Current status of access and availability of plant genetic resources

Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 455-462

  Shands, Henry L ^a  

^a U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENETIC RESOURCE; PROPERTY RIGHTS;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 22844441516     PISSN: 10490280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. M.R. Bellon et al., Genetic Conservation: A Role for Rice Farmers, in Plant Genetic Conservation - The In Situ Approach 265-66 (N. Maxted et al. eds., 1997).
2. Herbert Kendall Hayes & Forrest Rhinehart Immer, Methods of Plant Breeding 74-75 (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1955).
3. Donald N. Duvick, The Current State of Plant Breeding: How Did We Get Here?, in Summit Proceedings Seeds and Breeds for the 21st Century Agriculture 71-93 (M. Sligh & L. Lauffer, eds.), available at http://www.rafiusa.org/Pubs/Seeds%20and%20Breeds.pdf (last visited Feb. 16, 2005).
4. National Plant Genetic Resources Board, U.S. Dep't of Agric., Plant Germplasm: Conservation and Use (1984).
5. Hayes & Immer, supra note 2, at 332.
6. A. Richard Crabb, The Hybrid Cornmakers 210-11. (Rutgers Univ. Press 1947).
7. See Cary Fowler, Unnatural Selection: Technology, Politics, and Plant Evolution 18-19 (Gordon & Breach 1994).
8. Bd. on Agric., Nat'l Research Council, Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991);
9. see also Fowler, supra note 7, at 16-17.
10. George A. White et al., History and Operation of the National Plant Germplasm System, 7 Plant Breeding, Rev. 5, 9 (1989).
11. Council for Agric. Sci. and Tech. Rep. 106, Plant Germplasm Preservation and Utilization in U.S. Agriculture 5, 6 (1985).
12. Food Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, 7 U.S.C.A. § 5841 (2004).
13. Sidney B. Williams Jr. & Kenneth A. Weber, Intellectual Property Protection and Plants, in Intellectual Property Rights Associated with Plants 91, 98 (J.H. Barton et al. eds. 1989).
14. See Nat'l Plant Germplasm System, at http:// www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/ (last visited Feb. 17, 2005).
15. 7 U.S.C.A. §§ 2321-2583.
16. See Storage Information Form, USDA-ARS, National Plant Germplasm System, at http://www.ars-grin.gov/ncgrp/forms/storage.doc (last visited Feb. 17, 2005).
17. U.S. Dep't of Ag., Plant Variety Protection Office, Frequently Asked Questions, available at http://www.ams.usda.gov/science/pvpo/FAQ/ seedsamples.htm (last visited Mar. 16, 2005).
18. Summary of the holdings of the NPGS, at http://www.ars-grin.gov/ npgs/stats/summary.stats (last visited Feb. 17, 2005).
19. Accession Area Queries, at http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/acc/ acc_queries.html (last visited Feb. 17, 2005) (searchable database of Accessions).
20. U.S. Dep't of Ag., Ag. Research Service, NPGS, GRIN, Database Management Unit (2004) [hereinafter Table 1]. See Appendix A.
21. Convention on Biological Diversity, June 5, 1992, 1760 U.N.T.S. 76, available at http://www.biodiv.org/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf (last visited Feb. 6, 2005) (entered into force on Dec. 23, 1993);
22. Henry L. Shands & Allan K. Stoner, Agricultural Germplasm and Global Contributions, in Global Genetic Resources 348 (K. Elaine Hoagland & Amy Y. Rossman eds., 1997) [hereinafter CBD].
23. See Table 1, infra App. A.
24. See generally CBD, supra note 20.
25. Nairobi Final Act of the Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity, available at http:// www.biodiv.org/doc/handbook/cbd-hb-09-en.pdf (last visited Feb. 17, 2005).
26. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Nov. 3, 2001, available at ftp://ext-ftp.fao.org/ag/ cgrfa/it/ITPGRe.pdf (last visited Feb. 17, 2005) [hereinafter ITPGR];
27. see also http://www.fao.org/Legal/TREATIES/033s-e.htm (last visited Feb. 17, 2005) (noting that ITPGR was put into force on June 29, 2004).
28. See U.S. Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome, U.S. Signs the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Nov. 2002), at http://usunrome.usembassy.it/ files/Statements/A2111209.htm (last visited Feb. 17, 2005) (discussing ITPGR).
29. I b i d.
30. Kerry Ten Kate & Sarah A. Laird, The Commercial Use of Biodiversity 120 (1999).
31. See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2004 Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, available at www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/docs10.htm (last visited March 9, 2005);
32. ITPGR, supra note 24, at Annex 1.
33. CBD, supra note 20, at art. 15.
34. ITPGR, supra note 24, at art. 12.3(d).
35. See Kate & Laird, supra note 27, at 17.
36. See id.
37. Henry L. Shands & Stephen Smith, Will the FAO International Undertaking Treaty Engender Effective Support for Conservation? (Nov. 2000) (Presentation at the Annual Meeting of Crop Science Society of America, November 2000) (on file with author).
38. I b i d.
39. I b i d.
40. I b i d.