Towards Dussehra 1831: The revolt of Lallaji Patel

Indian Economic and Social History Review

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 147-177

  Farooqui, Amar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

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EID: 22444453873     PISSN: 00194646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/001946469803500203     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Ian Copland, The British Raj and the Indian Princes: Paramountcy in Western India, 1857-1930, Bombay, 1982, p. 2.
2. Almost the entire elevated plain of Malwa lies in Madhya Pradesh. The western Madhya Pradesh districts of Mandsaur, Ratlam, Ujjain, Indore, Dhar, Dewas, Shajapur, Rajgarh and Vidisha constitute the main Malwa area. In the north-west, Malwa extends to the portions of the Chittaurgarh and Jhalawar districts of Rajasthan which lie immediately adjacent to Mandsaur district.
3. 'Extracts from Indore Ukhbars', tr., 8 September 1831, National Archives of India, Foreign Department Miscellaneous (hereafter NAI, FD Misc.), Indore Letters (hereafter, IL), 192/ii (this volume hereafter, IL, 192/ii).
4. G. Wellesley, Resident, Indore, to Government of India, 28 September 1831, IL, 192/ii;
5. 'Extracts from Oujein Ukhbars', tr., 9 September 1831, IL, 192/ii; Raoji Ganesh, kamavisdar, Agar, to Sindia's vakil at Indore, received 22 September 1831, IL, 192/ii; Risaladar Jalal Khan to Capt. B. McMahon, 3 September 1831, IL, 192/ii.
6. McMahon to Wellesley, 22 September 1831, IL. 192/ii. With the collapse of Mughal authority, suba referred to what would earlier have been called a sarkar; similarly, pargana corresponded to what was earlier a mahal.
7. McMahon to Capt. W. Borthwick, agent, Mehidpur, 1 October 1831, IL, 192/ii.
8. According to John Malcolm, the tract from Gangdhar (district Jhalawar) to Ujjain; and from the Chambal to Agar (district Shajapur) was designated 'Sondwarra'. John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, including Malwa and Adjoining Provinces, 2 Vols, London, 1823, Vol. I, p. 511.
9. Stephen Fuchs, The Aboriginal Tribes of India, Delhi, 1973, p. 106.
10. To these were added communities which were uprooted due to wars and colonial penetration in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. They took to plunder and 'criminal' activities when they found themselves unable to earn a living as farmers, artisans or soldiers: 'They are thus not primitive food gatherers, but more like degraded Rajputs, Jats and members of other martial castes generally of higher social rank and belonging to a superior cultural category. Even in the pursuance of their criminal activities they display a higher intelligence, more involved techniques and a strong spirit of adventure often coupled with a certain chivalry'. Stephen Fuchs, The Aboriginal Tribes of India, Ibid., p. 107.
11. Cf. C.S. Venkatachar, 'Introduction', Census Report of the Central India Agency, 1931, Vol. XXII, p. 277.
12. Dirk H.A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850, Cambridge, 1990, pp. 87-91.
13. Cf. S.N. Sen, The Military System of the Marathas, Bombay, 1958, pp. 115, 117, 120-21.
14. Seema Alavi, 'The Making of Company Power: James Skinner in the Ceded and Conquered Provinces, 1802-1840', The Indian Economic and Social History Review (hereafter IESHR), Vol. 30(4), 1993, p. 465.
15. Stewart N. Gordon, 'The Slow Conquest: Administrative Integration of Malwa into the Maratha Empire', Modern Asian Studies (hereafter MAS), Vol. 11(1), 1977, p. 35.
16. Anyone intending to visit present day Nalkhera, the focal point of Lallaji Patel's activities, would discover that this part of Malwa still remains remote as ever, very poorly served by any kind of transport. In neighbouring Rajgarh, also a part of Sondhwara, a mere 3.06 per cent villages had any bus or rail link till the 1980s; and just 7.38 per cent villages could be approached by pucca road. The nearest railhead from the district headquarters is 85 kms. Census of India, 1981, Madhya Pradesh, District Handbook, Rajgarh District, Part XIII-A, pp. xxi and xxiii.
17. 'Extracts from the Kotah Ukhbars', 4 September 1831, NAI, Foreign Department Political Consultations (hereafter FDP), 65/18 November 1831.
18. Jalal Khan to McMahon, 3 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
19. Cf. Borthwick to Wellesley, 27 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
20. Borthwick to Wellesley, 27 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
21. McMahon to Borthwick, 1 October 1831, IL, 192/ii.
22. Wellesley to G. Swinton, Secretary, Government of India, 3 September (October) 1831, NAI, FDP, 69/18 November 1831.
23. McMahon to Borthwick, 1 October 1831, IL, 192/ii.
24. Deposition of Pratap Singh, encl. in L. Wilkinson, Political Agent, Eastern Malwa, to Capt. T. Robinson, Officiating Resident, Indore, 1 December 1831, IL, 192/ii.
25. 'Account of Lalla Putel received from persons who have come from his camp', n.d., NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
26. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
27. Substance of letter addressed to the Shajapur vakil at Sehore, n.d., enclosed in Extracts from the Kotah Ukhbars ibid 1831; Raoji Ganesh to Sindia's vakil at Indore, received 22 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
28. Report of Ratanji, thana Chhapera, Narsinghgarh, tr. enclosed in Wilkinson to Robinson, 2 December 1831, IL, 192/ii.
29. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
30. J.W. Kaye, A History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-1858, fifth edition, London, 1870, Vol. I, p. 572n.
31. 'Account of LaIIa Putel . . . etc.', n.d., NAI, FD, 65/18 November 1831.
32. Kamavisdar, Sarangpur, to Dewas authorities, received 26 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
33. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
34. Account of LaIIa Putel . . . Etc. Ibid. 1831
35. Babaji Atma Ram, Newswriter, Deoguradiya, to Satmahla vakil (Mehidpur), received 19 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
36. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii.
37. Report of Ratanji, encl. in Account of LaIIa Putel . . . Etc. ibid., IL, 192/ii; 'Account of Lalla Putel . . . etc.', NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
38. 'Account of Lalla Putel . . . etc.', NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831, emphasis added.
39. Account of Lalla Putel . . . etc., Ibid. 1831
40. 'Indore Ukhbars', 25 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
41. Oujein Ukhbars', 9 September 1831, Indore Ukhbars, ibid.
42. 'Oujein Ukhbars', 19 September 1831, Indore Ukhbars, ibid.
43. 'Kotah Ukhbars', 3 September 1831, Indore Ukhbars, ibid.;
44. 'Nursingurh Ukhbars', n.d., Indore Ukhbars, ibid.; letter to Shajapur vakil at Sehore, n.d., NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831;
45. 'he talks in an extravagant manner of a change of Government', same to same, n.d., Nursingurh Ukhbars, Indore Ukhbars, ibid.;
46. '[he] threatens not to leave an English gentleman on this side of Calcutta', letter to Wilkinson, n.d., Nursingurh Ukhbars, Indore Ukhbars, ibid.;
47. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii; Report of Ratanji, Nursingurh Ukhbars, Indore Ukhbars, ibid.
48. Report of Ratanji, IL, 192/ii.
49. McMahon to Borthwick, 1 October 1831, IL, 192/ii.
50. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii.
51. Borthwick to Wellesley, 27 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
52. Jalal Khan to McMahon, 3 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831; McMahon to Wellesley, 18 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831; Kamavisdar, Sarangpur, to Dewas authorities, received 26 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831. Lallaji did not reserve the title 'Alijah Bahadur' for himself, but seems to have frequently used it for the mythical Khande Rao as well.
53. Jalal Khan to McMahon, 3 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831; 'Oujein Ukhbars', 14 September 1831 and 24 September 1831, Indore Ukhbars ibid.;
54. 'Kotah Ukhbars', 4 September 1831, Indore Ukhbars ibid.;
55. 'Nursingurh Ukhbars', n.d., Indore Ukhbars ibid.; Report of Ratanji, IL, 192/ii.
56. 'Oujein Ukhbars', 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
57. McMahon to Wellesley, 22 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
58. Surajit Sinha, 'State Formation and Rajput Myth in Tribal Central India', Presidential Address, Section of Anthropology and Archaeology, 49th Indian Science Congress, Cuttack, 1962,
59. repr. in H. Kulke, ed., The State in India, 1000-1700, Delhi, 1995, p. 334.
60. H. Kulke, , The State in India, 1000-1700, Ibid.1995, p. 334. In this case Dussehra also coincided with the beginning of the dry season, the usual season for military expeditions in the region.
61. James Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, 2 Vols, 4th edition, Bombay, 1878, Vol. II, p. 600.
62. G.S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas, Vol. III, Bombay, 1948, p. 477.
63. Cf. Jalal Khan to McMahon, 3 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831; McMahon to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
64. Cf. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput, p. 72.
65. Malcolm, Memoir, Vol. I, p. 511.
66. Raghubir Singh, Malwa in Transition: The First Phase, 1698-1765, Bombay, 1936, pp. 11-12.
67. Unless otherwise specified, 'district' refers to present day districts and district boundaries.
68. Capt. F. Dangerfield, Surveying Officer, to John Malcolm, 3 October 1820, NAI, Separate Revenue Branch Consultations, 18/1 December 1820 (this consultation henceforth, DR); W. Hamilton, East India Gazetteer, 2 Vols, London, 1828, Vol. II, p. 34;
69. C.E. Luard and D.N. Sheopuri, Gwalior State Gazetteer, The Central India State Gazetteer Series, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1908, pp. 245-46, 265, 275 and 293
70. (hereafter Gwalior Gazetteer).
71. John Malcolm, Report on the Province of Malwa and Adjoining Districts, 11 February 1821, Calcutta, 1927, p. 287;
72. Malcolm, Memoir, Vol. II, p. 247.
73. On Appa Gangadhar, see Amar Farooqui, 'Opium enterprise and colonial intervention in Malwa and western India, 1800-1824', IESHR, Vol. 32(4), 1995, p. 470.
74. DR; Malcolm, Memoir, Vol. II, p. 512;
75. Hamilton, Gazetteer, Vol. I, pp. 396 and 622;
76. Hamilton, Gazetteer, Vol. II, p. 257;
77. C.E. Luard and R.P. Dube, Indore State Gazetteer, The Central India State Gazetteer Series, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1908, pp. 244, 253, 274, 287 and 297;
78. Madhya Pradesh Gazetteers, Indore District, Bhopal, 1971, p. 80.
79. Malcolm, Memoir, Vol. II, p. 248;
80. C.E. Luard, The Central India State Gazetteer Series, Vol. V, Part A,
81. Western States (Malwa) Gazetteer, Bombay, 1908
82. (hereafter, Malwa Gazetteer), section, 'Sitamau';
83. M.S. Ranawat, Introduction to Keshavadas Abhilekhagar Puralekhiya Samagri ka Suchi Patra, Part I, Sitamau, 1991, n.p.
84. Cf. Jhalawar Settlement Report, 1885, p. 1.
85. James Tod, Political Agent, Western Rajputana, to C.T. Metcalfe, Secretary, Govt. of India, 12 March 1820, NAI, FDP, 15/22 April 1820.
86. Cf. 'Memoranda Regarding the Petty States of Oomutwara . . . etc.', Letters from Agent, Bhopal, 7 July 1820, NAI, FD, Central India Agency, Extracts (hereafter CIA), file no. 36. Khilchipur (district Rajgarh), in the northern part of the district, was a petty Rajput principality. Sindia claimed tribute from the Chauhan rulers of this petty state. Malcolm, Report, p. 339;
87. Hamilton, Gazetteer, Vol. II, p. 617;
88. Gwalior Gazetteer, p. 292;
89. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Oxford, 1907-08, Vol. XV, pp. 277-78.
90. R.N. Hamilton, 'Narrative of the Principal Events of the Holkar State from 1837', n.d., NAI, FD Misc., 327, p. 86.
91. H.B. Abbott, Jhalawar Gazetteer, The Rajputana Gazetteer, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1879, pp. 186, 188, 204, 285;
92. B.N. Dhoundiyal, Rajasthan District Gazetteers, Jhalawar, Jaipur, 1964, pp. 1-2;
93. Savitri Gupta, Rajasthan District Gazetteers, Kota, Jaipur, 1982, pp. 37 and 39;
94. M.L. Sharma, Kota Rajya ka Itihasa, 2 Vols, Kota, Samvat 1996, Vol. II, p. 509;
95. S.C. Misra, Sindhia-Holkar Rivalry in Rajasthan, Delhi, 1981, pp. 17, 19 and 188.
96. At the time of the 1831 revolt Chaumahla was technically a part of Kota. According to the Jhalawar Settlement Report of 1885, Sondhias held 78 per cent of the land in Chaumahla. Jhalawar Settlement Report, p. 22.
97. Cf. Gwalior Gazetteer, Part iii, Village List, p. 281;
98. also Gwalior Gazetteer, Part i, map.
99. A.M. Sinha, Madhya Pradesh Gazetteers, District Shajapur, Bhopal, 1994, p. 3.
100. Shajapur Gazetteer, p. 57.
101. Census of India, 1981, Madhya Pradesh, District Handbook, XIII-A, Shajapur District pp. 56-57.
102. Revenue accounts pertaining to the Satmahla are contained in the records of the Gulgule family which represented Maratha interests (both Sindia and Holkar) in the area, and in certain other parts of north-western Malwa, during the late eighteenth/early nineteenth century. The Gulgules acted in concert with Zalim Singh, to whom a number of letters contained in the Gulgule daftar are addressed. Circa 1810, the ijara (farm) for the seven mahals is stated to be Rs 3,19,308.
103. Letter dated 28 July 1810, Sri Nat Nagar Shodh Samsthan, Sitamau, Gulgule daftar, Circa Vol. IX, No. 213.
104. See also, Malcolm, Report, pp. 333 and 339;
105. Gwalior Gazetteer, pp. 198, 251, 271, 288 and 294.
106. DR; Hamilton, Gazetteer, Vol. II, p. 528;
107. Gwalior Gazetteer, p. 306.
108. Gwalior Gazetteer, p. 172.
109. Gwalior Gazetteer, Ibid.p. 172.
110. DR; Malwa Gazetteer, pp. 113-14.
111. The use of the title 'diwan' can be a little confusing in the context of Narsinghgarh, the ruler of which state was, for historical reasons which it is not necessary to go into over here, referred to as 'diwan' rather than 'raja'.
112. Cf. letter to Government of India, (1818?), NAI, FD, CIA, Bhopal Letter Book B 1, Issues to Govt. no. 73, file no. 45.
113. Cf. Census, 1981, Rajgarh District Handbook, p. xxi.
114. Census, 1981, Rajgarh District Handbook, Ibid.p. xxi. ; Capt. William Henley, Agent, Eastern Malwa, to J. Stewart, Resident, Gwalior, 19 February 1819, NAI, FD, CIA, file no. 45; G. Sydenham, Agent, Berar, 'Memorandum respecting the Pindarries towards the end of the year 1814', 15 October 1814, NAI, FD Misc., 124. p. 51.
115. Cf. Abul Fazl, Ain-i-Akbari, Lucknow, Nawal Kishore edition, Vol. II, pp. 98-99;
116. Irfan Habib, An Atlas of The Mughal Empire, Delhi, 1982, p. 34.
117. James Tod on Pindaris, October 1811, NAI, FD Misc., 124, pp. 8, 15-14. Sydenham, 'Memorandum', Irfan Habib, An Atlas of The Mughal Empire, ibid., p. 50;
118. B.K. Sinha, The Pindaris, Calcutta, 1971, p. 8.
119. Letter to Government of India (1818?), Bhopal Letter Book B 1, Issues to Govt., no 73, NAI, FD, CIA, file no. 45; N. Alves, Political Agent, Eastern Malwa, to W.B. Martin, Resident, Indore, 29 October 1833, B.K. Sinha, The Pindaris, ibid.; Henley to Stewart, 11 April 1819, IL, 192/ii.
120. 'Account of receipts of revenue from Tullein . . . etc.', 17 April 1823, NAI, FD, CIA, file no. 45; Alves to Martin, 29 October 1833, B.K. Sinha, The Pindaris, ibid.;
121. Wilkinson, Political Agent, Bhopal, to Col. Speirs, Offg. Resident, Gwalior, 5 February 1841, B.K. Sinha, The Pindaris, ibid.
122. Lord Hastings, Governor-General, to Secret Committee, Court of Directors, 1 March 1820, B.K. Sinha, Papers Respecting the Pindarry and Mahratta Wars, NAI, FD Misc., 124/A, p. 403.
123. Henley to Stewart, 11 April 1819, 192/ii; Wilkinson, to Robinson, 1 December 1831, B.K. Sinha, Papers Respecting the Pindarry and Mahratta Wars, ibid.; also NAI, FD, CIA, 'Shujawulpur', file no. 16.
124. Wilkinson to Robinson, 1 December 1831, IL, 192/ii (hereafter Wilkinson, Shujalpur Report). Rangri is one of the derivatives of the Malwi dialect of Rajasthani. It is mixed up with a large number of Marwari words. Cf. Imperial Gazetteer, Vol. IX, p. 351.
125. Census, 1981, Shajapur District Handbook, p. xxviii.
126. McMahon to Wellesley, 18 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
127. Deposition of Khoob Chund Bhamin, encl. in Wilkinson to Robinson, 2 December 1831, IL, 192/ii.
128. Census, 1981, Shajapur District Handbook, Ibid. p. xxviii.
129. Report of Ratanji, IL, 192/ii.
130. Jalal Khan to McMahon, 3 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831. The Sarangpur kamavisdar stated that 'About four or five hundred Bunyas shops are set up in his camp'. Kamavisdar, Sarangpur, to Dewas authorities, 26 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
131. Report of Ratanji, IL, 192/ii.
132. Deposition of Khoob Chund, IL, 192/ii.
133. 'Kotah Ukhbars', 4 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
134. Report of Ratanji, IL, 192/ii.
135. McMahon to Wellesley, 18 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
136. Raoji Ganesh to Sindia's vakil at Indore, received 22 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
137. Letter to Shajapur vakil at Sehore, n.d., NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
138. Letter to Wilkinson, n.d., NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
139. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii.
140. Deposition of Khoob Chund, IL, 192/ii.
141. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
142. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii.
143. Cf. Kamavisdar, Sarangpur, to Dewas authorities, received 26 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
144. Jalal Khan to McMahon, 18 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831; 'Purtap Sing has presented him with a Palkee and Bearers', Babaji Atma Ram to Satmahla vakil, 19 September 1831, Kamavisdar, ibid.
145. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii.
146. 'Nursingurh Ukhbars', n.d., NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831; 'Oujein Ukhbars', 26 September 1831, Kamavisdar ibid.
147. Jalal Khan to McMahon, 3 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831; same to same, 18 September 1831, Kamavisdar ibid.;
148. Babaji Atmaram to Satmahla vakil, received 19 September 1831, Kamavisdar ibid.; McMahon to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831; Letter to Wilkinson, n.d., NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831; Deposition of Pratap Singh IL 192/ii.
149. Ct. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii,
150. McMahon to Wellesley, 22 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831; Borthwick to Wellesley, 26 September 1831, Kamavisdar ibid.;
151. same to same, 27 September 1831, Kamavisdar ibid.
152. Borthwick to Wellesley, 27 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
153. Borthwick to Wellesley, 27 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
154. 'Indore Ukhbars', 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
155. 'Indore Ukhbars', 25 September 1831, Kamavisdar ibid.
156. 'Indore Ukhbars', 1831, Kamavisdar, Ibid.
157. 'Oujein Ukhbars', 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
158. 'Durkhast presented by Sindiah's Vakeel', n.d., tr. enclosed in Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November.
159. Oujein Ukhbars Ibid. 1831
160. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
161. 'Indore Ukhbars', 25 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831. On differential rates for opium and other crops in Holkar territories see, Farooqui, 'Opium enterprise', p. 459.
162. 'Oujein Ukhbars', 12 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
163. McMahon to Wellesley, 18 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 66/18 November 1831.
164. 'Indore Ukhbars', 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 65/18 November 1831.
165. Acting resident, Indore, to Government of India, 19 February 1832, NAI, FD Misc., IL, 193.
166. Oujein Ukhbars Ibid. 1831
167. Oujein Ukhbars Ibid. 1831
168. Wilkinson to Robinson, 18 January 1832, NAI, FD Misc., IL, 193.
169. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
170. Wilkinson to Robinson, 18 January 1832, FD Misc., IL, 193.
171. Borthwick to Robinson, 15 February 1832, NAI, FD Misc., IL, 193.
172. 'Report on Gwalior Affairs', S.C. Macpherson, Political Agent, Gwalior, to R. Hamilton, Agent to the Governor-General for Central India, 13 December 1856, NAI, FD, CIA, Gwalior Residency, file no. 267, pp. 75-76.
173. George Rigby to Capt. Spears, 6 June 1826, NAI, FD Misc., IL, 191.
174. E.M. Gordon, Bangur and Kanthal Political Agent's Office, Nimach, to Col. Lumley, commanding the Mewar Field Force, 6 June 1826, NAI, FD Misc., IL, 191.
175. Wellesley to Swinton, 29 July 1826, Oujein Ukhbars ibid.
176. Gordon to Lumley, 6 June 1826, Oujein Ukhbars ibid.
177. Lt. A. Lloyd, 48th Native Infantry, to Capt. W. Pickersgill, 16 June 1826, Oujein Ukhbars ibid.
178. Malcolm, Memoir, Vol. II, p. 514;
179. Hamilton, Gazetteer, Vol. II, p. 523;
180. Gwalior Gazetteer, pp. 123-24;
181. V.V. Thakur (ed.), Holkarshahicha Itihasa, Vol. I, Indore, 1944, p. 401.
182. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 8 November 1831, IL, 192/ii.
183. Henley to David Ochterlony, Agent, Rajputana-Malwa, V.V. Thakur 8 June 1821, Holkarshahicha Itihasa ibid. Col. Sangster, whose son had now assumed the name Tod, had left the Rana of Gohad to join Sindia's elite corps raised by de Boigne. De Boigne had appointed him the superintendent of his arsenal.
184. Cf. Herbert Compton, A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan From 1784 to 1803, London, 1892, p. 31.
185. Cf. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 8 November 1831, IL, 192/ii.
186. Report of Ratanji, IL, 192/ii.
187. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii.
188. Wilkinson to Wellesley, 24 September 1831, NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831.
189. Capt. J.D. Cunningham, Political Agent, Bhopal, to R.N. Hamilton, Resident, Indore, 16 November 1848, NAI, FD, CIA, file no. 135.
190. Wilkinson, Shujalpur Report.
191. Wilkinson, Shujalpur Report Ibid.
192. Wilkinson, Shujalpur Report ibid.
193. Letter to Wilkinson, n.d., NAI, FDP, 68/18 November 1831; Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii; Report of Ratanji, Wilkinson, Shujalpur Report ibid.
194. Wilkinson to Martin, 3 May 1832, NAI, FDP, CIA, file no. 34.
195. Deposition of Pratap Singh, IL, 192/ii.
196. Robinson to H.T. Prinsep, Secretary, Government of India, 19 February 1832, NAI, FD Misc., IL, 193.