A review of the experimental estimation of the rotor dynamic parameters of seals

Shock and Vibration Digest

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 261-284

  Tiwari, R ^a   Manikandan, S ^a   Dwivedy, S K ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI   (India)

Author keywords

Error analysis; Estimation procedures; Rotor dynamic parameters; Seals

Indexed keywords

ERROR ANALYSIS; FLOW OF FLUIDS; LUBRICATION; METHANE; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; PROBLEM SOLVING; ROTORS; THERMAL EFFECTS;

CYROGENIC TEMPERATURE; PROCEDURES; ROTOR DYNAMIC PARAMETERS; ROTOR DYNAMICS;

SEALS;

EID: 22544483275     PISSN: 05831024     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0583102405055442     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Adams, M. L., 1987, Rotating Machinery Vibration: From Analysis to Troubleshooting, Marcel Dekker, New York.
2. Admas, M. L. Jr, 2001, Rotating Machinery Vibration, Marcel Dekker, New York.
3. AEA Technology, 1999, CFX-TASCflow User Documentation, Version 2.9.
4. Alexander, C. R., Childs, D. W., and Yang, Z., 1995, "Theory Versus Experiment for the Rotordynamic Characteristics of a Smooth Annular Gas Seal at Eccentric Positions," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 117, No. 1, 148-152.
5. Alford, J. S., 1964, "Protection of Labyrinth Seals from Flexural Vibration," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 86, No. 2, 141-148.
6. Alford, J. S., 1965, "Protecting Turbomachinery from Self-Excited Rotor Whirl," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 87, No. 4, 333-344.
7. Allaire, P. E. and Flack, R. D., 1982, "Static and Dynamic Radial Forces on Centrifugal Impellers," presented at EPRI Pump Workshop, Toronto, Canada.
8. Allaire, P. E., Lee, C. C., and Gunter, E. J., 1978, "Dynamics of Short Eccentric Plain Seals with High Axial Reynolds Number," Journal of Spacecraft, No. 6, 341-347.
9. ANSI/ASME, 1986, "Measurement Uncertainty," Supplement to Performance Test Codes, Instruments and Apparatus, PTC 19.1-1985, Part I, ASME (Reconfirmed in 1990).
10. Arghir, M. and Frêne, J., 2004, "A Bulk-flow Analysis of Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Eccentric Circumferentially Grooved Liquid Annular Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 126, No. 2, 316-325.
11. Baheti, S. K. and Kirk, R. G., 1994, "Thermo-hydrodynamic Solution of Floating Ring Seals for High Pressure Compressors Using the Finite-element Method," Tribology Transactions, Vol. 37, No. 2, 336-346.
12. Baheti, S. K. and Kirk, R. G., 1995, "Finite Element Thermo-hydrodynamic Analysis of a Circumferentially Grooved Floating Oil Ring Seal," Tribology Transactions, Vol. 38, No. 1, 86-96.
13. Baheti, S. K. and Kirk, R. G., 1999, "Analysis of High Pressure Liquid Seal Ring Distortion and Stability Using Finite Element Methods," Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, No. 4, 921-926.
14. Baheti, S. K., Ramesh, K., and Kirk, R. G., 1996, "Effect of Axially Grooved Oil Seals on the Leakage and Stability of a Centrifugal Compressor," Tribology Transactions, Vol. 39, No. 2, 398-406.
15. Benkert, H., and Wachter, J., 1980, "Flow Induced Spring Coefficients of Labyrinth Seals for Applications in Rotordynamics," Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Rotordynamic Instability Problems in High Performance Turbomachinery, Texas A&M University, May 12-14, NASA CP 2133, pp. 189-212.
16. Black, H. F., 1969, "Effects of Hydraulic Forces in Annular Pressure Seals on the Vibration of Centrifugal Pump Rotors," Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 11, No. 2.
17. Black, H. F., 1971, "Effects of High Pressure Ring Seals on the Pump Rotor Vibrations," ASME No. 71-WA/FF-38.
18. Black, H. F., 1979, "Effects of Fluid-filled Clearance Spaces on Centrifugal Pump and Submerged Motor Vibrations," in Proceedings of the 8th Turbomachinery Symposium, Gas Turbine Laboratories, Texas A&M University.
19. Black, H. and Jenssen, D., 1969/70, "Dynamic Hybrid Properties of Annular Pressure Seals," Proceedings of IMechE, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 184, Part 3N, 92-100.
20. Black, H. L., Allaire, P. E., and Barrett, L. E., 1981, "Inlet Flow Swirl in Short Turbulent Seal Dynamics," in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Fluid Sealing, Leeewenhorst, the Netherlands, April 1-3.
21. Blasius, H., 1913, "Das Ahnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorgangen in Flussigkeiten," Forschg. Arb Ing.-Wes., Heft 131, Berlin.
22. Brown, R. D. and Ismail, M., 1992, "Dynamic Characteristics of Long Annular Seals in Centrifugal Pumps," in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Vibration in Rotating Machinery, IMechE, Bath, UK, No. C432/112, 315-324.
23. Brown, R. D. and Ismail, M., 1994, "Experimental Dynamic Coefficients of Long Annular Seals," in Seminar on Vibration in Fluid Machinery, IMechE, Mechanical Engineering Publications, London.
24. Brown, R. D., Ismail, M., Wilkinson, P., and Worden, K., 1996, "Estimation of Dynamic Coefficients in Fluid Films with Reference to Journal Bearings and Seals," in International Conference on Estimation in Engineering Systems, Swansea, UK, March.
25. Childs, D. W., 1982, "Rotordynamic Moment Coefficients for Finite Length Turbulent Seals," in Proceedings of the IFToMM Conference, Rome, Italy, September, 371-378.
26. Childs, D. W., 1983a, "Dynamic Analysis of Turbulent Annual Seals Based on Hirs Lubrication Equations," ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, Vol. 105, No. 3, 429-436.
27. Childs, D. W., 1983b, "Finite Length Solutions for Rotordynamic Coefficients of Turbulent Annular Seals," ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, Vol. 105, No. 3, 437-445.
28. Childs, D. W., 1993, Turbomachinery Rotordynamics: Phenomena, Modeling and Analysis, Wiley, New York.
29. Childs, D. W., and Dressman, J. B., 1985, "Convergent-tapered Annular Seals: Analysis and Testing for Rotordynamic Coefficients," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 107, 307-317.
30. Childs, D. W. and Fayolle, P., 1999, "Test Results for Liquid "Damper" Seals using a Round-Hole Roughness Pattern for the Stators," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, No. 1, 42-49.
31. Childs, D. W. and Gansle, A. J., 1996, "Experimental Leakage and Rotor-dynamic Results for Helically Grooved Annular Gas Seals," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 118, No. 2, 389-393.
32. Childs, D. W. and Garcia, F., 1987, "Test Results for Sawtooth-Pattern Damper Seals: Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 109, No. 1, 124-128.
33. Childs, D. and Hale, K., 1994, "Test Apparatus and Facility to Identify the Rotordynamic Coefficients of High-Speed Hydrostatic Bearings," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 116, No. 2, 337-344.
34. Childs D. W., and Kim, C-H., 1985, "Analysis and Testing for Rotordynamic Coefficients of Turbulent Annual Seals with Different, Directionally Homogeneous Surface Roughness Treatment for Rotor and Stator Elements," Transactions of the ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 107, No. 3, 296-306.
35. Childs, D. W. and Kim, C. H., 1986, "Test Results for Round-Hole-Pattern Damper Seals: Optimum Configurations and Dimensions for Maximum Net Damping," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 108, No. 4, 605-611.
36. Childs, D. W. and Kleynhans, G. F., 1992, "Experimental Rotordynamic and Leakage Results for Short (L/D = 1/6) honeycomb and smooth annular pressure seals," in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, IMechE, Bath, UK, No. C432/003, 305-309.
37. Childs, D. W. and Ramsey, C., 1991, "Seal-Rotordynamic-Coefficient Test Results for a Model SSME (Space Shuttle Main Engine) ATD (Alternate Turbopump Development)-HPFTP (High-Pressure Fuel Turbopump) Turbine Interstage Seal With and Without a Swirl Brake," Transactions of the ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, No. 1, 198-203.
38. Childs, D. W. and Scharrer, J. K., 1986, "Experimental Rotordynamic Coefficient Results for Teeth-on-Rotor and Teeth-on-Stator Labyrinth Gas Seals," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 108, No. 4, 599-604.
39. Childs, D. W. and Scharrer, J. K., 1988, "Theory Versus Experiment for the Rotordynamic Coefficient of Labyrinth Gas Seals: Part II - A Comparison to Experiment," Transactions of the ASME Journal of Vibration, Acoustics, Stress and Reliability in Design, Vol. 110, No. 3, 281-287.
40. Childs, D. and Wade, J., 2004, "Rotordynamic Coefficient and Leakage Characteristics for Hole-Pattern-Stator Annular Gas Seals - Measurements Versus Predictions," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 126, No. 2, 326-333.
41. Childs, D., Nelson, C., Nicks, C., Scharrer, J., Elrod, D., and Hale, K., 1986, "Theory Versus Experiment for the Rotordynamic Coefficients of Annular Gas Seals: Part I - Test Facility and Apparatus," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 108, 426-432.
42. Childs, D. W., Elrod, D., and Hale, K., 1989, "Annular Honeycomb Seals: Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients; Comparison to Labyrinth and Smooth Configurations," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 111, No. 2, 293-301.
43. Childs, D. W., Elrod, D., and Ramsey, C., 1990a, "Annular Honeycomb Seals: Additional Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Rotordynamics, IFToMM, Lyons, France, 303-306.
44. Childs, D. W., Nolan, S. A., and Kilgore, J. J., 1990b, "Test Results for Turbulent Annular Seals, Using Smooth Rotors and Helically Grooved Stators," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 112, No. 2, 254-258.
45. Childs, D. W., Nolan, S. A., and Kilgore, J. J., 1990c, "Additional Test Results for Round-Hole-Pattern Damper Seals: Leakage, Friction Factors and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 112, No. 2, 365-371.
46. Childs, D. W., Baskharone, E., and Ramsey, C., 1991, "Test Results for Rotordynamic Coefficients of the SSME HPOTP (High-Pressure Oxygen Turbopump) Turbine Interstage Seal With Two Swirl Brakes," Transactions of the ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, No. 3, 577-583.
47. Conner, K. and Childs, D. W., 1993, "Rotordynamic Coefficients Test Results for a 4-Stage Brush Seal," AIM Paper No. 90-2139.
48. Darden, J. M., Earhart, E. M., and Flowers, G. T., 1999, "Experimental Rotordynamic Characterization of Annular Seals: Facility and Methodology," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 121, 349-354.
49. Darden, J. M., Earhart, E. M., and Flowers, G. T., 2001, "Comparison of the Dynamic Characteristics of Smooth Annular Seals and Damping Seals," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 123, No. 4, 857-863.
50. Dawson, M. P. and Childs, D. W., 2002, "Measurements Versus Predictions for the Dynamic Impedances of Annular Gas Seals: Part 2 -Smooth and Honeycomb Geometries," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 124, No. 4, 963-970.
51. Dawson, M. P., Childs, D. W., Holt, C., and Phillips, S., 2002, "Measurements Versus Predictions for the Dynamic Impedances of Annular Gas Seals: Part 1 - Test Facility and Apparatus," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 124, No. 4, 958-963.
52. Dietzen, F. J. and Nordmann, R., 1987, "Calculating Rotordynamic Coefficients of Seals by Finite-Difference Techniques," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 109, No. 3, 388-394.
53. D'Souza, R. and Childs, D., 2002, "A Comparison of Rotordynamic Coefficient Predictions of Annular Honeycomb Gas Seals Using Different Friction-Factor Models," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 124, 524-529.
54. Elrod, H. G. Jr and Ng, C. W., 1967, "A Theory for Turbulent Fluid Films and its Application to Bearings," ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, Vol. 89, No.3, 346-363.
55. Elrod, D., Nelson, C., and Childs, D., 1989, "An Entrance Region Friction Factor Model Applied to Annular Seal Analysis: Theory Versus Experiment for Smooth and Honeycomb Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 111, No. 2, 337-343.
56. Elrod. D., Childs, D., and Nelson, C., 1990, "An Annular Gas Seal Analysis Using Empirical Entrance and Exit Region Friction Factors," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 112, 196-204.
57. Etison, I., 1982, "A Review of Mechanical Face Seal Dynamics," Shock and Vibration and Digest, Vol. 14, No. 2, 9-14.
58. Etison, I., 1985, "Mechanical Face Seal Dynamics Update," Shock and Vibration and Digest, Vol. 17, No. 4, 11-15.
59. Falco, M., Mimmi, G., Pizzigoni, B., Marenco, G., and Negri, G., 1984, "Plain Seal Dynamic Behaviour - Experimental and Analytical Results," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Vibration in Rotating Machinery, IMechE, York, UK, Paper No. C303, 151-158.
60. Flack, R. D. and Allaire, P. E., 1984a, "Lateral Forces on Pump Impellers: A Literature Review," Shock and Vibration Digest, Vol. 16, No. 1, 5-14.
61. Flack, R. D. and Allaire, P. E., 1984b, "Literature Review of Tilting Pad and Turbulent Hydrostatic Journal Bearings for Nuclear Main Coolant Pumps," Shock and Vibration Digest, Vol. 16, No. 7, 3-12.
62. Fleming, D. F., 1980, "Damping in Seals for Compressible Fluids," in Proceedings of the Workshop on Rotordynamic Instability Problems in High Performance Turbomachinery, Texas A&M University, NASA CP-2133.
63. Quo, Z. and Kirk, R. G., 2005, "CFD Evaluation of Turbomachinery Secondary Flow Leak Path and Labyrinth Seal Entry Swirl," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Stability Control of Rotating Machinery, Cleveland, OH, September 19-23.
64. Ha, T.W. and Childs, D. W., 1992, "Friction-Factor Data for Flat-Plate Tests of Smooth and Honeycomb Surfaces," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 14, 722-730.
65. Ha, T.-W. and Childs, D., 1994, "Annular Honeycomb-Stator Turbulent Gas Seal Analysis Using A New Friction-Factor Model Based on Flat Plate Tests," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 116, 352-360.
66. Hawkins, L., Childs, D., and Hale, K., 1989, "Experimental Results for Labyrinth Gas Seals with Honeycomb Stators: Comparisons to Smooth-Stater Seals and Theoretical Prediction," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 111, No. 1, 161-168.
67. Hirs, G. G., 1973, "A Bulk-Flow Theory for Turbulence in Lubricant Films," ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, No. 2, 137-146.
68. Holman, J. P., 1978, Experimental Methods for Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York, 45.
69. Holt, G. C. and Childs, D. W., 2002, "Theory Versus Experiment for the Rotordynamic Impedances of Two Hole-Pattern-Stator Gas Annular Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 124, No. 1, 137-143.
70. Ismail, M. and Brown, R. D., 1996, "Dynamic Coefficients of Long Annular Pump Seals - Further Experimental Results," in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Vibration in Rotating Machinery, IMechE, No. C500/060/96, 41-51.
71. Ismail, M. and Brown, R. D., 1998, "Estimation of the Dynamic Characteristics of Long Annular Seals using a Time Domain Technique," ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 120, No. 3, 705-712.
72. Iwatsubo, T., Motooka, N., and Kawai, R., 1982, "Flow Induced Force of Labyrinth Seal," in Proceedings of Second Workshop on Rotordynamic Instability Problems in High Performance Turbomachinery, Texas A&M University, May 10-12, NASA CP 2250, 205-222.
73. Iwatsubo, T., Sheng, B. C., and Ono, M., 1990, "An Experimental Study on the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Damper Seals," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Rotordynamics, IFToMM, Lyons, France, 307-312.
74. Iwatsubo, T., Mochida, H., and Maysuda, M., 2005, "Static and Dynamic Data Labyrinth Seal for Optimum Design," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Stability Control of Rotating Machinery, Cleveland, OH, September 19-23.
75. Kaneko, S., Kamei, H., Yanagisawa, Y., and Kawahara, H., 1998, "Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Annular Plain Seals with Porous Materials," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 120, No. 2, 165-172.
76. Kaneko, S., Ikeda, T., Saito, T., and Ito, S., 2003, "Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Liquid Annular Convergent-Tapered Damper Seals with Honeycomb Roughness Pattern," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 125, No. 3, 592-599.
77. Kanemori, Y. and Iwatsubo, T., 1992, "Experimental Study of Dynamic Fluid Forces and Moments for a Long Annular Seal," Machinery Dynamics - Applications and Vibration Control Problems, DE-Vol. 18-2, 141-148.
78. Kanki, H. and Kawakami, T., 1984, "Experimental Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Pump Annular Seals," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Vibration in Rotating Machinery, IMechE, York, UK, Paper No. C297, 159-166.
79. Kim, C. H. and Childs, D. W., 1987, "Analysis for Rotordynamic Coefficients of Helically Grooved Turbulent Annular Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol 109, No. 1, 136-143.
80. Kim, C. H. and Lee, Y. B., 1994, "Test Results for Rotordynamic Coefficients of Anti-Swirl Self-Injection Seals," ASME Journal of Tribalogy, Vol. 116, No. 3, 508-513.
81. Kirk, R. G., 1985, "Evaluation of Aerodynamic Instability Mechanisms for Centrifugal Compressors," ASME 85-DET-147.
82. Kirk, R. G., 1986, "Oil Seal Dynamics: Considerations for Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors," in Proceedings of the 15th Texas A&M Turbomachinery Symposium, Corpus Christi, TX.
83. Kirk, R. G., 1988, "Transient Response of Floating Ring Liquid Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 110, No. 3, 572-578.
84. Kirk, R. G., 1990, "A Method for Calculating Labyrinth Seal Inlet Swirl Velocity," ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 112, No. 3, 380-383.
85. Kirk, R. G. and Baheti, S. K., 1997, "Design of Liquid Seals for Centrifugal Compressors," in Proceedings of ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Sacramento, CA.
86. Kirk, R. G. and Miller, W. H., 1977, "The Influence of High Pressure Oil Seals on Turbo-Rotor Stability," in ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference, Kansas City, MO, October 3-5.
87. Kleynhans, G. and Childs, D., 1997, "The Acoustic Influence of Cell Depth on the Rotordynamic Characteristics of Smooth-Rotor/Honeycomb-Stator AnnularGas Seals," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 4, 949-957.
88. Krämer E., 1993, Dynamics of Rotors and Foundations, Springer-Verlag, New York.
89. Kurtin, K. A., Childs, D. W., San Andrés, L., and Hale, R. K., 1993, "Experimental Versus Theoretical Characteristics of a High-Speed Hybrid (Combination Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic) Bearing," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 115, 160-169.
90. Kwanka, K., 2000, "Dynamic Coefficients of Stepped Labyrinth Gas Seals," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 122, No. 3, 473-477.
91. Kwanka, K., 2001, "Improving the Stability of Labyrinth Gas Seals," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 123, No. 2, 383-387.
92. Laos, H. E., Vance, J. M., and Buchanan, S. E., 2000, "Hybrid Brush Pocket Damper Seals for Turbomachinery," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 122, No. 2, 330-336.
93. Li, J., San Andrés, L., and Vance, J., 1999a, "A Bulk-Flow Analysis of Multiple Pocket Gas Damper Seals," ASME Journal of Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 121, No. 2, 355-362.
94. Li, J., Ransom, D., San Andrés, L., and Vance, J., 1999b, "Comparison of Predictions with Test Results for Rotordynamic Coefficients of a Four-Pocket Gas Damper Seal," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, No. 2, 363-369.
95. Li, J., Aguilar, R., San Andrés, L., and Vance, J., 2000, "Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Multiple-Blade, Multiple-Pocket Gas Damper Seal: Test Results and Predictions," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 122, No. 1, 317-322.
96. Lindsey, W. T. and Childs, D. W., 2000, "The Effects of Converging and Diverging Axial Taper on the Rotordynamic Coefficients of Annular Pressure Seals: Theory Versus Experiment," ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 122, No. 2, 126-131.
97. Lomakin, A. A., 1958, "Calculation of Critical Speed and Securing of Dynamic Stability of the Rotor of Hydraulic High Pressure Machines with Reference to Forces Arising in the Seal Gaps," Energomashinostroenie, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1-5 (in Russian).
98. Marquette, O. R. and Childs, D. W., 1997, "Theory Versus Experiment for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients of Circumferentially Grooved Liquid Annular Seals With L/D of 0.45," FEDSM97-3333.
99. Marquette, O. R., Childs, D. W., and San Andrés, L., 1997, "Eccentricity Effects on the Rotordynamic Coefficients of Plain Annular Seals: Theory Versus Experiment," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 119, No. 3, 443-448.
100. Moore, J. J., 2003, "Three-Dimensional CFD Rotordynamic Analysis of Gas Labyrinth Seals," Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 125, No. 4, 427-433.
101. Murphy, B. T. and Vance, J. M., 1980, "Labyrinth Seal Effect on Rotor Whirl Stability," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Vibration in Rotating Machinery (Institution of Mechanical Engineering), Churchill College, Cambridge University, UK, September 1-4, Paper No. C306/80, 369-372.
102. Nakamura, R. and Iwatsubo, T., 2005, "Stabilization of Labyrinth Seal Force by Injecting the Leakage Flow to Preswirl Groove," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Stability Control of Rotating Machinery, Cleveland, OH, September 19-23.
103. Nelson, C. C., 1984, "Analysis for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients of Surface Roughened Tapered Annular Gas Seals," ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol. 106, No. 4, 927-934.
104. Nelson, C. and Nguyen, D., 1987, "Comparison of Hirs' Equation with Moody's Equation for Determining Rotordynamic Coefficients of Annular Pressure Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 109, No. 3, 144-148.
105. Nelson, C. C., Childs, D. W., Nicks, C., and Elrod, D., 1986, "Theory Versus Experimental for the Rotordynamic Coefficients of Annular Gas Seals: Part II: Constant-Clearance and Convergent-Tapered Geometry," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 108, No. 3, 433-438.
106. Ng, C. W. and Pan, C. H. T., 1965, "A Linearized Turbulent Lubrication Theory," ASME Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 87, No. 3, 675-688.
107. Nielsen, K. K., Childs, D. W., and Myllerup, C. M., 2001, "Experimental and Theoretical Comparison of Two Swirl Brake Designs," ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 123, No. 2, 353-358.
108. Nordmann, R. and Massmann, H., 1984, "Estimation of Stiffness, Damping and Mass Coefficients of Annular Seals," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Vibration in Rotating Machinery, IMechE, York, UK, Paper No. C280, 167-181.
109. Oike, M., Nosaka, M., Kikuchi, M., and Hasegawa, S., 1999, "Two-Phase Flow in Floating-Ring Seals for Cryogenic Turbopumps," in ASME/ STLE Tribology Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
110. Padavala, S., Palazzolo, A. B., Vallely, D. P., and Ryan, S. G., 1993, "Application of an Improved Nelson-Nguyen Analysis to Eccentric, Arbitrary Profile Liquid Annular Seals," in Workshop on Rotordynamic Instability Problems in High Performance Turbomachinery, Texas A&M University, 113-135.
111. Pelletti, J. M. and Childs, D. W., 1991, "A Comparison of Experimental Results and Theoretical Predictions for the Rotordynamic Coefficients of Short (L/D) Labyrinth Seals," in ASME Design Technical Conference, September, ASME-DE Vol. 35, 69-76.
112. Ransom, D., Li, J., San Andrés, L., and Vance, J. M., 1999, "Experimental Force Coefficients for a Two-Bladed Labyrinth Seal and a Four-Pocket Damper Seal," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, No. 2, 370-376.
113. Rao, J. S., 2000, Vibratory Condition Monitoring of Machines, Narosa, New Delhi.
114. Reedy, S. W. and Kirk, R. G., 1992, "Advanced Analysis of Multi-Ring Liquid Seals," ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 114, No. 1, 42-46.
115. San Andrés, L., 1991, "Analysis of Variable Fluid Properties, Turbulent Annular Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, No. 4, 694-702.
116. Scharrer, J., 1988, "Theory Versus Experiment for the Rotordynamic Coefficients of Labyrinth Gas Seals: Part I - A Two Control Volume Model," ASME Journal of Vibration, Acoustics, Stress, and Reliability in Design, Vol. 110, No. 3, 270-280.
117. Scharrer, J. K. and Nelson, C. C., 1991a, "Rotordynamic Coefficients for Partially Tapered Annular Seals: Part I - Incompressible Flow," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, 48-52.
118. Scharrer, J. K. and Nelson, C. C., 1991b, "Rotordynamic Coefficients for Partially Tapered Annular Seals: Part II - Compressible Flow," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, 53-57.
119. Simon, F. and Frêne, J., 1989, "Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Turbulent Annular Eccentric Seals: Effect of Convergent-Tapered Geometry and Variable Fluid Properties," ASME Journal of Tribalogy, Vol. 111, 378-384.
120. Soto, E. A. and Childs, D. W., 1999, "Experimental Rotordynamic Coefficient Results for (a) a Labyrinth Seal With and Without Shunt Injection and (b) a Honeycomb Seal," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol 121, No. 1, 153-159.
121. Suzuki, M., Nosaka, M., Kamijo, K., and Kikuchi, M., 1986, "Research and Development of a Rotating-Shaft Seal for a Liquid Hydrogen Turbopump," Lubrication of Technology, Vol. 42, No. 3, 162-169.
122. Swanson, E. E. and Kirk, R. G., 1997, "Survey of Experimental Data for Fixed Geometry Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 119, 704-710.
123. Tiwari, R., Lees, A. W., and Friswell, M. I., 2002, "Identification of Speed-Dependent Bearing Parameters," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 254, No. 5, 967-986.
124. Tiwari, R., Lees, A. W., and Friswell, M. I., 2004, "Identification of Dynamic Bearing Parameters: A Review," Shock and Vibration Digest, Vol 36, No. 2, 99-124.
125. Vance, J. M., 1998, Rotordynamics of Turbomachinery, Wiley, New York.
126. Vance, J. M. and Li, J., 1996, "Test Results of a New Damper Seal for Vibration Reduction in Turbomachinery," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 118, No. 4, 843-846.
127. Vance, J. M. and Schultz, R. R., 1993, "A New Damper Seal for Turbomachinery," Vibration of Rotating Systems, ASME DE-Vol. 60, 139-148.
128. Wagner, N. G., 2001, "Reliable Rotor Dynamic Design of High-Pressure Compressors Based on Test Rig Data," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 123, 849-856.
129. Wagner, N. G. and Steff, K., 1996, "Dynamic Labyrinth Coefficients From a High-Pressure Full-Scale Test Rig Using Magnetic Bearings," Rotordynamic Instability Problems in High-Performance Turbomachinery, NASA Conf. Publ. 3344, 95-112.
130. Weatherwax, M. and Childs, D. W., 2003, "Theory Versus Experiment for the Rotordynamic Characteristics of a High Pressure Honeycomb Annular Gas Seal at Eccentric Positions," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 125, No. 2, 422-429.
131. Wilkes, K. W., Kirk, R. G., and Elrod, D. A., 1993, "Rotordynamics Analysis of Circumferentially Grooved Turbulent Seals: Theory and Comparison to Published Test Results," STLE Tribology Transactions, Vol 36, No. 2, 183-192.
132. Wright, D. V., 1978, "Air Model Test of Labyrinth Seal Forces on a Whirling Rotor," ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol. 100, No. 4, 533-543.
133. Wright, D. V., 1983, "Labyrinth Seal Forces on a Whirling Rotor," Rotor Dynamical Stability, AMD-Vol. 55, 19-31.
134. Wyssmann, H. R., Pham, T. C., and Jenny, R. J., 1984, "Prediction of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients for Centrifugal Compressor Labyrinth Seals," ASME Journal of. Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 106, No. 1, 920-926.
135. Yang, Z., 1993, "Dynamic Force Performance of Annular Gas Seal at Center Conditions," STLE Paper 93-AM-4D-1.
136. Yücel, U., 2003, "Calculation of Leakage and Dynamic Coefficients of Stepped Labyrinth Gas Seals," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 152, 521-533.