Distributions selected for use in probabilistic human health risk assessments in Oregon

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment (HERA)

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 785-808

  Hope, Bruce K ^a  

^a Oregon Department Environmental Quality   (United States)

Author keywords

Age and gender based exposure model; Exposure factor distributions; Monte Carlo; State regulations

Indexed keywords

EID: 22844457097     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807039.1999.9657740     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Binder, S., Sokal, D., and Maughan, D. 1986. Estimating soil ingestion: the use of tracer elements in estimating the amount of soil ingested by young children, Arch. Environ. Health 41, 341-345.
2. Brainard, J. and Burmaster, D.E. 1992. Bivariate distributions for height and weight of men and women in the United States, Risk Anal. 12, 267-275.
3. Burmaster, D.E. 1998. Lognormal distribution of skin area as a function of body weight, Risk Anal. 18, 27-32.
4. Burmaster, D.E. and Crouch, E.A.C. 1997. Lognormal distributions of body weight as a function of age for males and females in the United States, 1976-1980, Risk Anal. 17, 499-505.
5. Calabrese, E.J., Barnes, R., Stanek, E.J., III Pastides, H., Gilbert, C.E., Veneman, P., Wang, X., Lasztity, A., and Kostecki, P.T. 1989. How much soil do young children ingest: An epidemiologic study, Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 10, 123-137.
6. CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 1996. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program, Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part TV: Technical Support Document, Exposure Assessment and Stochastic Analysis. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Berkeley, CA 94704. Draft Report, December 1996.
7. Carey, M. 1988. Occupational tenure in 1987: many workers have remained in their fields, Monthly Labor Rev. 11, 3-12.
8. Carey, M. 1990. Occupational tenure, employer tenure, and occupational mobility, Occupat. Outlook Quar. Summer 1990, 55-60.
9. Charney, E., Sayre, J., and Coulter, M. 1980. Increased lead absorption in inner city children: Where does the lead come from?, Pediatrics 65, 226-231.
10. Davis, S., Waller, P., Buschbom, R., Ballou, J., and White, P. 1990. Quantitative estimates of soil ingestion in normal children between the ages of 2 and 7 years: population-based estimates using aluminum, silicon, and titanium as soil tracer elements, Arch. Environ. Health 45, 112-123.
11. Driver, J.H., Konz, J.J., and Whitmyre, G.K. 1989. Soil adherence to human skin, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43, 14-820.
12. Duggan, M.J., Inskip, M.J., Rundle, S.A. and Moorcroft, J.S. 1985. Lead in playground dust and on the hands of school children, Sci. Total Environ. 44, 65-79.
13. Ershow, A.G. and Cantor, K.P. 1989. Total Water and Tap Water Intake in the United States: Population-Based Estimates of Quantities and Sources. Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD.
14. Finley, B., Proctor, D., Scott, P., Harrington, N., Paustenbach, D., and Price, P. 1994. Recommended distributions for exposure factors frequently used in health risk assessment, Risk Anal. 14, 533-553.
15. Finley, B.L., Scott, P.K., and Mayhall, D.A. 1994. Development of a standard soil-to-skin adherence probability density function for use in Monte Carlo analyses of dermal exposure, Risk Anal. 14, 555-569.
16. Gallacher, J.E., Elwood, P.C., Phillips, K.M., Davis, B.E., and Jones, D.T. 1984. Relations between pica and blood levels in areas of differing lead exposure, Arch. Disease Childhood 59, 40-44.
17. Gephart, L.A., Tell, J.G., and Triemer, L.R. 1994. Exposure factors manual, J. Soil Contam. 3, 47-117.
18. Hawley J.K. 1985. Assessment of health risk from exposure to contaminated soil, Risk Anal. 5, 289-303.
19. Israeli, M. and Nelson, C.B. 1992. Distribution and expected time of residence for U.S. households, Risk Anal. 12, 65-72.
20. Johnson, J. and Capel, J. 1992. Monte Carlo Approach to Simulating Residential Occupancy Periods and Its Application to the General U.S. Population. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460. EPA 450/3-92-011, August 1992.
21. Kissel, J., Richter, K.Y., and Fenske, R.A. 1996a. Factors affecting soil adherence to skin in hand-press trials, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56, 722-728.
22. Kissel, J., Richter, K.Y., and Fenske, R.A. 1996b. Field measurement of dermal soil loading attributable to various activities: Implications for exposure assessment, Risk Anal. 16, 115-125.
23. Kissel, J.C. 1995. Characterization of soil adherence to skin: impact of historical misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. data, Risk Anal. 15, 613-614.
24. Layton, D.W. 1993. Metabolically consistent breathing rates for use in dose assessments, Health Physics 64, 23-36.
25. Lepow, M.L., Bruckman, L., Gillette, M., Markowitz, S., Rubino, R., and Kapish, J. 1975. Investigations into sources of lead in the environment of urban children, Environ. Res. 10, 415-426.
26. NCEA 1998. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1: Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance, Dermal Risk Assessment, Interim Guidance. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. NCEA-W-0364, May 7, 1998, External Review Draft.
27. ODEQ (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality). 1998. Guidance for Use of Probabilistic Analysis in Human Health Risk Assessments. Waste Management and Cleanup Division, Portland, OR 97204, Interim Final Guidance, January 1998.
28. Price, P.S., Curry, C.L., Goodrum, P.E., Gray, M.N., McCrodden, J.I., Harrington, N.W., Carlson-Lynch, H., and Keenan, R.E. 1996. Monte Carlo modeling of time-dependent exposures using a microexposure event approach, Risk Anal. 16, 339-348.
29. Que Hee, S.S., Peace, B., Clark, C.S., Boyle, J.R., Bornschein, R.L., and Hammond, P.B. 1985. Evolution of efficient methods to sample lead sources, such as house dust and hand dust, in the homes of children, Environ. Res. 38, 77-95.
30. Roels, H.A., Buchet, J.P., Lauwerys, R.R., Bruaux, P., Claeys-Thoreau, F., Lafontaine, A., and Verduyn, G. 1980. Exposure to lead by the oral and the pulmonary routes of children living in the vicinity of a primary lead smelter, Environ. Res. 22, 81-94.
31. Roseberry, A.M. and Burmaster, D.E. 1992. Lognormal distributions for water intake by children and adults, Risk Anal. 12, 99-104.
32. Ruffle, B., Burmaster, D.E., Anderson, P.D., and Gordon, H.D. 1994. Lognormal distributions for fish consumption by the general U.S. population, Risk Anal. 14, 395-404.
33. Sedman, R.M. 1989. The development of applied action levels for soil contact: A scenario for the exposure of humans to soil in a residential setting, Environ. Health Perspect. 79, 291-313.
34. Seiler, F.A. and Alvarez, J.L. 1996. On the selection of distributions for stochastic variables, Risk Anal. 16, 5-18.
35. Shaw, C.D. and Burmaster, D.E. 1996. Distribution of job tenure for U.S. workers in selected industries and occupations, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess.
36. Stanek, E.J., III and Calabrese, E.J. 1995a. Daily estimates of soil ingestion in children, Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 276-285.
37. Stanek, E.J., III and Calabrese, E.J. 1995b. Soil ingestion estimates for use in site evaluations based on the best tracer method, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 1, 133-156.
38. Thompson, K.M. and Burmaster, D.E. 1991. Parametric distributions for soil ingestion by children, Risk Anal. 11, 339-343.
39. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1988. Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987/88 Household Food Use Dataset. United States Department of Agriculture.
40. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I, Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A - Baseline Risk Assessment). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC 20460. EPA/ 540/1-89/002. Interim Final Report, December 1989.
41. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1991. Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance: Standard Default Exposure Factors. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC 20460. Directive 9285.6-03, PB91-921314, March 1991.
42. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1992. Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460. EPA/600/8-91/011B. Interim Report, January 1992.
43. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997a. Guiding Principles of Monte Carlo Analysis. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460. EPA/ 630/R-97/001. March 1997.
44. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997b. Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460. Update to EPA/600/ P-95/002Fabc. External Review Draft Report, August 1997.
45. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) 1998. Region IX, San Francisco, CA 94105. May 1998.