Motivation or opportunity: Which serves as the best mediator in self-control theory?

Western Criminology Review

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 77-96

  Higgins, George E ^a   Ricketts, Melissa L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

Deviance; Motivation; Opportunity; Self control theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 22544449664     PISSN: 10964886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Agnew, Robert. 1985. "A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency." Social Forces 64:151-167.
2. Agnew, Robert. 1992. "Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency." Criminology 30:47-87.
3. Agnew, Robert. 1995. "Testing the Leading Crime Theories: An Alternative Strategy Focusing on Motivational Processes." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32:363-398.
4. Agnew, Robert. 2001. "Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain most likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38:319-361.
5. Akers, Ronald. 1985. Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
6. Akers, Ronald. 1991. "Self-Control as a General Theory of Crime." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 7:201-11.
7. Akers, Ronald. 1998. Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
8. Arneklev, Bruce J., Harold G. Grasmick and Robert J. Bursik. 1999. "Evaluating the Dimensionality and Invariance of 'Low Self-Control.'" Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15: 307-331.
9. Arneklev, Bruce J., Harold G. Grasmick, Charles R. Tittle and Robert J. Bursik. 1993. "Low Self-Control and Imprudent Behavior." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9:225-247.
10. Bachman, Ronet, Raymond Paternoster, and Sally Ward. 1992. "The Rationality of Sexual Offending: Testing a Deterrence/Rational Choice Conception of Sexual Assault." Law and Society Review 26:343-372.
11. Benson, Michael L. and Elizabeth Moore. 1992. "Are White-Collar and Common Offenders the Same? An Empirical and Theoretical Critique of a Recently Proposed General Theory of Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29:251-272.
12. Bichler-Robertson, Gisela, Marissa C. Potchak and Stephen Tibbetts. 2003. "Low Self-Control, Opportunity, and Strain in Students' Reported Cheating Behavior." Journal of Crime and Justice 26:23-53.
13. Birkbeck, Christopher and Gary LaFree. 1993. "The Situational Analysis of Crime and Deviance." American Review of Sociology 19:113-137.
14. Blumstein, Alford, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel S. Nagin. 1978. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
15. Bouffard, Jeffrey A. 2002. "Methodological and Theoretical Implications of Using Subject Generated Consequences in Tests of Rational Choice Theory." Justice Quarterly 19:747-772.
16. Brezina, Timothy. 1998. "Adolescent Maltreatment and Delinquency: The Question of Intervening Processes." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:71-99.
17. Broidy, Lisa. 2001. "A Test of General Strain Theory." Criminology 39:9-35.
18. Burton, Velmer S., T. David Evans, Francis T. Cullen, Kathleen M. Olivares and R. Gregory Dunaway. 1999. "Age, Self-Control, and Adults' Offending Behaviors: A Research Note Assessing a General Theory of Crime." Journal of Criminal Justice 27: 45-54.
19. Burton, Velmer. S., Francis T. Cullen, David T. Evans, Leanne F. Alarid and R. Gregory Dunaway. 1998. "Gender, Self-Control, and Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:123-147.
20. Burton, Velmer S., Francis T. Cullen, David T. Evans and R. Gregory Dunaway. 1994. "Reconsidering Strain Theory: Operationalization, Rival Theories, and Adult Criminality." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 10:213-239.
21. Cochran, John K., Peter B. Wood, Christine S. Sellers, Wendy Wilkerson and Mitchell B. Chamlin. 1998. "Academic Dishonesty and Low Self-Control: An Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime." Deviant Behavior 19:227-255.
22. Conger, Rand. 1980. "Juvenile Delinquency: Behavior Restraint or Behavior Facilitation." Pp. 131-142 in Understanding Crime: Current Theory and Research, edited by T. Hirschi and M. Gottfredson. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
23. Conger, Rand. 1976. "Social Control and Social Learning Models of Delinquent Behavior: A Synthesis." Criminology 14:17-40.
24. Curry, Theodore R. and Alex R. Piquero. 2003. "Control Ratios and Defiant Acts of Deviance: Assessing Additive and Conditional Effects with Constraints and Impulsivity." Sociological Perspectives 46:397-415.
25. Delisi, Matt, Andy Hochstettler and Daniel S. Murphy. 2003. "Self-Control Behind Bars: A Validation Study of the Grasmick et al. Scale." Justice Quarterly 20:241-263.
26. DeVellis, Robert. 1991. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
27. Emde, Robert N. and David Oppenheim. 1995. "Shame, Guilt, and the Oedipal Drama: Development Considerations Concerning Morality and Referencing of Critical Others." Pp. 413-436 in Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride, edited by J. P. Tangney and K.W. Fischer. New York: Guilford Press.
28. Evans, David T., Francis T. Cullen, Velmer S. Burton, R. Gregory Dunaway and MichaelBenson. 1997. "The Social Consequences of Self-Control: Testing the General Theory of Crime." Criminology 35:475-501.
29. Forde, David R. and Leslie W. Kennedy. 1997. "Risky Lifestyles, Routine Activities, and the General Theory of Crime." Justice Quarterly 14:265-294.
30. Fishbein, Martin and Izek Ajzen. 1975. Belief Attitude, Intention, and Behavior. New York: Wiley.
31. Gibbs, John J. and Dennis Giever. 1995. "Self-Control and Its Manifestations Among University Students: An Empirical Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory." Justice Quarterly 12:231-255.
32. Gibbs, John. J., Dennis M. Giever and George E. Higgins. 2002. "A Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime using Structural Equation Modeling." Criminal Justice and Behavior 30:441-458.
33. Gibbs, John J., Dennis M. Giever and Jamie Martin. 1998. "Parental-Management and Self-Control: An Empirical Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:42-72.
34. Gibson, Christopher and John Wright. 2001. "Low Self-Control and Coworker Delinquency: A Research Note." Journal of Criminal Justice 29:483-492.
35. Giever, Dennis. M. 1995. An Empirical Assessment of the Core Elements of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
36. Godin, Gaston and Gerjo Kok. 1996. "The Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review of its Applications to Health-Related Behaviors." American Journal of Health Promotion 11:87-98.
37. Gottfredson, Michael and Travis Hirschi. 1990. General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
38. Grasmick, Harold, Charles Tittle, Robert Bursik and Bruce Arneklev. 1993. "Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30:5-29.
39. Green, Donald. 1989. "Measures of Illegal Behavior in Individual-Level Deterrence Research." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 26:253-275.
40. Hay, Carter. 2001. "Parenting, Self-Control, and Delinquency: A Test of Self-Control Theory." Criminology 39:707-736.
41. Higgins, George E. 2002. "General Theory of Crime and Deviance: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." Journal of Crime and Justice 25:71-95.
42. Janis, Irving L. and Leon Mann. 1977. Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment. New York: Free Press.
43. Klepper, S. and Daniel Nagin. 1989. "Certainty and Severity of Punishment Revisited." Criminology 27:721-746.
44. LaGrange, Teresa C. and Robert A. Silverman. 1999. "Low Self-Control and Opportunity: Testing the General Theory of Crime as an Explanation for Gender Differences in Delinquency." Criminology 37:41-72.
45. Longshore, Douglas. 1998. "Self-Control and Criminal Opportunity: A Prospective Test of General Theory of Crime." Social Problems 45: 102-114.
46. Longshore, Douglas, Judith A. Stein and Susan Turner. 1996. "Self-Control in a Criminal Sample: An Examination of Construct Validity." Criminology 34:209-228.
47. Longshore, Douglas and Susan Turner. 1998. "Self-Control and Criminal Opportunity: Cross-Sectional Test of the General Theory of Crime." Criminal Justice and Behavior 25:81-98.
48. Mazerolle, Paul and J. Maahs. 2000. "General Strain and Delinquency: An Alternative Examination of Conditioning Influences." Justice Quarterly 17:753-778.
49. Mazerolle, Paul and Alex Piquero. 1998. "Linking Exposure to Strain with Anger: An Investigation of Deviant Adaptations." Journal of Criminal Justice 26:195-211.
50. McCrae, Robert R. and Paul T. Costa. 1988. "Do Parental Influences Matter? A Reply to Halverson." Journal of Personality 56:445-449.
51. Mustaine, Elizabeth Ehrhardt and Richard Tewksbury. 2002. "Workplace Theft: An Analysis of Student-Employee Offenders and Job Attributes." American Journal of Criminal Justice 27:111-127.
52. Nagin, Daniel. 1998. "Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the Twenty-First Century." Pp. 51-92 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by M. Tonry. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
53. Nagin, Daniel and Raymond Paternoster. 1993. "Enduring Individual Differences and Rational Choice Theories of Crime." Law and Society Review 27:467-496.
54. Nunnally, Jum. C. 1978. Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
55. Paternoster, Raymond, Robert Brame, Paul Mazerolle and Alex Piquero. 1998. "Using the Correct Statistical Test for the Equality of Regression Coefficient." Criminology 36:859-866.
56. Paternoster, Raymond and Paul Mazerolle. 1994. "General Strain Theory and Delinquency: A Replication and Extension." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:235-263.
57. Piquero, Alex, Randall MacIntosh and Matthew Hickman. 2000. "Does Self-Control Affect Survey Response? Applying Exploratory, Confirmatory, and Item Response Theory Analysis to Grasmick et al.'s Self-Control Scale." Criminology 38:897-930.
58. Piquero, Alex R. and Matthew Hickman. 1999. "An Empirical Test of Tittle's Control Balance Theory." Criminology 37:319-342.
59. Piquero, Alex R. and Matthew Hickman. 2002. "The Rational Choice Implications of Control Balance Theory" Pp. 85-108 in Rational Choice and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research and Future Challenges, edited by A. R. Piquero and S. G. Tibbetts. New York: Routledge
60. Piquero, Alex R. and Stephen Tibbetts. 1996. "Specifying the Direct and Indirect Effects of Low Self-Control and Situational Factors in Offenders' Decision-Making: Toward a More Complete Model of Rational Offending." Justice Quarterly 13:481-510.
61. Polakowski, Michael. 1994. "Linking Self- and Social Control with Deviance: Illuminating the Structure Underlying a General Theory of Crime and its Relation to Deviant Activity." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 10:41-78.
62. Pratt, Travis C. and Francis Cullen. 2000. "The Empirical Status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: A Meta-Analysis." Criminology 38:931-964.
63. Rohner, Ronald P. 1975. They Love Me, They Love Me Not: A Worldwide Study of the Effects of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press.
64. Rohner, Ronald P. 1986. The Warmth Dimension: Foundations of Parental Acceptance Rejection Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
65. Rohner, Ronald P. 1999. Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection. Storrs, CT: Center for the Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection.
66. Sellers, Christine. 1999. "Self-Control and Intimate Violence: An Examination of the Scope and Specification of the General Theory of Crime." Criminology 37:375-404.
67. Sheley, Joseph F. 1980. "Is Neutralization Necessary for Criminal Behavior?" Deviant Behavior 2:49-72.
68. Sheley, Joseph F. 1983. "Critical Elements of Criminal Behavior Explanation." Sociological Quarterly 24:509-525.
69. Simpson, Sally and Nicole Leeper Piquero. 2002. "Low Self-Control, Organizational Theory, and Corporate Crime." Law and Society Review 36:509-539.
70. Sorenson, Ann Marie and David Brownfield. 1995. "Adolescent Drug Use and a General Theory of Crime: An Analysis of a Theoretical Integration." Canadian Journal of Criminology 37:19-37.
71. Sutton, Stephen. 1998. "Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well are We Doing?" Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28:1317-1338.
72. Tangney, June Price and Ronda L. Dearing. 2002. Shame and Guilt. New York: Guilford Press.
73. Tangney, June. 1995. "Shame and Guilt in Interpersonal Relationships." Pp. 114-142 in Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment and Pride, edited by J. P. Tangney and K.W. Fischer. New York: Guilford Press.
74. Tibbetts, Stephen G. 1997a. "Gender Differences in Students' Rational Decisions to Cheat." Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal 18:393-414.
75. Tibbetts, Stephen G. 1997b. "Shame and Rational Choice in Offending Decisions." Criminal Justice and Behavior 24:234-255.
76. Tibbetts, Stephen G. and David L. Myers. 1999. "Low Self-Control, Rational Choice, and Student Cheating." American Journal of Criminal Justice 23:179-200.
77. Tibbetts, Stephen G. and Chris L. Gibson. 2002. "Individual Propensities and Rational Decision-Making: Recent Finding and Promising Approaches." Pp. 3-24 in Rational Choice and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research and Future Challenges, edited by A. R. Piquero and S. G. Tibbetts. New York: Routledge.
78. Tibbetts, Stephen G. and Joshua N. Whittimore. 2002. "The Interactive Effects of Low Self-Control and Commitment to School on Substance Abuse Among College Students."Psychological Reports 90:327-337.
79. Tittle, Charles, David A. Ward and Harold G. Grasmick. 2003. "Gender, Age, and Crime/Deviance: A Challenge to Self-Control Theory." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40:426-453.
80. Turner, Michael G. and Alex R. Piquero. 2002. "The Stability of Self-Control." Journal of Criminal Justice 30457-471.
81. Unnever, James D., Francis T. Cullen and Travis C. Pratt. 2003. "Parental Management, ADHD, and Delinquent Involvement: Reassessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory." Justice Quarterly 20:4711-500.
82. Weibe, Richard P. 2003. "Reconciling Psychopathy and Low Self-Control." Justice Quarterly 20:297-336.
83. Winfree, L. Thomas and Frances P. Bernat. 1998. "Social Learning, Self-Control, and Substance Abuse by Eighth Grade Students: A Tale of Two Cities." Journal of Drug Issues 28:539-558.
84. Wright, Bradley. R., Terrie E. Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi. 1998. "Predispositions, Social Environments, and Crime: A Model of Varying Effects." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology in Washington, D.C.
85. Wood, Peter B., Betty Pfefferbaum and Bruce J. Ameklev. 1993. "Risk-Taking and Self-Control: Social Psychological Correlates of Delinquency." Journal of Crime and Justice 16:111-130.
86. Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn and JoAnn Robinson. 1995. "Empathy and Guilt: Early Origins of Feelings of Responsibility." Pp. 174-197 in Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment and Pride, edited by J. P. Tangney and K.W. Fischer. New York: Guilford Press.