Development and application of TEFs

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment (HERA)

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 9-12

  Safe, Stephen H ^a,b  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 22644451681     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807039991289581     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. Ahlborg, U.G., Brouwer, A., Fingerhut, M.A., Jacobson, J.L., Jacobson, S. W., Kennedy, S.W., Kettrup, A.A.F., Koeman, J.H., Poiger, H., Rappe, C., Safe, S. H., Seegal, R.F., Tuomisto, J., and Van den Berg, M. 1992. Impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls on human and environmental health with special emphasis on application of the toxic equivalence factor concept. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 228, 179-199.
2. Ahlborg, U.G., Becking, G.C., Birnbaum, L.S., Brouwer, A., Derks, H.J.G.M., Feeley, M., Color, G., Hanberg, A., Larsen, J.C., Liem, A.K.D., Safe, S., Schlatter, G., Wæsrn, F., Younes, M., and Yrjänheikki, E. 1994. Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Chemosphere 28, 1049-1067.
3. Ballschmiter, K., Rappe, C., and Buser, H.R. 1989. Chemical properties, analytical and environmental levels of PCBs, PCTs, PCNs and PCBs. In: Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, p. 47-69 (Kimbrough, R.D. and Jensen, A.A., Eds.). Amsterdam: Elsevier-North Holland.
4. Birnbaum, L.S. and DeVito, M.J. 1995. Use of toxic equivalency factors for risk assessment for dioxins and related compounds. Toxicology 105, 391-401.
5. NATO/CCMS (North Atlantic Treaty/Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society). 1988. Scientific Basis for the Development of International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF), Method of Risk Assessment for Risk Assessment for Complex Mixtures of Dioxins and Related Compounds: Report No. 176, Washington, D.C.
6. Nisbet, I.C.T. and LaGoy, P.K. 1992. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16, 290-300.
7. Poland, A. and Knutson, J.C. 1982. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Examinations of the mechanism of toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 22, 517-554.
8. Safe, S. 1986. Comparative toxicology and mechanism of action of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 26, 371-399.
9. Safe, S. 1990. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21, 51-88.
10. Safe, S. 1994. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 24, 87-149.
11. Safe, S. 1997. Limitations of the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of TCDD and related compounds. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 17, 285-304.
12. Safe, S. 1998. Hazard and risk assessment of chemical mixtures using the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(54), 1051-1058.
13. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1994. Health Assessment for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and Related Compounds. External Review Draft. EPA/600/BP-92/001a-c.
14. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1984. Health Effects Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. Cincinnati, Ohio: EPA 540/1-86-013.
15. Warshawsky, D., Barkley, W., and Bingham, E. 1993. Factors affecting carcinogenic potential of mixtures. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 20, 376-382.
16. Whitlock, J. P., Jr. 1993. Mechanistic aspects of dioxin action. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 6, 754-763.