Analysis of the 100-m front crawl as a function of skill level in non-expert swimmers

Journal of Human Movement Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 51-74

  Cardelli, C ^a   Chollet, D ^a   Lerda, Robert ^b  

^a Centre d' Optimisation de la Performance Motrice   (France)

^b AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

Breathing; Speed; Stroke length; Stroke rate; Swimming

Indexed keywords

EID: 22644451350     PISSN: 03067297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. ADAMS, J. A. (1987) Historical review and appraisal of research on the learning, retention, and transfer of human motor skills. Psychological Bulletin, 101: 41-74.
2. ARELLANO, P., BROWN, P., CAPPAERT, J. AND NELSON, R. C. (1994). Analysis of 50, 100 and 200m freestyle swimmers at the 1992 Olympic games. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 10: 189-199.
3. CAZORLA, G. (1994). L'évaluation en natation. In Les actes des lères journées spécialisées de natation Université de Lille II: LEMH-LRN (Edited by P. Pelayo and M. Sidney), Ronchin, pp. 150-189.
4. COSTILL, D. L, KOVALESKI, J., PORTER, D., FIELDING, R. AND KING D. (1985). Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: prediction in middle distance events. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 6: 266-270.
5. COSTILL, D. L, THOMAS, R., ROBERGS, R. A., PADCOE, D., LAMBERT, C., BARR, S. AND FINK, W. J. (1991). Adaptations to swimming training: Influence of training volume. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23: 371-377.
6. COSTILL, D. L, MAGLISCHO, B. W. AND RICHARDSON, A. B. (1992). Swimming. Blackwell Scientific Publication.
7. CRAIG, A. B. (1986). Breath holding during the turn in competitive swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18 (4): 402-407.
8. CRAIG, A. B., SKEHAN, P. N., PAWELCZYK, J. A. AND BOOMEER, W. L. (1985). Velocity, stroke rate and distance per stroke during elite swimming competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17 (6): 625-634.
9. Fox, E. L. AND MATHEWS, K. M. (1981). Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics. Philadelphia: W.B. Sounders Company.
10. HAY, G. AND GUIMARAES, A. C. S. (1983). A quantitative look at swimming biomechanics. Swimming Technique, 20 (2): 11-17.
11. KARPOVICH, P. AND SINNING, W. (1971). Physiology of Muscular Activity. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
12. KENNEDY, P., BROWN, P. L., CHANGALUR, S. N. AND NELSON, R. C. (1990). Analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 100-meter events. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 6: 187-197.
13. KESKINEN, K. L. AND KOMI, P. V. (1988). Interaction between aerobic/anaerobic loading and biomechanical performance in free style swimming. In Swimming Science V Human Kinetics (edited by B.E. Ungerechts, K. Wilke and K. Reischle), Champain, IL., pp. 285-293.
14. KESKINEN, K. L. AND KOMI, P. V. (1993). Stroking characteristics of front crawl swimming during exercise. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9 (3): 219-226.
15. LEGER, L. AND BOUCHER, R. (1980). An indirect continuous running multistage field test: The University of Montreal track test. Canadian Journal of Sports Science, 5: 77-84
16. LERDA, R. AND CHRETIEN, V. (1994). Les facteurs de réalisation d'un 50-m crawl: Le cas des étudiants en E.P.S. In Les actes des lères journées spécialisées de natation Université de Lille II: LEMH-LRN, (edited by P. Pelayo and M. Sidney), Ronchin, pp. 197-198.
17. LERDA, R., GERMANANGUE, Y. AND CHRETIEN, V. (1995). Modifications après entraînement et gestion des paramètres spatio-temporels de la performance chez les nageurs non-experts. Science et Motricité, 27: 23-30.
18. LETZELTER, H. AND FREITAG, W. (1983). Stroke length and stroke frequency variation in men's and women's 100-m freestyle swimming. In Biomechanics and medicine in swimming Human Kinetics (International Series on Sports Sciences, Vol. 14), Champaign, IL, pp. 315-322).
19. LOGAN, G. D (1985). Skill and automaticity, relation, implication and future directions. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39: 367-386.
20. MAGLISCHO, E. W. (1993). Swimming Ever Faster. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Company.
21. PELAYO, P., KHERIF, T., SIDNEY, M., CHOLLET, D. AND TOURNY, C. (1996). Stroking characteristics in free style and relationships with anthropométric characteristics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, XX, 12: 197-206.
22. PYNE, D. B. AND TELFORD, R. D. (1988). Classification of swimming training sessions by blood lactate and heart rate responses. Excel, 5, 2, Dec.: 9-12.
23. SKINNER, J. (1987). The new metal-plastid assistant coach: How analysing lactate levels helped the San Jose Aquatics to a more productive season. Swimming technique, Nov.-Jan.: 7-12.
24. SMITH, H. K., MONTPETIT, R. AND PERRAULT (1988). The aerobic demand of backstroke swimming, and its relation to body size, stroke technique, and performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 58: 182-188.
25. STAGER, J. M., CORDAIN, L., MALLEY, J. AND WIGGLESWORTH, J. (1989). Arterial desaturation during arm exercise with controlled frequency breathing. Journal of Swimming Research, 5 (1): 5-10.
26. TOUSSAINT, H. M. AND BEEK, P. J. (1992). Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming. Sports Medicine, 13 (8): 8-24.
27. TOWN, G. AND VANNESS, J. M. (1990). Metabolic responses to controlled frequency breathing in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18 (4): 402-407.
28. WAKAYOSHI, K., NOMURA, T., TAKAHASHI, G., MUTOH, Y. AND MIYASHITA, M. (1992). Analysis of swimming races in the 1989 Pan Pacific swimming championships and 1988 Japanese Olympic trials. In Biomechanics and medicine in Swimming - Swimming Science VI.E & F.N. Spon, (edited by D. Mac Laren, T. Reilly and A. Lees), London, pp. 135-141.
29. WAKAYOSHI, K., YOSHIDA, Y., IKUTA, A. Y., MUTOH, Y. AND MIYASHITA, M. (1993). Adaptations to six months of aerobic swim training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14: 368-372.
30. WAKAYOSHI, K., D'ACQUISTO, J., CAPPAERT, J. M. AND TROUP, J. P. (1996). Relationship between metabolic parameters and stroking technique characteristics in front crawl. In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. E & F.N. Spon, (edited by J.P. Troup, A.P. Hollander, D. Strasse, S.W. Trappe, J.M. Cappaert and T.A Trappe), London, pp. 152-157.
31. WEISS, M., REISCHLE, K., Bouws, N., SIMON, G. AND WEICKER, H. (1988). Relationship of blood lactate accumulation to stroke rate and distance per stroke in top female swimmers. In Swimming Science V. Human Kinetics, (edited by B.E. Ungerechts, K. Wilke and K. Reischle), Champaign, IL., pp 295-303.