby G, Ludolph A. Slow toxins, biological markers, and long latency neurodegenerative disease in the western Pacific region. Neurology 1991; 41 (Suppl.): 62-6
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 62-66
    • Spencer, P.1    Kisby, G.2    Ludolph, A.3
  • 10
    • 0242411871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid BMAA in Cycas micronesia
    • Banack S, Cox P. Distribution of the neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid BMAA in Cycas micronesia. Bot J Linn Soc 2003; 143: 165-8
    • (2003) Bot J Linn Soc , vol.143 , pp. 165-168
    • Banack, S.1    Cox, P.2
  • 11
    • 0041624017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomagnification of cycad neurotoxins in flying foxes
    • Banack S, Cox P. Biomagnification of cycad neurotoxins in flying foxes. Neurology 2002; 61: 387-9
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.61 , pp. 387-389
    • Banack, S.1    Cox, P.2
  • 12
    • 0037177086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cycad neurotoxins, consumption of flying foxes and ALS/PDC disease in Guam
    • Cox P, Sacks O. Cycad neurotoxins, consumption of flying foxes and ALS/PDC disease in Guam. Neurology 2002; 58: 956-9
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , pp. 956-959
    • Cox, P.1    Sacks, O.2
  • 13
    • 0037904384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation implications of Chamorro consumption of flying foxes as a possible cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism dementia complex in Guam
    • Monson C, Banack S, Cox P. Conservation implications of Chamorro consumption of flying foxes as a possible cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism dementia complex in Guam. Conserv Biol 2003; 17: 678-86
    • (2003) Conserv Biol , vol.17 , pp. 678-686
    • Monson, C.1    Banack, S.2    Cox, P.3
  • 14
    • 4344626578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanism for slow release of biomagnified cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease in Guam
    • Murch S, Cox P, Banack S. A mechanism for slow release of biomagnified cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease in Guam. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 12228-31
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 12228-12231
    • Murch, S.1    Cox, P.2    Banack, S.3
  • 15
    • 0032966179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Guam cycad toxin methylazoxymethanol damages neuronal DNA and modulates tau mRNA expression and excitotoxicity
    • Esclaire F, Kisby G, Spencer P, Milne J, Lesort M, Hugon J. The Guam cycad toxin methylazoxymethanol damages neuronal DNA and modulates tau mRNA expression and excitotoxicity. Exp Neurol 1999; 155: 11-21
    • (1999) Exp Neurol , vol.155 , pp. 11-21
    • Esclaire, F.1    Kisby, G.2    Spencer, P.3    Milne, J.4    Lesort, M.5    Hugon, J.6
  • 16
    • 0036735078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative potencies of induction of point mutations and genetic duplications by the methylating agents methylazoxymethanol and dimethyl sulfate in bacteria
    • Hoffmann G, Crowley D, Theophiles P. Comparative potencies of induction of point mutations and genetic duplications by the methylating agents methylazoxymethanol and dimethyl sulfate in bacteria. Mutagenesis 2002; 17: 439-44
    • (2002) Mutagenesis , vol.17 , pp. 439-444
    • Hoffmann, G.1    Crowley, D.2    Theophiles, P.3
  • 17
    • 33444459655 scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxic amino acids from the cycad carcinogen methylazoxymethanol
    • Eds F Rose, F Norris. London: Smith-Gordon
    • Kisby G, Spencer P. Neurotoxic amino acids from the cycad carcinogen methylazoxymethanol. In ALS New Advances in Toxicology and Epidemiology. Eds F Rose, F Norris. London: Smith-Gordon, 1990; 35-9
    • (1990) ALS New Advances in Toxicology and Epidemiology , pp. 35-39
    • Kisby, G.1    Spencer, P.2
  • 18
    • 0345255588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomagnification of cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease among the Chamorro people of Guam
    • Cox P, Banack S, Murch S. Biomagnification of cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease among the Chamorro people of Guam. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 100: 13380-3
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 13380-13383
    • Cox, P.1    Banack, S.2    Murch, S.3
  • 19
    • 14644411765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyanobacterial toxins: Risk management for health protection
    • Codd G, Morrison L, Metcalf J. Cyanobacterial toxins: risk management for health protection. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 203: 264-72
    • (2005) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.203 , pp. 264-272
    • Codd, G.1    Morrison, L.2    Metcalf, J.3
  • 22
    • 0025366777 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of toxic encephalopathy caused by mussels contaminated with domoic acid
    • Perl T, Bedard L, Kosatsky T, Hockin J, Todd E, Remis R. An outbreak of toxic encephalopathy caused by mussels contaminated with domoic acid. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1775-80
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.322 , pp. 1775-1780
    • Perl, T.1    Bedard, L.2    Kosatsky, T.3    Hockin, J.4    Todd, E.5    Remis, R.6
  • 23
    • 4644350389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurence of β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in ALS/PDC patients from Guam
    • Murch S, Cox P, Banack S, Steele J, Sacks O. Occurence of β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in ALS/PDC patients from Guam. Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 110: 267-9
    • (2004) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.110 , pp. 267-269
    • Murch, S.1    Cox, P.2    Banack, S.3    Steele, J.4    Sacks, O.5
  • 24
    • 0014076762 scopus 로고
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A comparison of Guam and classical cases
    • Hirano A, Arumugasamy N, Zimmerman H. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A comparison of Guam and classical cases. Arch Neurol 1967; 16: 357-63
    • (1967) Arch Neurol , vol.16 , pp. 357-363
    • Hirano, A.1    Arumugasamy, N.2    Zimmerman, H.3
  • 25
    • 0013930506 scopus 로고
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam: Further pathologic studies
    • Hirano ANM, Elizan T, Kurland L. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam: further pathologic studies. Arch Neurol 1966; 15: 35-51
    • (1966) Arch Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 35-51
    • Anm, H.1    Elizan, T.2    Kurland, L.3
  • 26
    • 73049132762 scopus 로고
    • Parkinsonism-dementia complex, an endemic disease on the ilsand of Guam. I. Clinical features
    • Hirano A, Kurland L, Krooth R, Lessell S. Parkinsonism-dementia complex, an endemic disease on the ilsand of Guam. I. Clinical Features. Brain 1961; 84: 642-61
    • (1961) Brain , vol.84 , pp. 642-661
    • Hirano, A.1    Kurland, L.2    Krooth, R.3    Lessell, S.4
  • 27
    • 0000035923 scopus 로고
    • Parkinsonism-dementia complex, and endemic disease on the island of Guam. II. Pathological features
    • Hirano A, Malamud N, Kurland L. Parkinsonism-dementia complex, and endemic disease on the island of Guam. II. Pathological features. Brain 1961; 84: 662-79
    • (1961) Brain , vol.84 , pp. 662-679
    • Hirano, A.1    Malamud, N.2    Kurland, L.3
  • 28
    • 0000129778 scopus 로고
    • Pathoanatomic changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on Guam
    • Malamud N, Hirano A, Kurland L. Pathoanatomic changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on Guam. Neurology 1961; 5: 401-14
    • (1961) Neurology , vol.5 , pp. 401-414
    • Malamud, N.1    Hirano, A.2    Kurland, L.3
  • 29
    • 0037119249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroflbrillary tangles in the primary motor cortex in Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex
    • Hof P, Perl D. Neuroflbrillary tangles in the primary motor cortex in Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex. Neurosci Lett 2002; 328: 294-8
    • (2002) Neurosci Lett , vol.328 , pp. 294-298
    • Hof, P.1    Perl, D.2
  • 30
    • 0028957084 scopus 로고
    • Neurofibrillary degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: Immunocytochemical profile of tau proteins
    • Buee-Scherrer V, Buee L, Hof P, Leveugle B, Gilles C, Loerzel A, Perl D, Delacourte A. Neurofibrillary degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: immunocytochemical profile of tau proteins. Am J Pathol 1995: 924-32
    • (1995) Am J Pathol , pp. 924-932
    • Buee-Scherrer, V.1    Buee, L.2    Hof, P.3    Leveugle, B.4    Gilles, C.5    Loerzel, A.6    Perl, D.7    Delacourte, A.8
  • 32
    • 0031925215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dementia with Lewy bodies: A distinct non-Alzheimer dementia?
    • Ince P, Morris C, Perry E. Dementia with Lewy bodies: a distinct non-Alzheimer dementia? Brain Pathol 1998; 8: 299-324
    • (1998) Brain Pathol , vol.8 , pp. 299-324
    • Ince, P.1    Morris, C.2    Perry, E.3
  • 33
    • 0031924749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Current issues in classification, pathogenesis and molecular pathology
    • Ince PG, Lowe J, Shaw PJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current issues in classification, pathogenesis and molecular pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1998; 24: 104-17
    • (1998) Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol , vol.24 , pp. 104-117
    • Ince, P.G.1    Lowe, J.2    Shaw, P.J.3
  • 34
    • 0025331812 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord neurofibrillary tangles of Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex: An immunohistochemical study
    • Matsumoto S, Hirano A, Goto S. Spinal cord neurofibrillary tangles of Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex: an immunohistochemical study. Neurology 1990; 40: 975-9
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 975-979
    • Matsumoto, S.1    Hirano, A.2    Goto, S.3
  • 35
    • 0024565972 scopus 로고
    • Cytoskeletal abnormalities in motor neuron disease: An immunocytochemical study
    • Leigh P, Dodson A, Swash M, Brion J-P, Anderton B. Cytoskeletal abnormalities in motor neuron disease: an immunocytochemical study. Brain 1989; 112: 521-35
    • (1989) Brain , vol.112 , pp. 521-535
    • Leigh, P.1    Dodson, A.2    Swash, M.3    Brion, J.-P.4    Anderton, B.5
  • 37
    • 0025729489 scopus 로고
    • Ubiquitin-immunoreactive intraneuronal inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Morphology, distribution and specificity
    • Leigh PN, Whitwell H, Garofalo O, Buller J, Swash M, Martin J, Gallo J, Weller R, Anderton B. Ubiquitin-immunoreactive intraneuronal inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: morphology, distribution and specificity. Brain 1991; 114: 775-88
    • (1991) Brain , vol.114 , pp. 775-788
    • Leigh, P.N.1    Whitwell, H.2    Garofalo, O.3    Buller, J.4    Swash, M.5    Martin, J.6    Gallo, J.7    Weller, R.8    Anderton, B.9
  • 38
    • 0024419525 scopus 로고
    • Inclusion bodies in motor cortex and brainstem of patients with motor neuron disease are detected by immunocytochemical localisation of ubiquitin
    • Lowe J, Aldridge F, Lennox GFD, Jefferson D, Landon M, Mayer R. Inclusion bodies in motor cortex and brainstem of patients with motor neuron disease are detected by immunocytochemical localisation of ubiquitin. Neurosci Lett 1989; 105: 7-13
    • (1989) Neurosci Lett , vol.105 , pp. 7-13
    • Lowe, J.1    Aldridge, F.2    Gfd, L.3    Jefferson, D.4    Landon, M.5    Mayer, R.6
  • 39
    • 0024314656 scopus 로고
    • Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of Lewy body-like inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Murayama S, Ookawa Y, Mori H, Nakano I, Ihara Y, Kuzahara S, Tomonaga M. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of Lewy body-like inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 1989; 78: 143-52
    • (1989) Acta Neuropathol , vol.78 , pp. 143-152
    • Murayama, S.1    Ookawa, Y.2    Mori, H.3    Nakano, I.4    Ihara, Y.5    Kuzahara, S.6    Tomonaga, M.7
  • 40
    • 0025814639 scopus 로고
    • New ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal inclusions in the extra-motor cortices in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Okamoto K, Hirai S, Yamazaki Y, Sun X, Nakazoto Y. New ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal inclusions in the extra-motor cortices in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 1991; 129: 233-6
    • (1991) Neurosci Lett , vol.129 , pp. 233-236
    • Okamoto, K.1    Hirai, S.2    Yamazaki, Y.3    Sun, X.4    Nakazoto, Y.5
  • 41
    • 0025302594 scopus 로고
    • Ubiquitin-immunoreactive filamentous inclusions in the anterior horn cells of Guamanian and non-Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Matsumoto S, Hirano A, Goto S. Ubiquitin-immunoreactive filamentous inclusions in the anterior horn cells of Guamanian and non-Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 80: 23-8
    • (1990) Acta Neuropathol , vol.80 , pp. 23-28
    • Matsumoto, S.1    Hirano, A.2    Goto, S.3
  • 44
    • 0037320211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical and pathological study of a Japanese case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex with family history
    • Konagaya M, Kato T, Sakai M, Kuru S, Matsuoka Y, Konagaya T, Hashizume Y, Tabira T. A clinical and pathological study of a Japanese case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex with family history. J Neurol 2003; 250: 164-70
    • (2003) J Neurol , vol.250 , pp. 164-170
    • Konagaya, M.1    Kato, T.2    Sakai, M.3    Kuru, S.4    Matsuoka, Y.5    Konagaya, T.6    Hashizume, Y.7    Tabira, T.8
  • 45
    • 0346033447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex neurofibrillary tangle formation in Guamanian Chamorros free of overt neurologic disease
    • Perl D, Hof P, Purohit D, Loerzel A, Kakulas B. Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex neurofibrillary tangle formation in Guamanian Chamorros free of overt neurologic disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62: 381-8
    • (2003) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 381-388
    • Perl, D.1    Hof, P.2    Purohit, D.3    Loerzel, A.4    Kakulas, B.5
  • 47
    • 0031052141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of ubiquitin immunoreactivity of hippocampal granular cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with dementia, Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Guamanian parkinsonism-dementia complex
    • Ikemoto A, Hirano A, Akiguchi I, Kimura J. Comparative study of ubiquitin immunoreactivity of hippocampal granular cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with dementia, Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Guamanian parkinsonism-dementia complex. Acta Neuropathol 1997; 93: 265-70
    • (1997) Acta Neuropathol , vol.93 , pp. 265-270
    • Ikemoto, A.1    Hirano, A.2    Akiguchi, I.3    Kimura, J.4
  • 48
    • 0031723557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with genetic abnormalities in the gene encoding superoxide dismutase: Molecular pathology of live new cases and comparison with 73 sporadic cases and previous reports
    • Ince PG, Tomkins J, Slade JY, Thatcher NM, Shaw PJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with genetic abnormalities in the gene encoding superoxide dismutase: molecular pathology of live new cases and comparison with 73 sporadic cases and previous reports. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57: 895-904
    • (1998) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.57 , pp. 895-904
    • Ince, P.G.1    Tomkins, J.2    Slade, J.Y.3    Thatcher, N.M.4    Shaw, P.J.5
  • 49
    • 0037251889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropathology with clinical correlations of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: 102 Autopsy cases examined between 1962 and 2000
    • Piao Y-S, Wakabayashi K, Kakita A, Yamada M, Hayashi S, Monta T, Ikuta F, Oyanagi K, Takahashi H. Neuropathology with clinical correlations of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: 102 autopsy cases examined between 1962 and 2000. Brain Pathol 2003; 12: 10-22
    • (2003) Brain Pathol , vol.12 , pp. 10-22
    • Piao, Y.-S.1    Wakabayashi, K.2    Kakita, A.3    Yamada, M.4    Hayashi, S.5    Monta, T.6    Ikuta, F.7    Oyanagi, K.8    Takahashi, H.9
  • 50
    • 0000918282 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Bunina T. Intracellular inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr 1962: 62: 1293-9
    • (1962) Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr , vol.62 , pp. 1293-1299
    • Bunina, T.1
  • 51
    • 0032840008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bunina bodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on Guam: A histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation
    • Wada M, Uchihara T, Nakamura A, Oyanagi K. Bunina bodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on Guam: a histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation. Acta Neuropathol 1999; 98: 150-6
    • (1999) Acta Neuropathol , vol.98 , pp. 150-156
    • Wada, M.1    Uchihara, T.2    Nakamura, A.3    Oyanagi, K.4
  • 52
    • 14844333173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha-synuclein lesions in normal ageing, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: Evidence from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing
    • Mikolaenko I, Pletnikova O, Kawas C, O'Brien R, Resnick S, Grain B, Troncoso J. Alpha-synuclein lesions in normal ageing, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease: evidence from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64: 156-62
    • (2005) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 156-162
    • Mikolaenko, I.1    Pletnikova, O.2    Kawas, C.3    O'Brien, R.4    Resnick, S.5    Grain, B.6    Troncoso, J.7
  • 53
    • 0037383760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional distribution of alpha-synuclein pathology in unimpaired ageing and in Alzheimer disease
    • Parkkinen L, Soininen H, Alafuzoff I. Regional distribution of alpha-synuclein pathology in unimpaired ageing and in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62: 363-7
    • (2003) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 363-367
    • Parkkinen, L.1    Soininen, H.2    Alafuzoff, I.3
  • 55
    • 0036092271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tau and alpha-synuclein pathology in amygdala of parkinsonism-dementia complex patients of Guam
    • Forman M, Schmidt M, Kasturi S, Perl D, Lee V-Y, Trojanowski J. Tau and alpha-synuclein pathology in amygdala of parkinsonism-dementia complex patients of Guam. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 1725-31
    • (2002) Am J Pathol , vol.160 , pp. 1725-1731
    • Forman, M.1    Schmidt, M.2    Kasturi, S.3    Perl, D.4    Lee, V.-Y.5    Trojanowski, J.6
  • 56
    • 2942656929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurence of α-synuclein pathology in the cerebellum of Guamanian patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex
    • Sebeo J, Hof P, Perl D. Occurence of α-synuclein pathology in the cerebellum of Guamanian patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex. Acta Neuropathol 2004; 107:497-504
    • (2004) Acta Neuropathol , vol.107 , pp. 497-504
    • Sebeo, J.1    Hof, P.2    Perl, D.3
  • 57
    • 0035062957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substantia nigra in progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: Specific pathological features
    • Oyanagi K, Tsuchiya K, Yamazaki M, Ikeda K. Substantia nigra in progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: specific pathological features. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001: 60: 393-402
    • (2001) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 393-402
    • Oyanagi, K.1    Tsuchiya, K.2    Yamazaki, M.3    Ikeda, K.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.