'A small price to pay for peace': The Elizabeth Kenny controversy re-examined

Australian Historical Studies

Volumn 27, Issue 108, 1997, Pages 47-65

  Martyr, Philippa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23044450407     PISSN: 1031461X     EISSN: 19405049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10314619708596027     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Claudia Thame, Health and the State, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1974, Appendix: Controversies concerning the treatment of poliomyelitis during the 1930s, pp. 351-5;
2. Evan Willis, 'Sister Elizabeth Kenny and the Occupational Division of Labour in Health Care', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, vol. 15, no. 1, March 1979, pp. 30-8.
3. There has been a gratifying increase in Kenny studies in recent years, notably through the work of John Wilson, 'The Sister Kenny Clinics: What Endures?', Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 3, 1986, pp. 13-21, and his comprehensive study, Through Kenny's Eyes: An Exploration of Sister Elizabeth Kenny's Views about Nursing, North Queensland Regional Group of Royal College of Nursing Australia, Townsville, 1995.
4. Philippa Martyr, The Professional Development of Rehabilitation in Australia, 1870-1981, PhD thesis, University of Western Australia, 1995, chap. 3 passim. 47
5. Evan Willis, Medical Dominance (1983), Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1989.
6. Ann Killalea, The Great Scourge: The Tasmanian Infantile Paralysis Epidemic of 1937-8, M.Humanities thesis, University of Tasmania, 1992, pp. 18-19, 22.
7. M. MacPherson, 'Medical gymnastics', Una Nurses Journal (hereafter Una), 30 January 1907, p. 169.
8. Michael Roe, Nine Australian Progressives: Vitalism in Bourgeois Social Thought. 1890-1960, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1984, p. 100.
9. Gavin Souter, Lion and Kangaroo: Australia 1901-1919. The Rise of a Nation, Collins, Sydney, 1976, p. 260;
10. R. Gough, 'The Repatriation of the First Australian Imperial Force', Queensland Historical Review, vol. 7, no. 7, 1978, p. 66
11. Martyr, op. c i t , p. 94.
12. Stephen Garton has explored some of these themes in Medicine and Madness: A Social History of Insanity in New South Wales, 1880-1940, New South Wales University Press, Sydney, 1988, as has Michael Oliver, The Politics of Disablement, Macmillan, London, 1990.
13. David Armstrong, The Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983, chap. 6, passim.
14. Willis, 'Sister Elizabeth Kenny', p. 36.
15. P. Muskett, Prescribing and Treatment in the Diseases of Children, n.p., Edinburgh and London, 1885, p. 203
16. cited in Wilson, 'The Sister Kenny Clinics', p. 14.
17. Australasian Medical Gazette, vol. 28, 1909, pp. 588-93.
18. See also Intercolonial Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 11, 1906, pp. 623-6.
19. Robert van Krieken, Children and the State: Social Control and the Formation of Australian Child Welfare, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1992, pp. 120-1.
20. Edith Hall, 'In the Ward Next Door to Sister Kenny', Australian Nurses' Journal, vol. 10, no. 10, 1981, p. 57.
21. Jean Macnamara, Report to Dr Carter re Work Done in Orthopaedics Overseas with the Rockefeller Fellowship, 22 May 1933. Dame Jean Macnamara Collection (hereafter Macnamara Collection), MS 2399, series 1, correspondence file 4, MS 2399/1/176, p. 10, National Library of Australia (hereafter NLA), Canberra. Macnamara is sometimes referred to in contemporary sources as Dr Jean Connor, her married name.
22. Killalea, Report to Dr Carter re Work Done in Orthopaedics Overseas with the Rockefeller Fellowship, op. cit., p. 155.
23. Medical Journal of Australia, 3rd year, vol. 1, no. 2, 8 January 1916, p. 59.
24. J. Crowdy, 'After-treatment', Una, 1 July 1938, p. 202.
25. Jean Macnamara, 'Preventative Orthopaedics and the Physiotherapist', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 1, no. 8, 24 February 1951, pp. 293-8.
26. Martyr, Medical Journal of Australia, op. cit., pp. 8 3 - 4 .
27. van Krieken, Medical Journal of Australia, op. cit.
28. Graeme Davison, ' T h e City-bred Child and Urban Reform in Melbourne, 1900-1940', in P. Williams (ed.), Social Process and the City, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1983, pp. 1 4 3 - 74.
29. Jean Macnamara, 'Victorians on their Mettle', Una, 1 March 1938, pp. 69-70.
30. Individual AMA members were more closely associated wih t h e national hygiene movement- Christian Bjelke-Petersen gave a paper, 'Growth and Development of Hobart Schoolchildren', at the Australasian Association for t he Advancement of Science meeting in Hobart, 1902.
31. See Roe, Una, op. cit., p . 100.
32. Hall, Una, op. cit.
33. Elizabeth Kenny, And They Shall Walk, Hale, London, 1951, p. 174.
34. N. Thompson, letter to the editor, Courier Mail, Brisbane, 16 January 1938
35. Marjorie Lawrence, Interrupted Melody: The Story of My Life, Invincible Press, Sydney, 1949, pp. 165- 6
36. Hall, The Sister Kenny Clinics, op. cit., p. 57.
37. Raphael Cilento, 'Report on the Muscle Re-education Clinic, Townsville (Sister E. Kenny), and its Work, 24 August 1934', pp. 1-2, VF 616.835 CIL CI, Queensland State Archives.
38. For background on Cilento's activities and appointment, see James Gillespie, The Price of Health: Australian Governments and Medical Politics, 1910-1960, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 1991, pp. 74-5.
39. Cilento, The Price of Health: Australian Governments and Medical Politics, 1910-1960, op. cit., p. 1.
40. Queensland. Royal Commission on the Investigation of Infantile Paralysis. The government did not accept the findings and the report was never presented to parliament. D. Borchardt, Checklist of Royal Commissions. Select Committees of Parliament and Boards of Enquiry, part 5: 'Queensland', La Trobe University Library Publication, no. 14, 1978, p. 157.
41. See Kenny, The Price of Health: Australian Governments and Medical Politics, 1910-1960, op. cit., p. 152, on the Victorian government's response to the royal commission.
42. Margaret Barbalet, The Adelaide Children's Hospital, 1876-1976, Griffin, Adelaide, 1975, pp. 107, 109.
43. Donald Hamilton, Hand in Hand: The Story of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, John Ferguson, Sydney, 1979, pp. 77-9.
44. Anthea Hyslop, Sovereign Remedies: A History of Ballarat Base Hospital, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1989, p. 274.
45. Martyr, Sovereign Remedies: A History of Ballarat Base Hospital,op. cit., pp. 65-78.
46. Ross Patrick, A History of Health and Medicine in Queensland, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1987, pp. 338-9.
47. See also Gillespie, A History of Health and Medicine in Queensland, op. cit., p. 70.
48. Cilento, A History of Health and Medicine in Queensland, op. cit.
49. Kenny, A History of Health and Medicine in Queensland, op. cit., p. 93.
50. Polio File, Australasian Massage Association (Queensland) (hereafter AMAQ Polio), 15 May 1934, APA Qld.
51. Kenny, Australasian Massage Association, op. cit., p. 95.
52. APA Qld Min., Nurses and Masseurs Registration Board meeting, 19 December 1933, APA Qld.
53. Kenny, Australasian Massage Association, op. cit., pp. 93, 109, 114-15, on the hostility of the Queensland branch.
54. C. Leggett, A Study of the Queensland Branch of the British Medical Association and the Australian Medical Association, Australian Medical Association (Queensland) Archives, pp. 66-7.
55. Reg McKellar Hall, Reflections of an Orthopaedic Surgeon, Hesperian, Perth, 1983, pp. 41-3.
56. Kenny, Hesperian, op. cit., p. 160.
57. McKellar Hall, Hesperian, op. cit., p. 40.
58. Willis, op. c i t . , p. 33.
59. Brisbane Telegraph, evening, 25 November 1937.
60. Kenny, Brisbane Telegraph, op. cit., p. 100.
61. Gillespie, Brisbane Telegraph, op. cit., p. 81;
62. Thame, Brisbane Telegraph, op. cit., p. 353
63. For Macnamara's early career, see Desmond Zwar, The Dame: The Life and Times of Dame Jean Macnamara, Macmillan, Melbourne, 1984.
64. Kenny, The Dame: The Life and Times of Dame Jean Macnamara, op. cit., p. 173.
65. AMA Vic. Min., 22 April 1931, p. 57.
66. Macnamara, Report to Doctor Carter, p. 4.
67. Macnamara, 'Preventative Orthopaedics', p. 296.
68. Kenny, Report to Doctor Carter, op. cit., p. 160.
69. Victorian Society for Crippled Children, 2nd Annual Report, 15 September 1936 -31 December 1937. Macnamara Collection, MS 2399/13/202, NLA, Canberra. Macnamara had held the position of secretary to the A.M. Whiting Memorial Trust, set up in 1930 to provide assistance to poliomyelitis victims. She also claimed to have been responsible for the introduction of muscle re-education into the AMA (Vic.) curriculum. Macnamara, 'Preventative orthopaedics', p. 294.
70. Thame, Report to Doctor Carter, op. cit., p. 355