Perioperative management of patients on oral anticoagulants: A decision analysis

Medical Decision Making

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 387-397

  Dunn, Andrew S ^a   Wisnivesky, Juan ^a   Ho, Warren ^a   Moore, Canton ^a   McGinn, Thomas ^a   Sacks, Henry S ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticoagulation; Atrial fibrillation; Decision analysis; Mechanical heart valves; Stroke; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; WARFARIN;

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ADULT; ANTICOAGULATION; AORTA VALVE REPLACEMENT; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DECISION MAKING; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MITRAL VALVE DISEASE; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PROBABILITY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STROKE; SURVIVAL;

ANTICOAGULANTS; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PROBABILITY; QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; WARFARIN;

EID: 22544432227     PISSN: 0272989X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0272989X05278432     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001;285:2370-5.
2. Kearon C, Hirsh J. Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery. N Engl J Med. 1997;336;1506-11.
3. Dunn AS, AGG Turpie. Perioperative management of patients on oral anticoagulants: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:901-8.
4. Douketis JD, Crowther M, Cherian SS, Kearon CB. Physician preferences fof perioperative anticoagulation in patients with a mechanical heart valve who are undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. Chest. 1999;116:1240-6.
5. Gerson LB, Gage BF, Owens DK, Triadafilopoulos G. Effect and outcomes of the periendoscopic management of patients who take anticoagulants. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1717-24.
6. Douketis JD, Johnson JA, Turpie AGG. Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulation during interruption of warfarin. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1319-26.
7. Ansell J, Hitsh J, Dalen J, et al. Managing oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest. 2001;119:22S-38S.
8. Hart RG, Elenavente O, McBride R, Pearce LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:492-501.
9. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithiombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1449-57.
10. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation study. Final results. Circulation. 1991;84:527-39.
11. EAFT Study Group. Secondary prevention of vascular events in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation and a recent transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1993;342:1255-62.
12. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke. Results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2001;285:2864-70.
13. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briët E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation. 1994;89:635-41.
14. Starr DS, Lawrie GM, Howell JF, Morris GC Jr. Clinical experience with the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis: 1- to 12-year follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 1980;30:448-54.
15. Starr A, Grunkemeier GL, Lambert LE, Thomas DR, Sugimura S, Lefrak LA. Aortic valve replacement: a ten-year follow-up of non-cloth-covered vs cloth-covered caged ball prostheses. Circulation. 1977;56(Suppl II):133-8.
16. Larsen GL, Alexander JA, Stanford W. Thromboembolic phenomena in patients with prosthetic aortic valves who did not receive anticoagulants. Ann Thorac Surg. 1977;23:323-6.
17. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation II study. Lancet. 1994;343:687-91.
18. Cannegeiter SC, Rosendaal FR, Wintzen AR, van der Meer FJM, Vandenbrouke JP, Briët E. Optimal oral therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:11-7.
19. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Bleeding during antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:409-16.
20. McMahon DA, Smith DM, Carey MA, Zhou XH. Risk of major hemorrhage for outpatients treated with warfarin. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;12:311-6.
21. Van der meer FJM, Rosendaal FR, Vandenbroucke JP, Briët E. Bleeding complications in oral anticoagulant therapy. An analysis of risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1557-62.
22. Landefeld CS, Beyth RJ. Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention. Am J Med. 1993;95:315-28.
23. Gitter MJ, Jaeger TM, Petterson TM, Gersh BJ, Silverstein MD. Bleeding and thromboembolism during anticoagulant therapy: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995;70:725-33.
24. Palareti G, Coccheri S, Poggi M, et al. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Lancet. 1996;348:423-8.
25. Evans A, Kalra L. Are the results of randomized controlled trials on anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation generalizable to clinical practice? Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1443-7.
26. McLeod RS, Geerts WH, Sniderman KW, et al. Subcutaneous heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin as thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Results of the Canadian Colorectal DVT Prophylaxis Trial: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Surg. 2001;233:438-44.
27. Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin: overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1162-73.
28. Kakkar VV, Cohen AT, Edmonson RA, et al. Low molecular weight versus standard heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery. The Thromboprophylaxis Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1993;341:259-65.
29. Hull RD, Rollin FB, Pineo GF, Stein PD, Raskob GE, Valentine KA. Preoperative versus postoperative initiation of low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing elective hip replacement. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:137-41.
30. Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) Trial Collaborative Group. Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: pulmonary embolism prevention trial. Lancet. 2000;355:1295-302.
31. Hull RD, Pineo GF, Francis C, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis using dalteparin in close proximity to surgery vs warfarin in hip arthroplasty patients. A double-blind, randomized comparison. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2199-207.
32. Heit JA, Elliott G, Trowbridge AA, Morrey BF, Gent M, Hirsh J. Ardeparin sodium for extended out-of-hospital prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:853-61.
33. Turpie AG, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) to prevent deep-vein thrombosis in patients undergoing elective hip surgery. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:925-9.
34. Michaud GF, Pelosi F, Noble MD, Knight BP, Morady F, Strickberger A. A randomized trial comparing heparin initiation 6 h or 12 h after pacemaker implantation. J Am Col Cardiol. 2000;35;1915-8.
35. Goldstein DJ, Losquadro W, Spotnitz HM. Outpatient pacemaker procedures morally anticoagulated patients. PACE. 1998;21:1730-4.
36. Otley CC, Fewkes JL, Frank W, Olbricht SM. Complications of cutaneous surgery in patients who are taking warfarin, aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:161-6.
37. Clark SC, Vitale N, Zacharias J, Forty J. Effect of low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) on bleeding after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:762-5.
38. Patterson BM, Marchand R, Ranawat C. Complications of heparin therapy after total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg. 1989;71:1130-4.
39. Della Valle CJ, Jazrawi LM, Idjadi J, et al. Anticoagulant treatment of thromboembolism with intravenous heparin therapy in the early postoperative period following total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg. 2000;82:207-12.
40. Wahl MJ. Dental surgery in anticoagulated patients. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1610-6.
41. Gainey SP, Robertson DM, Fay W, Ilstrup D. Ocular surgery on patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:142-6.
42. Hall DL, Steen WH Jr, Drummond JW, Byrd WA. Anticoagulants and cataract surgery. Ophthalmol Surg. 1988;19:221-2.
43. Roberts CW, Woods SM, Turner LS. Cataract surgery in anticoagulated patients. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1991;17:309-12.
44. Carter K, Miller KM. Phacoemulsification and lens implantation in patients treated with aspirin or warfarin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24:1361-4.
45. Robinson GA, Nylander A. Warfarin and cataract extraction. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:702-3.
46. McMahon LB. Anticoagulants and cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1988;14:569-71.
47. Landefeld CS, Goldman L. Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy. Am J Med. 1989;87:144-52.
48. Fihn SD, Callahan CM, Martin DC, McDonell MB, Henikoff JG, White RH. The risk for and severity of bleeding complications in elderly patients treated with warfarin. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:970-9.
49. White RH, McKittrick T, Takakuwa J, Callahan C, McDonnell M, Fihn S. Management and prognosis of life-threatening bleeding during warfarin therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1197-201.
50. Mok CK, Boey J, Wang R, et al. Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: a prospective randomized trial. Circulation. 1985;72:1059-63.
51. Petty GW, Brown RD Jr, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, O'Fallon WM, Wiebers DO. Ischemic stroke subtypes. A population-based study of functional outcome, survival, and recurrence. Stroke. 2000;31:1062-8.
52. Tengs TO, Yu M, Luistro E. Health-related quality of life after stroke. A comprehensive review. Stroke. 2001;32:964-72.
53. Gage BF, Cardinalli AB, Owens DK. The effect of stroke and stroke prophylaxis with aspirin or warfarin on quality of life. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1829-36.
54. Maduro JA, Rookstool M, Wease G. The management of patients on chronic coumadin therapy undergoing subsequent surgical procedures. Am J Surg. 1994;60:542-7.
55. Spandorfer JM, Lynch S, Weitz HH, Fertel S, Merli GJ. Use of enoxaparin for the chronically anticoagulated patient before and after procedures. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:478-80.
56. Kovacs M, Kahn A, Solymoss S, et al. Prospective multicentre trial of bridging therapy with dalteparin for patients who require temporary discontinuation of OAC for prosthetic valves or high risk atrial fibrillation. Blood. 2002;100:149a.
57. Gould MK, Dembitzer AD, Doyle RL, Hastie TJ, Garber AM. Low-molecular-weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:800-9.
58. van den Belt AGM, Prins MH, Lensing AWA, et al. Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight hepaiins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford (UK): Update Software; 2002.
59. Mismetti P, Laporte-Simitsidis S, Tardy B, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in internal medicine with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparins: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83:14-9.
60. Beck JR, Kassirer JP, Pauker SG. A convenient approximation of life expectancy (the "DEALE"). I. Validation of the method. Am J Med. 1982;73:883-8.
61. Beck JR, Kassirer JP, Pauker SG. A convenient approximation of life expectancy (the "DEALE"). II. Use in medical decision-making. Am J Med. 1982;73:889-97.
62. Anderson RN. United States life tables, 1997. National vital statistics reports. Volume 47, number 28. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 1999.
63. Onundarson PT, Thorgeirsson G, Jonmundsson E, et al. Chronic atrial fibrillation - epidemiologic features and 14 year follow-up: a case control study. Eur Heart J. 1987;8:521-7.
64. Bamford JM, Sandercock PA, Warlow CP, Slattery J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1989;20:828.
65. Cohn LH. The long-term results of aortic valve replacement. Chest. 1984;85:387-96.
66. Hammermeister KE, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, Oprian C, Kim T, Rahimtoola S. A comparison of outcomes in men 11 years after heart-valve replacement with a mechanical valve or bioprosthesis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1289-96.
67. Prencipe M, Culasso F, Rasura M, et al. Long-term prognosis after a minor stroke: 10-year mortality and major stroke recurrence rates in a hospital-based cohort. Stroke. 1998;29:126-32.
68. Laupacis A, Cuddy TE. Prognosis of individuals with atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol. 1996;12(Suppl A):14A-16A.
69. Clausen J, Jensen G. Blood pressure and mortality: an epidemiological survey with 10 years follow-up. J Hum Hypertens. 1992;6(1):53-9.
70. Takagi S, Saitoh S, Nakano M, et al. Relationship between blood pressure level and mortality rate: an 18-year study conducted in two rural communities in Japan. J Hypertens. 2000;18:139-44.
71. Port S, Demer L, Jennrich R, Walter D, Garfinkel A. Systolic blood pressure and mortality. Lancet. 2000;355:175-80.
72. Chang RW, Pellissier JM, Hazen GB. A cost-effectiveness analysis of total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the hip. JAMA. 1996;275:858-65.
73. Richardson WS, Detsky AS. Users' guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JAMA. 1995;273:1610-3.
74. Geerts WH, Heit JA, Clagett PG, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2001;119:132S-175S.
75. Poller L, Thomson J. Evidence for "rebound" hypercoaguability after stopping anticoagulants. Lancet. 1964;2:62-4.
76. Grip L, Blombäck M, Schulman S. Hypercoagulable state and thromboembolism following warfarin withdrawal in post-myocardial infarction patients. Eur Heart J. 1991;12:1225-33.
77. Genewein U, Haeberli A, Straub PW, Beer JH. Rebound after cessation of oral anticoagulant therapy: the biochemical evidence. Br J Haemost. 1996;92:479-85.
78. Palareti G, Legnani C. Warfarin withdrawal. Pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic considerations. Clin Phamacokinet. 1996; 30:300-13.
79. Lopez Y, Paramo JA, Valenti JR, Pardo F, Montes R, Rocha E. Hemostatic markers in surgery: a different fibrinolytic activity may be of pathophysiological significance in orthopedic versus abdominal surgery. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1997;27:233-7.
80. Kosir MA, Schmittinger L, Barno-Winarski L, et al. Prospective double-arm study of fibrinolysis in surgical patients. J Surg Res. 1998;74:96-101.
81. Kovacs MJ, Kearon C, Rodger M, Anderson DR, Turpie AG, Bates SM. Single-arm study of bridging therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin for patients at risk of arterial embolism who require temporary interruption of warfarin. Circulation. 2004;110:1658-63.
82. Blacker DJ, Wijdicks EF, McClelland RL. Stroke risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing endoscopy. Neurology. 2003;61:964-8.