Commercialisation of forests, environmental negligence and alienation of tribal rights in Madras Presidency: 1792-1882

Indian Economic and Social History Review

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 125-146

  Saravanan, Velayutham ^a  

^a MADRAS INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 22444454122     PISSN: 00194646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/001946469803500202     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Ramachandra Guha, 'Forest in British and Post-British India: A Historical Analysis', Economic and Political Weekly (hereafter EPW), Vol. 18(44), 29 October 1983, pp. 1882-96;
2. Ramachandra Guha, idem, 'Forest in British and Post-British India: A Historical Analysis', EPW, Vol. 18(45-46), November 5-12. 1983, pp. 1940-47;
3. Mahesh Rangarajan, 'Imperial agendas and India's forests: The early history of Indian Forestry, 1800-1878', Indian Economic and Social History Review (hereafter IESHR), Vol. 31(2), 1994, pp. 147-67.
4. Mahesh Rangarajan, Imperial agendas and India's forests: The early history of Indian Forestry, 1800-1878 Indian Economic and Social History Review Ibid. 31( 2), 1994, pp. 147-67.
5. Ramachandra Guha and Madhav Gadgil, 'State Forest and Social Conflict in British India', Past and Present, No. 122, February 1989, pp. 141-77.
6. David Baker, 'State Policy, the Market Economy, and Tribal decline: the Central Provinces, 1861-1920', IESHR, Vol.28(4), 1991, pp. 341-70.
7. Ramachandra Guha, 'An early environmental debate: The making of the 1878 forest act', IESHR, Vol. 27(1), 1990, pp. 65-84.
8. Richard H. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial expansion, tropical island Edens and the origins of environmentalism 1600-1860, Delhi, 1995, pp. 380-473.
9. Board of Revenue (hereafter BOR), Misc, Vol. 151-A, 1791-94, pp. 41-42, Tamil Nadu State Archives, Chennai (hereafter TNSA).
10. Colonel Alexander Read, General Report on Salem, 4 April 1800, para 11, TNSA.
11. R.K. Puckle (Epitomised and Annotated), Colonel Read's Report on the original settlement of Salem in 1791-1796, Salem, 1868, p. 98.
12. See also BOR, Misc. Vol. 157, 20 March 1798, TNSA.
13. Dietrich Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration in the Madras Presidency, Madras, 1883, pp. 173-75.
14. Baramahal Records (hereafter BR), Section II, Geography, 1791-1794, Vol. 1, p. 32, TNSA.
15. BR, Section III, Inhabitants, Vol. 1. pp. iii & iv, TNSA.
16. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Chapters II, III and IX.
17. For details see V. Saravanan, 'Tribal Welfare and Colonial Policy in Salem and Baramahal Regions of Madras Presidency During the Colonial Period: 1792-1947' (unpublished).
18. For details, see V. Saravanan, 'Tribal Revolts in Salem and Baramahal Regions of Madras Presidency During the Late Eighteenth Century' (unpublished).
19. K. Indhrani, The Forest Policy and Administration of the Madras Presidency under Crown 1858-1935, unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Department of History, University of Madras, Madras, 1982, p. 238.
20. BOR, 21 November 1835, Vol. 1468, p. 10792, TNSA.
21. Letter from the Secretary to the Chief Secretary to the Government, dated 8 October 1835, BOR, Vol. 1470, p. 11536, TNSA.
22. Letter from Heath to BOR, dated 2 September 1835, BOR, Vol. 1467, p. 10500, TNSA.
23. BOR. Vol. 1468, 21 September 1835, p. 10792, TNSA.
24. Letter from Heath to the Collector of Salem, dated 9 February 1835, BOR, Vol. 1468, p. 10794, TNSA.
25. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 12 September 1835, BOR, Vol. 1468, p. 10791, TNSA.
26. BOR, Ibid., p. 10792.
27. BOR, Ibid., p. 10790.
28. Letter from Heath to BOR, dated 2 September 1835, BOR, Vol. 1467, pp. 1499-1501, TNSA.
29. Minutes of Consultations, dated 27 October 1835, BOR, TNSA.
30. Board Proceedings (hereafter BP) No. 996, 3 March 1877, TNSA.
31. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 19 February 1800, BOR, Vol. 247, p. 1955, TNSA.
32. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 21 April 1800, BOR, Vol. 250, p. 3742, TNSA.
33. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 28 April 1800, BOR, Vol. 250, p. 3742, TNSA.
34. H.R. Morgan, Forestry in Southern India, ed. John Shortt, Madras, 1884, pp. 30-31.
35. Letter from the Secretary, BOR to G.M. Baboon, 17 May 1800, Salem Collectorate Records (hereafter SCR), Vol. 560, p. 26, TNSA.
36. Letter from G.M. Baboon to the Secretary, BOR, 13 June 1800, SCR, Vol. 560, p. 25, TNSA.
37. 1800, SCR, Ibid. Vol. 560, p. 25
38. Letter from the BOR to Collector of Salem, 19 November 1800, SCR, Vol. 560, p. 133, TNSA.
39. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 3 December 1800, BOR, Vol. 268, p. 10284, TNSA.
40. Letter from the BOR to the Collector of Salem, dated 19 November 1800, SCR, Vol. 560, pp. 133-34, TNSA.
41. Letter from the Secretary to the Board of Trade to the Secretary, BOR, dated 20 August 1812, BOR, Vol. 582, pp. 10084-85, TNSA.
42. BOR, Vol. 261, dated 29 August 1800, p. 7400, TNSA.
43. Letter from the Marine Board Office to the Secretary to the BOR, dated 16 January 1836, BOR, Vol. 1490, p. 269, TNSA.
44. Letter from BOR to the Collector of Salem, 6 July 1801, TNSA.
45. Letter from the Collector of Coimbatore to the President and Members of the BOR, dated 15 June 1811, BOR, Vol. 544, p. 5938, TNSA.
46. BOR, Ibid., p. 5940.
47. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 6 September 1806, SCR, Vol. 3159, p. 83, TNSA.
48. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, no date, July 1800, BOR, Vol. 258, p. 6641, TNSA.
49. BOR, Ibid., p. 6642.
50. BOR, Vol. 1498, No. 24, 28th March 1836, p. 5077, TNSA.
51. BOR, Ibid. Vol. 1498, No. 24, 1836, p. 5077
52. BOR, Vol. 1553, 24 July 1837, p. 91, TNSA.
53. BOR, Ibid. Vol. 1553, 1837, p. 91
54. BOR, Vol. 1505, 26 May 1836, p. 7467, TNSA.
55. Letter from the Collector to the BOR, dated 20 August 1835, BOR, Vol. 1463, p. 8901, TNSA.
56. Letter from Fischer to the Collector of Salem, dated 30 July 1835, BOR, Vol. 1463, p. 8903, TNSA.
57. Letter from the Revenue Board Office to the Chief Secretary to the Government, dated 28 April 1836, BOR, Vol. 1501, p. 6539, TNSA.
58. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 18 February 1836, BOR, Vol. 1494, pp. 4018-19, TNSA.
59. Letter from the Collector of Salem to the BOR, dated 28 March 1836, BOR, Vol. 1498, pp. 5076-78, TNSA.
60. Letter from the BOR office to the Chief Secretary to the Government, dated 26 May 1836, BOR, Vol. 1505, p. 7467, TNSA.
61. BP, No. 996, 3 March 1877, TNSA.
62. H. LeFanu, A Manual of the Salem District in the Presidency of Madras, Vol. I, Madras, 1883, p. 98.
63. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, p. 182.
64. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 53.
65. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 55.
66. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 58.
67. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 200.
68. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 34.
69. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 32.
70. Government Order (hereafter G.O.) No. 373, Public Works Department (Railways), 26 April 1878, TNSA.
71. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, p. 40.
72. F.J. Richards, Madras District Gazetteer, Salem District, Vol. I, Part II, Madras, 1918, p. 248.
73. F.J. Richards, Madras District Gazetteer, Salem District, Ibid., p. 249.
74. F.J. Richards, Madras District Gazetteer, Salem District, Ibid. p. 249.
75. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, p. 40.
76. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 51.
77. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 175.
78. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 181.
79. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 3.
80. Brandis, Suggestions Regarding Forest Administration, Ibid., p. 181.
81. C.D. Maclean, Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency, Vol. I, Madras, 1885, p. 290.
82. Papers Relating to the Coffee Districts of the Madras Presidency, Madras, 1859, pp. 1 and 4.
83. Maclean, Manual of the Administration, Vol. II, p. 403.
84. Papers relating to Coffee Districts, p. 1.
85. Papers relating to Coffee Districts, Ibid. p. 1.
86. John Shortt, A Hand-book to Coffee Planting, Madras, 1864, p. 104.
87. Maclean, Manual of the Administration, Vol. II, p. 403.
88. M. Harikrishnan, Working Plan for the Salem Forest Division, 1967/68-1976/77, Salem, 1977, p. 29.
89. At the time of festivals, more than 10,000 people attended the temple daily.
90. G.O. No. 996, Revenue [Misc.], 22 August 1906, TNSA.
91. Board Petition, No. 442, 1905, TNSA.
92. M. Harikrishnan, Working Plan for the Salem Forest Division, 1967/68-1976/77, Ibid. 1977, p. 29.
93. G.O. No. 996, Revenue [Misc.], 22 August 1906, TNSA.
94. G.O. No. 2027 Revenue, 14 December 1870, TNSA.
95. M. Harikrishnan, Working Plan for the Salem Forest Division, 1967/68-1976/77, Ibid. 1977, p. 29.
96. M. Harikrishnan, Working Plan for the Salem Forest Division, 1967/68-1976/77, Ibid. 1977, p. 29.
97. G.O. No. 150, Revenue, 18 January 1881, TNSA.
98. For details, see V. Saravanan, 'Colonial Commercial Forest Policy and Tribal Private Forest in Madras Presidency, 1792-1881' (unpublished).
99. BOR, Vol. 1886, 30 October 1843, p. 1614, TNSA.
100. G.O. No. 1793, Revenue, 17 August 1936, p. 42, TNSA.
101. BOR, Vol. 2005, 5 January 1846, pp. 170-71, TNSA.
102. BOR, Vol. 2310, 11 December 1851, p. 16470, TNSA.
103. Richards, Madras District Gazetteers, p. 47.
104. BOR, Vol. 1838, 15 December 1842, p. 16685, TNSA.
105. Letter from Arbuthnot to the BOR, 23 May 1866, TNSA.