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Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 133-158

Psychosis and the law: Legal responsibility and law of symbolisation

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EID: 22644435404     PISSN: 09528059     EISSN: 15728722     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008984227458     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (7)

References (95)
  • 2
    • 52849100034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Comment made in the course of a clinical discussion on the passage to the act in psychosis, Journées de l'ANPASE (a conference in the Lacanian orientation held in Paris on 24-25 Jan. 2000: "La responsabilité: un impératif contemporain").
  • 3
    • 52849106548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "There is only one social symptom: each individual is really a proletarian, in other words he has no discourse with which to make social bond." J. Lacan, "La troisème" (1974), @www/multimania.com at 7. What Lacan seems to imply here is what the subject really suffers from is the imposition of a form of social bond (or discourse). Indeed, just as the proletarian has no choice but to depend upon the means of production of the capitalist, the subject has no other means to construct his being-in-common than through an identification with a pre-existing discourse. On the different modalities of 'social' identifications, see Freud's seminal text, "Goup Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego" (1921), Civilisation, Society and Religion (London: Penguin books, Penguin Freud Library Vol. 12)
  • 4
    • 0002434101 scopus 로고
    • The function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis
    • translated by Alan Sheridan (London: Routledge)
    • A claim developed in Lacan's 'Rome Report', "The function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis", Ecrits: A Selection, translated by Alan Sheridan (London: Routledge, 1977), 30-113.
    • (1977) Ecrits: A Selection , pp. 30-113
  • 5
    • 52849091656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I will return to Lacan's second subversion in my next section.
  • 6
    • 52849139542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4, 179-225
    • Thesis developed by Lacan in "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis", supra n. 4, 179-225.
  • 7
    • 0007437552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L'emprisonnement des 'classes dangereuses' aux Etats-Unis
    • July
    • We may think of the impending completion of the Human Genome Project and its ominous potential in view of the numerous claims witnessed over the past decades regarding the discovery of biological or genetic 'causes' for various modes of social dysfunction ranking from alcoholism, addictive personalities and violence to underachievement, homosexuality, schizophrenia, autism etc. I am expecting the imminent discovery of a poverty gene. Science often turns itself into the accomplice of 'wild' - deregulated - capitalism, turning a blind eye to its corollary, the increasing penalisation of society (for statistical evidence on the links between wild capitalism and increasing repression, see L. Wacquant, "L'emprisonnement des 'classes dangereuses' aux Etats-Unis", Le Monde Diplomatique, July 1998) and even supporting it by supplying scientific evidence as to the pre-determination of criminal characters, which exonerates the political class of all responsibility. As this is beyond the scope of my paper, I will simply recall here that liberalism is in no way synonymous with libertarianism.
    • (1998) Le Monde Diplomatique
    • Wacquant, L.1
  • 8
    • 52849113862 scopus 로고
    • translated and edited by I. Mac Alpine and R. Hunter, with a new introduction by S. Weber (London: Harvard University Press)
    • D. P. Schreber, Memoirs of my Nervous Illness, translated and edited by I. Mac Alpine and R. Hunter, with a new introduction by S. Weber (London: Harvard University Press, 1988), at 74. "Fleeting-improvised men" is the "basic language" term used by Schreber to refer to all human beings encountered during his second stay in "God's Nerve-Institutes" (56); it indexes the insubstantiality of men, who only exist for his benefit and that of God.
    • (1988) Memoirs of My Nervous Illness , pp. 74
    • Schreber, D.P.1
  • 9
    • 52849139249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La belle âme: Lacan versus Hegel
    • June
    • On Lacan, Hegel and the cult of the victim, see Mohamed Ben Merieme's excellent article, "La belle âme: Lacan versus Hegel", Zigzag: Bulletin de l'ACF-Belgique 6 (June 1997).
    • (1997) Zigzag: Bulletin de L'ACF-Belgique , vol.6
    • Merieme, M.B.1
  • 10
    • 0040221576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 3
    • On the mechanism of hysterical identification, see Freud's "Group Psychology", supra n. 3, at 136-137: "There is a third particularly frequent and important case of symptom-formation, in which the identification leaves entirely out of account any object-relation to the person who is being copied...The mechanism is that of identification based upon the possibility or desire of putting oneself in the same situation...It would be wrong to suppose that [one] takes on the symptom out of sympathy. On the contrary, the sympathy only arises out of the identification." In that respect, the translators of Television were particularly inspired in translating Lacan's neologism, 'humanitairerie', as 'humanhysterianism'
    • Group Psychology , pp. 136-137
    • Freud1
  • 11
    • 0010742012 scopus 로고
    • trans. D. Hollier, R. Krauss & A. Michelson, New York & London: Norton
    • (J. Lacan, Television, trans. D. Hollier, R. Krauss & A. Michelson, New York & London: Norton, 1990, at 33), thereby making apparent that hysterical identifications are at the root of many an humanitarian enterprise, grounded as they are upon an identification with a trait of suffering in the other rather than upon the 'having' of an Ideal.
    • (1990) Television , pp. 33
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 12
    • 52849103594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Namely neurosis, psychosis or perversion. I have intentionally set aside the difficult question of perversion in this paper, for the very complex position of the pervert with regard to the law requires a full elaboration in its own right.
  • 13
    • 0004171885 scopus 로고
    • Paris: Seuil
    • 2); that of the analyst in supporting the enigmatic object of the other's desire (a).
    • (1991) L'envers de la Psychanalyse
  • 14
    • 52849110541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • On which the reader is referred to the numerous writings of Slavoj Žižek.
  • 16
    • 0003439966 scopus 로고
    • Paris: Hattier
    • Lacanian philosopher A. Badiou interestingly presents the function of truth as an 'event' that takes the subject beyond the scope of his definition by the signifier in his short essay, L'éthique: Essai sur la conscience du Mai (Paris: Hattier, 1993).
    • (1993) L'éthique: Essai sur la Conscience du Mai
  • 17
    • 52849138025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Thereby giving rise to the "formations of the unconscious" such as Freudian slips, jokes and other parapraxes.
  • 18
    • 0347152236 scopus 로고
    • Science et verite
    • Paris: Seuil
    • J. Lacan, "Science et verite", Ecrits (Paris: Seuil, 1966), 855-877 at 867-868;
    • (1966) Ecrits , pp. 855-877
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 19
    • 10644266853 scopus 로고
    • Science and truth
    • or "Science and Truth", Newsletter of the Freudian Field 3 (1989), 4-29, at 16.
    • (1989) Newsletter of the Freudian Field , vol.3 , pp. 4-29
  • 22
    • 52849108043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seminar XX
    • trans. B. Fink (New York & London: Norton)
    • or Seminar XX, Encore: On Feminine Sexuality, Love and Knowledge 1972-1973, trans. B. Fink (New York & London: Norton, 1998): "The unconscious is the fact that being, by speaking, enjoys", at 118-119.
    • (1998) Encore: On Feminine Sexuality, Love and Knowledge 1972-1973
  • 23
    • 52849102972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 12, chap. III
    • Cf. Seminar XVII, supra n. 12, chap. III: "Knowledge, means of jouissance". On joui-sense,
    • Seminar XVII
  • 24
    • 77956637778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 3
    • cf. "La troisième", supra n. 3.
    • La Troisième
  • 25
    • 0004225035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. A. Bloom (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press)
    • Developed by Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel, ed. A. Bloom (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1996).
    • (1996) Introduction to the Reading of Hegel
  • 26
    • 52849117256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • 'The Other does not exist', says Lacan in "Subversion of the subject", Ecrits, supra n. 4, 292-325 at 317 & 323.
    • Ecrits , pp. 292-325
  • 27
    • 52849116028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • Signification designates the effect of the signifier while meaning refers to the sense that retroactively attaches to it. Cf. in this respect the primary cell of the graph of desire, "Subversion of the subject and the dialectic of desire", Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 303.
    • Ecrits , pp. 303
  • 28
    • 52849103285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • Subversion of the subject and the dialectic of desire", Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 319.
    • Ecrits , pp. 319
  • 30
    • 52849135314 scopus 로고
    • Joyce le symptôme
    • ed. J. Aubert (Paris: Navarin)
    • J. Lacan, "Joyce le symptôme" Lacan avec Joyce, ed. J. Aubert (Paris: Navarin, 1987), 26.
    • (1987) Lacan avec Joyce , pp. 26
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 31
    • 0347208952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unpublished
    • After Seminar XXIII, Le sinthome, unpublished.
    • Le Sinthome
  • 32
    • 52849109935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acephalic litter as a phallic letter
    • ed. L. Thurston (New York: The Other Press, forthcoming)
    • On Lacan's reading of Joyce, see my "Acephalic Litter as a Phallic Letter", Reinventing the Symptom, ed. L. Thurston (New York: The Other Press, forthcoming);
    • Reinventing the Symptom
  • 33
    • 52849137666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in the same collection
    • for its focus on the poetics of the Freudian unconscious and Lacan's reduction to the apparatus that supports it, see P. Dravers: "In the Wake of Interpretation" in the same collection.
    • In the Wake of Interpretation
    • Dravers, P.1
  • 34
    • 52849122567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 19, at 55
    • The reference is to Seminar XX: "Reality is approached with apparatuses of jouissance...we focus, on course, on the fact that there's no other apparatus than language", supra n. 19, at 55.
  • 37
    • 52849100340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The mirror stage"; "Aggressivity in psychoanalysis"
    • supra n. 4
    • In 1933 provincial France, two maids suddenly decide to murder their mistress and her daughter, gouging their eyes out and searching for the response to 'the mystery of life' in the blood of their victims. It is in this crime that Lacan finds confirmation of his theory of 'alienated reality', or of the paranoiac structure of personality: 'man is in the other'. See "The Mirror Stage"; "Aggressivity in psychoanalysis", Ecrits, supra n. 4. The influence of Kojève (supra n. 21) here is clear.
    • Ecrits
  • 38
    • 3142611326 scopus 로고
    • London: Vintage
    • This is maybe nowhere better illustrated than in the story of Alfhusser, long-diagnosed with manic depressive psychosis, who strangled his wife in a state of automatism: the philosopher was 'spared' legal responsibility under art. 64 Code Pénal - defence of madness - and sectioned for a few years. His autobiography, The Future Lasts a Long Time (London: Vintage, 1994) is an attempt to take responsibility and to find a place for himself within the law. His oft-quoted story shows that a verdict of irresponsibility can in no way satisfactorily deal with the question of psychosis before the law: to be made to ex-sist - from ex-stare or standing outside - to the law of men, to be literally out-lawed, may indeed be the worse punishment for the psychotic, who already suffers from being outside the order of meaning and the security it implies with regard to jouissance.
    • (1994) The Future Lasts a Long Time
  • 39
    • 52849126209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction théorique aux fonctions de la psychanalyse en criminologie
    • supra n. 17
    • J. Lacan, "Introduction théorique aux fonctions de la psychanalyse en criminologie", Ecrits, supra n. 17, 125-149, at 142.
    • Ecrits , pp. 125-149
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 41
    • 0003930657 scopus 로고
    • Paris: Grasset & Fasquelle
    • On prudential ethics, see F. Ewald, L'Etat-Providence (Paris: Grasset & Fasquelle, 1986).
    • (1986) L'Etat-Providence
    • Ewald, F.1
  • 44
    • 52849104417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 17 (trans, mod.)
    • supra n. 17 (trans, mod.).
  • 45
    • 52849107145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I recently heard an analyst presenting the case of a patient who had been sexually abused for many years by her father and subsequently underwent analysis. One day, this patient came to the conclusion that if she was not responsible for what had happened to her, she was nevertheless responsible for how she dealt with it. This case shows what one may find in analysis, namely the possibility of putting an end to the vicious circle of resentment, guilt and hatred by accepting one's share of responsibility.
  • 46
    • 52849095241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Cf. footnote 10.
  • 47
    • 52849085947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. Roudinesco, supra n. 31, at 127
    • "Torture, sexual perversions, horror museums, and concentration camps belong solely to the realm of the human, and if the obscene beast springs from the womb of mothers, it is by way of human metaphor. 'E. Roudinesco, supra n. 31, at 127.
  • 48
    • 69549105441 scopus 로고
    • "L'évolution de la notion d'individu dangereux" dans la psychiatrie légale du XIXe siècle'
    • Paris: Gallimard, collection nrf
    • On the need for monsters, see M. Foucault's incisive article, "L'évolution de la notion d'individu dangereux" dans la psychiatrie légale du XIXe siècle', Dits et écrits vol. III, (Paris: Gallimard, collection nrf, 1994).
    • (1994) Dits et Écrits , vol.3
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 49
    • 52849119885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There already exists in Spain, Brazil, and France a number of interdisciplinary organisations aiming to bring together lawyers and analysts in such a direction, for example CIEN, founded and presided by Judith Miller.
  • 50
    • 52849114528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. Roudinesco, supra n. 31, at 127
    • E. Roudinesco, supra n. 31, at 127.
  • 51
    • 52849083037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • chap. XI, supra n. 19
    • On the division between statement and enunciation, see Lacan's elaboration in Seminar XI, chap. XI, supra n. 19.
    • Seminar XI
  • 52
    • 0003118785 scopus 로고
    • Totem and taboo
    • London: Penguin, PFL
    • S. Freud, "Totem and Taboo" (1913), The Origins of Religion (London: Penguin, PFL Vol. 13).
    • (1913) The Origins of Religion , vol.13
    • Freud, S.1
  • 53
    • 52849092532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Lacan, supra n. 26, at 27
    • Later, Lacan states that any signifier may occupy the place of exception for the subject: "In the last analysis, the symptom depends upon a structure in which the Name-of-the-Father is an unconditioned element.", J. Lacan, supra n. 26, at 27.
  • 54
    • 52849139856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The topology of the subject of law: The nullibiquity of the fictional fifth
    • ed. D. Milovanovic and E. Ragland (New York: The Other Press, forthcoming)
    • We recognise here the structure of Bertrand Russell's famous logical paradox of the set of all the sets that do not include themselves: does the set of all these sets include itself or not? If it includes itself, it contradicts the definition of the set, but if it does not include itself, then it needs be in the set and as such there is no closed set but a class. This logical paradox points to the necessity of the place of exception, namely that there must be an element of a different order for there to be a Law-in so far as law is a universal affirmation. On the logic of exception and propositional structure, see my paper "The Topology of the Subject of Law: The Nullibiquity of the Fictional Fifth", in Topologically Speaking, ed. D. Milovanovic and E. Ragland (New York: The Other Press, forthcoming),
    • Topologically Speaking
  • 55
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    • L'étourdit
    • grounded on Lacan's Seminar "L'Étourdit", Scilicet 4 (1973), 5-52.
    • (1973) Scilicet , vol.4 , pp. 5-52
  • 56
    • 52849111458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4 at 315
    • I.e. the fantasy qua grammatical conjugation of the subject with an object, which irreversibly inscribes the subject's mode of jouissance, and the symptom qua signified of the Other, respectively ($ ◇ a), s(O) on the graph of desire, supra n. 4 at 315
  • 59
    • 52849108629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rat man
    • London: Penguin Books, PFL
    • See Freud's paradigmatic neurotic, the "Rat Man", Case Histories II (London: Penguin Books, PFL Vol. 9).
    • Case Histories II , vol.9
  • 60
    • 84898535217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 19 (my emphasis)
    • J. Lacan, Seminar XI, supra n. 19 at 181 (my emphasis).
    • Seminar XI , pp. 181
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 61
    • 52849112365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Namely a diagnosis in terms of clinical structure.
  • 63
    • 52849124649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • This elaboration is drawn principally from "On a question preliminary" and "Subversion of the subject", Ecrits, supra n. 4.
    • Ecrits
  • 64
    • 52849095533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supra n. 17, loc. cit.
    • Supra n. 17, loc. cit.
  • 65
    • 52849137667 scopus 로고
    • Phenomenology of Spirit
    • Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977) is the best example thereof, for he derives Absolute Truth from a single tautology thanks to the structure of the predicate: being is, but we know nothing of being. All we can say of being, then, is that being is and that since we know nothing of it amounts to saying that being is nothing. The rest is history!.
    • (1977) Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Hegel1
  • 66
    • 52849086772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 46
    • It is notable that psychotics often have delusions of immortality coupled with an imaginary identification with religious figures, the figure of Christ for example, like Freud's Wolf Man, Case Histories II, supra n. 46.
    • Case Histories II
  • 67
    • 52849129004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Réévaluation du cas de l'homme aux loups
    • Cf. Agnès Aflalo's powerful reading of the case, "Réévaluation du cas de l'homme aux loups", La Cause Freudienne 43 (1999), 85-116.
    • (1999) La Cause Freudienne , vol.43 , pp. 85-116
    • Aflalo, A.1
  • 68
    • 52849105057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 182.
    • Ecrits , pp. 182
  • 69
    • 52849118080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4 (trans, mod.)
    • Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 217 (trans, mod.).
    • Ecrits , pp. 217
  • 70
    • 52849115138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 117
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 117.
  • 71
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 215.
    • Ecrits , pp. 215
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 72
    • 52849096147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D.P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 45
    • D.P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 45.
  • 73
    • 52849090498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D.P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 45
    • D.P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 45.
  • 74
    • 52849101788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides)
    • supra n. 46
    • In his analysis of Schreber's Memoirs, "Psycho-analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (Dementia Paranoides)", Case Histories II, supra n. 46 at 218, Freud recognises how much Schreber's delusions echo his own theory of the libido.
    • Case Histories II , pp. 218
  • 75
    • 52849111769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 19
    • For my part, I note the affinity between Lacan's concept of lalangue (Seminar XX, supra n. 19) and the idea of a material inscription of language on the body of the subject.
    • Seminar XX
  • 77
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 216.
    • Ecrits , pp. 216
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 78
    • 52849097714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • The numerous writings dedicated to the study of President Schreber's own Memoirs (supra n. 8) include, amongst many lesser others, S. Freud's 1910 analysis, supra n. 59, MacAlpine and Hunter's 1953 paper "Translators' Analysis of the Case" appended to Weber's edition of the Memoirs, and Lacan's 1956 text "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis", Ecrits, supra n. 4, 177-225,
    • Ecrits , pp. 177-225
  • 79
    • 33646748026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 49
    • as well as a large part of his Seminar III, supra n. 49.
    • Seminar III
  • 80
    • 52849088543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In this centrality Schreber ascribes to his own person, we recognise an occurrence of the common psychotic phenomenon of megalomania, namely hyper-cathexis of the ego. It is thanks to this prosthetic over-evaluation that the subject will be able to contain the deliquescence of the structure of language initiated by the return from the real of the signifier of exception.
  • 81
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 214.
    • Ecrits , pp. 214
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 82
    • 52849121663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 79
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 79.
  • 83
    • 52849117484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 78
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 78.
  • 84
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 187.
    • Ecrits , pp. 187
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 85
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 186.
    • Ecrits , pp. 186
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 86
    • 52849109501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 75
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 75. We know that Schreber's father, Dr Daniel Gottlob Moritz Schreber, designed all sorts of machines whose sole function was to re-educate the body.
  • 87
    • 52849092252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • See Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 220.
    • Ecrits , pp. 220
  • 89
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 188.
    • Ecrits , pp. 188
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 90
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 186.
    • Ecrits , pp. 186
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 91
    • 52849120632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 70
    • D. P. Schreber, supra n. 8 at 70.
  • 92
    • 84875043617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra n. 4
    • J. Lacan, Ecrits, supra n. 4 at 304-305 "...the subject is constituted only by subtracting himself from it [the Other] and by decompleting it essentially in order, at one and the same time, to have to depend on it and to make it function as a lack."
    • Ecrits , pp. 304-305
    • Lacan, J.1
  • 93
    • 52849104416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Lacan, supra n. 31 at 137
    • J. Lacan, supra n. 31 at 137, my translation.
  • 94
    • 52849119612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supra n. 3 at 5
    • Supra n. 3 at 5.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.