An Experimental Study of Altruism in Rank Relationships;Untersuchungen zur Systemanalyse der sozialen Motivation V: Eine experimentelle Studie zum Altruismus in Rangbeziehungen1

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie

Volumn 207, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-34

  Mast, Marianne Schniid ^a   Bischof, Norbert ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Altruism; Computer game; Rank order; Social motivation

Indexed keywords

EID: 22844453882     PISSN: 00443409     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale: Erlbaum
2. Batson, C.D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale: Erlbaum
3. Batson, C.D., Duncan, B.D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T. & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathie emotion a source of altruistic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 290-302
4. Batson, C.D., Dyck, J.L., Brandt, J.R., Batson, G.J., Powell, A.L., McMaster, M.R. & Griffitt, C. (1988). Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathyaltruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 52-77
5. Benson, P.L., Kurabenick, S.A. & Lerner, R.M. (1976). Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409-415
6. Berkowitz, L. & Connor, W.H. (1966). Success, failure, and social responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 664-669
7. Berkowitz, L. & Daniels, L.R. (1963). Responsibility and dependency. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 429-436
8. Bickman, L. (1971). The effect of social status on the honesty of others. Journal of Social Psychology, 85, 87-92
9. Bierhoff, H.W. (1984). Altruism and patterns of social interaction. In E. Staub, D. Bar-Tal, J. Karylowski & J. Reykowski (Eds.), Development and maintenance of prosocial behavior (pp. 309-321). New York: Plenum
10. Bierhoff, H.W. (1988). Verantwortuiigszuschreibung und Hilfsbereitschaft. In H.W. Bierhoff & L. Montada (Eds.), Altruismus - Bedingungen der Hilfsbereitschaft (pp. 224 -252). Göttingen: Hogrefe
11. Bierhoff, H.W. (1990). Psychologie hilfreichen Verhaltens. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
12. Bierhoff, H.W., Klein, R. & Kramp, P. (1991). Evidence for the altruistic personality from data on accident research. Journal of Personality, 59, (2), 263-280
13. Bilsky, W. (1989). Angewandte Altruismusforschung. Analyse und Rezeption von Texten über Hilfeleistung. Bern: Huber
14. Bischof, N. (1975). A systems approach towards the functional connections of attachment and fear. Child Development, 46, 801-817
15. Bischof, N. (1985). Das Rätsel Ödipus. Die biologischen Wurzeln des Urkonflikts von Intimität und Autonomie. München: Piper
16. Bischof, N. (1993a). Die Regulation der sozialen Distanz: Von der Feldtheorie zur Systemtheorie. In N. Bischof (Hrsg.): Untersuchungen zur Systemanalyse der sozialen Motivation (I). Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 201, 5-43
17. Bischof, N. (1993b). Zur Funktionalität der Hilflosigkeit. In D. Hell (Ed.): Ethologie der Depression. Familientherapeutische Möglichkeiten (pp. 33-55). Stuttgart: Fischer
18. Bischof, N. (1996). Die Spielarten des Lächelns und das Problem der motivationalen Sollwertanpassung. In N. Bischof (Hrsg.): Untersuchungen zur Systemanalyse der sozialen Motivation (IV). Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 204, 1-40
19. Bischof, N. (1998). Struktur und Bedeutung (2. Aufl.). Göttingen: Huber
20. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1985). Zur Phylogenese der menschlichen Motivation. In L. Eckensberger & E.D. Lantermann (Eds.): Emotion und Reflexivität (pp. 3-47). Wien: Urban & Schwarzenberg
21. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1989a). Der Beitrag der Biologie zu einer Anthropologie der Frau. In H. Pissarek-Hudelist (Ed.): Die Frau in der Sicht der Anthropologie und Theologie (pp. 91-119). Düsseldorf: Patmos
22. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1989b). Spiegelbild und Empathie. Die Anfänge der sozialen Kognition. Bern: Huber
23. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1990). Frau und Karriere in psychobiologischer Sicht. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 34, 17-28
24. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1991). Jenseits des Rubikon. In E.P. Fischer (Ed.), Ein Panorama der Naturwissenschaften (pp. 143-193). München: Piper
25. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1992). Geschlechtstypische Besonderheiten im Konkurrenzverhalten: Evolutionäre Grundlagen und entwicklungspsychologische Fakten. In G. Krell & M. Osterloh (Eds.): Personalpolitik aus der Sicht von Frauen. Was kann die Personalforschung von der Frauenforschung lernen? (pp. 251-281). München: Rainer Hampp Verlag
26. Borkenau, P. (1991). Gibt es eine altruistische Motivaton? Psychologische Rundschau, 42, 195-205
27. Bowlby, J. (1975). Bindung. Eine Analyse der Mutter-Kind-Beziehung. München: Kindler
28. Chance, M. & Jolly, C. (1970). Social groups of monkeys, apes, and men. New York: Dutton
29. Cialdini, R.B., Kenrick, D.T. & Baumann, D.J. (1982). Effects of mood on prosocial behavior in children and adults. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.): The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 339-359). New York: Academic Press
30. Cialdini, R.B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J. & Beamen, A.L. (1987). Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 749-758
31. Cunningham, M.R., Steinberg, J. & Grev, R. (1980). Wanting to and having to help: Separate motives for positive mood and guilt-induced helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 181-192
32. Darley, J. & Batson, C.D. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 100-108
33. Darley, J.M. & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 377-383
34. Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford: University Press
35. DePaulo, B.M. (1982). Social-psychological processes in informal help seeking. In T.A. Wills (Hrsg.): Basic processes in helping relationships. New York: Academic Press
36. Dovidio, J.F. & Gaertner, S.L. (1981). The effects of race, status, and ability on helping behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(3), 192-203
37. Dovidio, J.R., Piliavin, J.A., Gaertner, S.L., Schroeder, D.A. & Clark, R.D.I. (1991). The Arousal: Cost-reward model and the process of intervention: A review of the evidence. In M.S. Clark (Ed.): Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 12. Prosocial behavior (pp. 86-118). Newbury Park: Sage
38. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1988). Der Mensch - das riskierte Wesen. Zur Naturgeschichte menschlicher Unvernunft. München: Piper
39. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7,117-140
40. Fisher, J.D., Nadler, A. & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1982). Recipient reactions to aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 27-54
41. Fisher, J.D., Nadler, A. & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1983). Four conceptualizations of reactions to aid. In J.D. Fisher, A. Nadler & B.M. DePaulo (Eds.): New directions in helping: Vol. 1. Recipient reactions to aid (pp. 51-84). San Diego: Academic Press
42. Foa, E.B., & Foa, U.G. (1976): Ressource theory of social exchange. In: J.W. Thibaut, J.T. Spence & R.C. Carson (Eds.): Contemporary topics in social psychology. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press (pp. 99-131)
43. Gergen, M.M. & Gergen, K.J. (1983). Interpretive dimensions of international aid. In A. Nadler, J.D. Fisher & B.M. DePaulo (Eds.): New directions in helping: Vol. 3. Applied perspectives on help-seeking and -receiving (pp. 329-348). San Diego: Academic Press
44. Goodman, M.D. & Gareis, K..C. (1992). The influence of status on decisions to help. Journal of Social Psychology, 133(1), 23-31
45. Gouldner, A. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178
46. Gross, A.E. & McMullen, P.A. (1983). Models of the help seeking process. In B.M. DePaulo, A. Nadler & J.D. Fisher (Eds.): New directions in helping: Vol. 2. Help seeking (pp. 47-73). New York: Academic Press
47. Gubler, H. & Bischof, N. (1991). A systems' perspective on infant development. In M.E. Lamb & H. Keller (Eds.): Infant development. Perspectives from german-speaking countries (pp. 35-66). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum
48. Gubler, H. & Bischof, N. (1993). Computerspiele als Werkzeug der motivationspsychologischen Grundlagenforschung. In N. Bischof (Hrsg.): Untersuchungen zur Systemanalyse der sozialen Motivation (II). Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 201, 287-315
49. Gubler, H., Paffrath, M. & Bischof, N. (1994). Eine Ästimationsstudie zur Sicherheits- und Erregungsregulation während der Adoleszenz. In N. Bischof (Hrsg.): Untersuchungen zur Systemanalyse der sozialen Motivation (III). Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 202, 95-132
50. Guggenbühl-Craig, A. (1978). Macht als Gefahr beim Helfer. In E. Probst (Hrsg.): Psychologische Praxis. Pratteln: Karger
51. Hamilton, W.D. (1972). The genetical evolution of social behavior (I and II). Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, l-16;17-52
52. Hegstrom, J.L. & Griffith, W.I. (1992). Dominance, sex, and leader emergence. Sex Roles, 27(5/6), 209-220
53. Jones, E.E. & Gerard, H.B. (1967). Foundations of social psychology. New York: Wiley.
54. Kühl, J. (1994). A theory of action and state orientation. In J. Kühl & J. Beckmann (Hrsg.): Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (pp. 9-46). Göttingen: Hogrefe
55. Latané, B. & Darley, J.M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? New York: Appelton-Century-Crofts
56. Lévi-Strauss, C. (1970). The elementary structures of kinship. London: Social Science Paperbacks
57. London, P. (1970). The rescuers: Motivational hypothesis about Christians who saved Jews form the Nazis. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.): Altruism and helping behavior (pp. 241-250). New York: Academic Press
58. Mayring, P. (1993). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken (4., erw. Aufl.). Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag
59. Medvene, L.J. (1992). Self-help groups, peer helping, and social comparison. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.): Helping and being helped: Naturalistic studies (pp. 49 -81). Newbury Park: Sage
60. Megargee, E.I. (1969). Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(5), 377-382
61. Megargee, E.I., Bogart, P. & Anderson, B.J. (1966). Prediction of leadership in a simulated industrial task. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 292-295
62. Midlarsky, M. & Midlarsky, E. (1976). Status inconsistency, aggressive attitude, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality, 44, 371-391
63. Nadler, A. (1986). Self esteem and the seeking and receiving of help: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. In B. Mäher & W. Malier (Eds.): Progress in experimental personality research, Vol. 14, (pp. 115-163). New York: Academic Press.
64. Nadler, A. (1987). Determinants of help seeking behavior: The effects of helper's similarity, task centrality and recipient's self esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 57-67
65. Nadler, A. (1991). Help-seeking behavior: Psychological costs and instrumental benefits. In M.S. Clark (Ed.): Review of personality and social psychology. Prosocial behavior, Vol. 12, (pp. 290-311). Newbury Park: Sage
66. Nadler, A., Altman, A. & Fisher, J.D. (1979). Helping is not enough: Recipient's reactions to aid as a function of positive and negative self-regard. Journal of Personality, 47, 615-628.
67. Nadler, A. & Fisher, J.D. (1986). The role of threat to self-esteem and perceived control in recipient reaction to help: Theory development and empirical validation. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.): Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 19, (pp. 81-122). San Diego: Academic Press
68. Oliner, S.P. & Oliner, P.M. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press
69. Pandey, J. (1979). Effects of benefactor and recipient status on helping behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 108, 171-176
70. Piliavin, J.A., Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L. & Clark, R.D. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York: Academic Press
71. Regan, D.T. (1971). Effect of a favor on liking and compliance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 627-639
72. Regan, D.T., Williams, M. & Sparling, S. (1972). Voluntary expiation of guilt: A field experiment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 42-45
73. Rosenhan, D.L. (1972). Learning theory and prosocial behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 28(3), 151-163
74. Rushton, J.P., Fulker, D.W., Neale, M.C., Nias, D.K. B. & Eysenck, H.J. (1986). Altruism and aggression: The heritability of individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50,(6), 1192-1198
75. Salovey, P., Mayer, J.D. & Rosenhan, D.L. (1991). Mood and helping: Mood as a motivator of helping and helping as a regulator of mood. In M. S. Clark (Ed.): Review of per-sonality and socal psychology. Prosocial behavior, Vol. 12, (pp. 215-237). Newbury Park: Sage
76. Schneider, H.D. (1988). Helfen als Problemlöseprozess. In H.W. Bierhoff & L. Montada Eds.): Altruismus -Bedingungen der Hilfsbereitschaft (pp. 7-35). Göttingen: Hogrefe
77. Schroeder, D.A., Penner, L.A., Dovidio, J.F. & Piliavin, J.A. (1995). The psychology, of helping and altruism. Problems and puzzles. New York: McGraw-Hill
78. Schwartz, S.H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.): Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 10, (pp. 222-280). New York: Academic Press
79. Schwartz, S.H. & Howard, J.A. (1984). Internalized values as motivators of altruism. In E. Staub, D. Bar-Tal, J. Karylowski & J. Reykowski (Eds.): Development and maintenance of prosocial behavior (pp. 229-255). New York: Plenum
80. Simon, F.B. & Stierlin, H. (1984). Die Sprache der Familientherapie. Ein Vokabular. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta
81. Smith, K.D., Keating, J.P. & Stotland, E. (1989). Altruism reconsidered: The effect of denying feedback on a victim's status to empathie witnesses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 641-650
82. Solomon, H. & Herman, L. (1977). Status symbols and prosocial behavior: The effect of the victim's car on helping. Journal of Psychology, 97(2), 271-273
83. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.): Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 21, (pp. 181-227). New York: Academic Press
84. Tesser, A. & Smith, J. (1980). Some effects of task relevance and friendship on helping: You don't always help the one you like. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 582-590
85. Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-37
86. Wills, T.A. (1992). The helping process in the context of personal relationships. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.): Helping and being helped: Naturalistic studies (pp. 17-48). Newbury Park: Sage
87. Wills, T.A. & DePaulo, B.M. (1991). Interpersonal analysis of the help-seeking process. In C.R. Snyder & D.R. Forsyth (Eds.): Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 350-375). New York: Pergamon