Violence and exploitation of children in Tajikistan

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 131-149

  Haarr, Robin ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD WELFARE; HUMAN RIGHTS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 22544478152     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634930500154917     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Alexandre Zouev and Sir Peter Ustinov, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Armonk, NY: UNICEF/M.E. Sharpe, 1999), pp 4-5.
2. Ibid, p 10;
3. International Crisis Group, 'Tajikistan: poverty growing despite increased assistance', http://news.somoni.com/ bycat.php?viewCat=4&id=750.
4. International Crisis Group, op cit, Ref 2.
5. Zouev and Ustinov, op cit, Ref 1, p 8.
6. Ibid, p 12.
7. Ibid, p 67.
8. Ibid, p 67.
9. World Health Organization, World Report on Violence and Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002), pp 59-60.
10. International Organization for Migration, Deceived Migrants From Tajikistan: Study of Trafficking in Women and Children (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: International Organization of Migration, 2001), p 8.
11. Ibid, p 8.
12. Robin N. Haarr, Reducing Violence, Harm and Exploitation of Children in Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: UNICEF, 2004);
13. Association of Women Scientists of Tajikistan, Report of the Expert Group on Violence Against Children (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: UNICEF, 2003);
14. Daniel Luciani, Children and Women in Need of Protection from Physical, Emotional and Sexual Violence in Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: UNICEF, 2002).
15. World Health Organization, op cit, Ref 8, p 60.
16. Ibid, p 60.
17. Ibid, p 60.
18. Ibid, p 60.
19. Zouev and Ustinov, op cit, Ref 1, p 68.
20. Association of Women Scientists of Tajikistan, op cit, Ref 11;
21. Luciani, op cit, Ref 11;
22. NGO Open Asia, Violence Against Children in Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: UNICEF, 2001).
23. NGO Open Asia, op cit, Ref 17. The NGO Open Asia study included children ranging in age from 4 to 18 years. The majority of children (60 per cent) lived in urban areas, and lived with their parents (81 per cent, either both parents or mainly their mother). Other children lived with other relatives (7 per cent), lived in the mosque (1.8 per cent), lived in boarding schools (8.4 per cent), lived in an adopted families (0.8 per cent), or lived on the streets (0.3 per cent). The majority of children (63.1 per cent) were studying in school, yet 9.3 per cent studied in madrassa, 7.5 per cent were working, and 14.2 per cent neither studied, nor worked.
24. Ibid. The NGO Open Asia study included parents ranging in age from 19 to over 50 years of age (the largest age group being 31-39 years of age). The majority were parents of those children who participated in the focus groups. The majority of parents (75 per cent) were mothers, and lived in urban areas (60 per cent). In regard to marital status, 75 per cent of parents lived in a single officially registered marriage, 8.3 per cent lived in an Islamic law marriage that was not officially registered, 6.4 per cent lived in a 'polygamous marriage', 4.5 per cent lived separately from their spouse because he lived with another family or lived in another country, 7.1 per cent were divorced and 3.8 per cent widowed. The majority (71.6 per cent) of parents were working; however, 24.5 per cent of the parents did not work (i.e. unemployed or housewives). In regard to education, 90 per cent of the parents completed secondary school and 63 per cent completed a higher education. higher education
25. Luciani, op cit, Ref 11, p 7.
26. UNICEF, Small Arms and Light Weapon Awareness Project in Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: UNICEF, 2004), pp 5-6.
27. World Health Organization, op cit, Ref 8, pp 67-68.
28. Ibid, p 68.
29. Ibid, p 63.
30. World Health Organization, Violence Against Women: WHO 1999 Pilot Study in Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: WHO, 2000), pp 17-18.
31. Ibid, p 64.
32. Ibid, pp 64-65.
33. Association of Women Scientists of Tajikistan, op cit, Ref 11.
34. World Health Organization (2000), op cit, Ref 25, p 60.
35. NGO Open Asia, op cit, Ref 17. In 2000-2001, more than 50 per cent of the 735 children reported they had not eaten meat products within the week prior to the focus group, and 61 per cent reported not having eaten eggs.
36. Ibid. The majority of the parents (61.6 per cent) reported that one member of the family had an average income of 10 Somoni per month (US$4.10), 19.5 per cent made 20 Somoni per month (US$8.30), 10 per cent earned 30 Somoni per month (US$12.50), 4.8 per cent made up to 60 Somoni per month (US$25) and 4.1 per cent earned more than 60 Somoni per month.
37. Zouev and Ustinov, op cit, Ref 1, p 70.
38. UNICEF, The Government of Tajikistan and UNICEF: Country Programme of Cooperation 2000-2004 (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: UNICEF, 2000), pp 23-24.
39. Luciani, op cit, Ref 11, p 7.
40. UNICEF (2000), op cit, Ref 33, pp 23-24.
41. International Organization for Migration, Children in the Cotton Fields (Dushanbe, Tajikistan: IOM, 2004).
42. Luciani, op cit, Ref 11, pp 7-8.
43. International Organization for Migration (2004), op cit, Ref 36, pp 16-23.
44. Zouev and Ustinov, op cit, Ref 1, p 69.
45. UNICEF (2000), op cit, Ref 33, p 25
46. Association of Women Scientists of Tajikistan, op cit, Ref 11;
47. Luciani, op cit, Ref 11;
48. NGO Open Asia, op cit, Ref 17.
49. UNICEF (2004), op cit, Ref 21, pp 5-6.
50. Association of Women Scientists of Tajikistan, op cit, Ref 11;
51. Luciani, op cit, Ref 11;
52. UNICEF (2004), op cit, Ref 21.
53. UNICEF (2004), op cit, Ref 21, pp 5-6.
54. UNICEF CPS/PD, 'Violence Against Children at Home/at School: Indicator Project,' 23 August 2004. Bullying is a unique form of child abuse if it is done on purpose, without trigger events on behalf of the victim, and if the conflict is between parties that are not equal in strength. A student is being bullied or victimized when 'he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time to negative actions on the part of one or more students', Bullying includes, for example, when a student or several students say mean and hurtful things or make fun of another student or call him/her mean and hurtful names; completely ignores or excludes a student from their group of friends or leaves him/her out of things on purpose; hits, kicks, pushes, shoves around or locks another students inside a room; tells lies or spreads false rumors about a student or sends mean notes, and tries to make other students dislike him or her and other hurtful things. It is not considered bullying if the teasing is done a friendly and playful way, or when two student of about equal strength or power argue or fight.
55. World Health Organization (2000), op cit, Ref 25. The sampling framework was based on data provided by the State Statistics Agency of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 1997. The aim was to have a representative sample of the female population between 14-65 years old, which would take into consideration the composition of the social classes, the age structure and the territorial distribution.
56. Ibid, pp 17-18.
57. Women Association of Scientists, op cit, Ref 11.
58. World Health Organization (2000), op cit, Ref 25, p 23.
59. Ibid, p 22.
60. Ibid, pp 22-23.
61. Luciani, op cit, Ref 11, p 7.
62. International Organization for Migration (2001), op cit.
63. Ibid, p 12.
64. Ibid, pp 13-14.
65. Ibid, p 15.
66. Luciani, op cit, p 7.
67. Zouev and Ustinov, op cit, Ref 1.