Radiation-pressure-driven micro-mechanical oscillator

Optics Express

Volumn 13, Issue 14, 2005, Pages 5293-5301

  Rokhsari, H ^a   Kippenberg, T J ^a   Carmon, T ^a   Vahala, K J ^a  

^a California Institute of Technology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS; NATURAL FREQUENCIES; OPTICAL RESONATORS; PRESSURE EFFECTS; QUANTUM THEORY; RADIATION EFFECTS; RESONANCE;

ACOUSTO-OPTICAL DEVICES; ALL-OPTICAL DEVICES; MICRO-MECHANICAL OSCILLATORS; QUANTUM MECHANICAL DEVICES;

OSCILLATORS (MECHANICAL);

EID: 22744456445     PISSN: 10944087     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OPEX.13.005293     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. S. Mancini, V. Giovanetti, D. Vitali, and P. Tombesi, "Entangling macroscopic oscillators exploiting radiation pressure," Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 120401 (2002).
2. V. B. Braginsky, S. E. Strigin, and S. P. Vyatchanin, "Parametric oscillatory instability in Fabry-Perot interferometer," Phys. Lett. A. 287, 331-338 (2001).
3. D. K. Armani, T. J. Kippenberg, S. M. Spillane, and K. J. Vahala K. J, "Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip," Nature 421, 925-929 (2003).
4. V. B. Braginsky, I. I. Minakova, and P. M. Stepunin, "Absolute measurement of energy and power in optical spectrum according to electromagnetic pressure," Instrum. Exper. Tech-U. 3, 658-663 (1965).
5. V. B. Braginsky, and A. B. Manukin, "Ponderomotive effects of electromagnetic radiation," Sov. Phys. JETP-USSR. 25, 653-655 (1967).
6. A. Dorsel, J. D. Mccullen, P. Meystre, et al. "Optical bistability and mirror confinement induced by radiation pressure," Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1550-1553 (1983).
7. V. B. Braginsky, A. B. Manukin, and M. Y. Tikhonov, "Investigation of dissipative Ponderomotive effects of electromagnetic radiation," Sov. Phys. JETP-USSR. 31, 829-830 (1970).
8. The characteristics of the overall waveguide-resonator system can be viewed as an optical modulator that is driven by this oscillation. This modulator has a nonlinear transfer function that manifests itself (in the modulated pump power) through the appearance of harmonics of the characteristic mechanical eigen-frequencies. These harmonics are easily observed upon detection of the modulated pump (see Fig. 2).
9. For f(d) < 0, i.e. a red shift of the pump frequency with respect to the cavity mode, the phase of the radiation pressure variations actually damps or "cools" the vibrations. Note that no external feedback system is necessary here to damp the vibrations or "cool" the resonator, The feedback system is inherent to the coupling mechanism. Due to the high quality factor of our cavities (Q ∼ 10 million) the "red shifted" tail of the optical mode is not thermally stable (see H. Rokhsari et. al. "Loss characterization in micro-cavities using the thermal bistability effect. Applied Physics Letters 85, 3029-3031 (2004)). Replacing the cavity material (silica) with a negative thermo-optic coefficient material would stabilize the red shifted tail and cavity-cooling induced by radiation pressure effects could be observable.
10. M. Cai, O. Painter, and K. J. Vahala, "Observation of critical coupling in a Fiber taper to a silica microsphere whispering-gallery mode system," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 74-77 (2000).
11. For the sample tested, it is calculated that radial variations of about 10 picometers will shift the resonant frequency of the excited optical mode by its linewidth.
12. M. Zalalutdinov, et a, "Autoparametric optical drive for micromechanical oscillators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 695-697. (2001).
13. C. H. Metzger, K. Karrai, "Cavity cooling of a microlever," Nature. 432, 1002-1005, (2004).
14. T. J. Kippenberg, H. Rokhsari, T. Carmon, and K. J. Vahala, accepted by Phys. Rev. Lett.
15. H. Rokhsari, S. M. Spillane, and K. J. Vahala, "Observation of Kerr nonlinearity in microcavities at room temperature," Opt. Letts. 30, 427-429 (2005).
16. V. S. Ilchenko, and M. L. Gorodetsky, "Thermal nonlinear effects in optical whispering gallery microresonators," Laser Phys. 2, 1004-1009 (1992).
17. We note that as evident in the renderings provided in Figs. 1 and 2, the n=3 mechanical mode has a strong radial component to its motion and hence understanding of its excitation by way of radiation pressure (which itself is primarily radial in direction) is straightforward. In contrast, the n=1 mode motion is transverse, requiring a different method of force transduction. The details here, including threshold calculations, will be presented in a forthcoming article where it is shown that minute offsets of the optical mode from the equatorial plane provide a moment arm for action of radiation pressure. The resulting torque induces the transverse motion associated with the n=1 mode. Modelling, including an SEM measurement of the offset, confirms this mechanism.
18. X. M. H. Huang, C. A. Zorman, M. Mehregany, and M. L. Roukes, "Nanodevice motion at microwave frequencies," Nature. 421, 496 (2003).
19. W. Kells, and E. D'Ambrosio, "Considerations on parametric instability in Fabry-Perot interferometer," Phys. Lett. A. 299, 326-330 (2002).
20. V. H. Braginsky, S. E. Strigin, and S. P. Vyatchanin, "Analysis of parametric oscillatory instability in power recycled LIGO interferometer," Phys Lett. A. 305, 111-124 (2002).
21. S. W. Schediwy, C. Zhao, L. Ju, et al, "An experiment to investigate optical spring parametric instability," Classica Quant. Grav. 21, S1253-S12587 (2004).
22. I. Tittonen, et al, "Interferometric measurements of the position of a macroscopic body: Towards observation of quantum limits," Phys. Rev. A. 59, 1038 (1999):
23. H. Julsgaard, A. Kozhekin, E. S. Polzik, "Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic objects," Nature (London), 413, 400 (2001).
24. V. Giovanetti, S. Mancini, P. Tombesi, "Radiation pressure induced Einstein-Podolsky Rosen paradox," Europhys. Lett. 54, 559-565, (2001).
25. S. Pirandola, S. Mancini, D. Vitali, and P. Tombesi, "Continuous- variable entanglemet and quantum-state teleportation between optical and macroscopic vibrational modes through radiation pressure," Phys. Rev. A., 68, 062317, (2003);
26. W. Marshall, C. Simon, R. Penrose, and D. Bouwmeester, "Towards Quantum Superpositions of a Mirror," Phys.Rev. Lett. 91, 130401, SEP (2003).