Organizational safety culture/climate and worker compliance with hazardous drug guidelines: Lessons from the blood-borne pathogen experience

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 47, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 740-749

  McDiarmid, Melissa A ^a   Condon, Marian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CLIMATE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; MATERIALS HANDLING; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY; ORGANIZATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE;

EID: 22444436367     PISSN: 10762752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000165751.21088.46     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. IARC. Some Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressant Agents. [26]. Lyon, France and Washington, DC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1981. IARC Monographs of the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
2. IARC. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs. [1 to 42]. Lyon, France and Washington, DC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987. IARC Monographs of the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
3. IARC. Some Pharmaceutical Drugs. [50]. Lyon, France and Washington, DC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1990. IARC Monographs of the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
4. IARC. Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical Agents. [76]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2001. IARC Monographs of the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
5. Tew KD, Colvin OM, Chabner BA. Alkylating agents. In: Chabner BA, Longo DL, eds. Cancer Chemotherapy & Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001:373-414.
6. Schilsky R. Infertility after cancer chemotherapy. In; Chabner B, Longo D, eds. Cancer Chemotherapy & Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 50-66.
7. Harris CC. Immunosuppressive anticancer drugs in man: their oncogenic potential. Radiology. 1975;114:163-166.
8. Davis HL Jr, Prout MN, McKenna PJ, Cole DR, Korbitz BC. Acute leukemia complicating metastatic breast cancer. Cancer. 1973;31:543-546.
9. Erlichman C, Moore M. Carcinogenesis: a late complication of cancer chemotherapy. In: Chabner B, Longo D, eds. Cancer Chemotherapy & Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001: 67-84.
10. Karp JE, Sarkodee-Adoo CB. Therapy-related acute leukemia. Clin Lab Med. 2000;20:71-81, ix.
11. McDevitt JJ, Lees PS, McDiarmid MA. Exposure of hospital pharmacists and nurses to antineoplastic agents. J Occup Med. 1993;35:57-60.
12. Connor TH, Anderson RW, Sessink PJ, Broadfield L, Power LA. Surface contamination with antineoplastic agents in six cancer treatment centers in Canada and the United States. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1427-1432.
13. Larson RR, Khazaeli MB, Dillon HK. Monitoring method for surface contamination caused by selected antineoplastic agents. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002; 59:270-277.
14. Schmaus G, Schierl R, Funck S. Monitoring surface contamination by antineoplastic drugs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and voltammetry. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002;59:956-961.
15. McDiarmid MA, Kolodner K, Humphrey FE, Putnam D, Jacobson-Kram D. Baseline and mutagen-induced sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of pharmacists handling anticancer drugs. Environ Epidemiol Toxicol. 2000;2:254-260.
16. Baker ES, Connor TH. Monitoring occupational exposure to cancer chemotherapy drugs. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996;53:2713-2723.
17. Sessink PJ, Bos RP. Drugs hazardous to healthcare workers. Evaluation of methods for monitoring occupational exposure to cytostatic drugs. Drug Saf. 1999;20: 347-359.
18. Sardas S, Gok S, Karakaya AE. Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Toxicol Lett. 1991;55:311-315.
19. Sarto F, Trevisan A, Tomanin R, Canova A, Fiorentino M. Chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and urinary thioethers in nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Am J Ind Med. 1990; 18:689-695.
20. Ensslin AS, Stoll Y, Pethran A, Pfaller A, Rommelt H, Fruhmann G. Biological monitoring of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in urine of hospital personnel occupationally exposed to cytostatic drugs. Occup Environ Med. 1994;51: 229-233.
21. Ensslin AS, Pethran A, Schierl R, Fruhmann G. Urinary platinum in hospital personnel occupationally exposed to platinum-containing antineoplastic drugs. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1994;65: 339-342.
22. Evelo CT, Bos RP, Peters JG, Henderson PT. Urinary cyclophosphamide assay as a method for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1986;58:151-155.
23. Sessink PJ, Boer ICA, Scheefhals AP, Anzion RB, Bos RP. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents at several departments in a hospital. Environmental contamination and excretion of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in urine of exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1992;64:105-112.
24. Sessink PJ, Cerna M, Rossner P, et al. Urinary cyclophosphamide excretion and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes after occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents. Mutat Res. 1994;309:193-199.
25. Sessink PJ, Van de Kerkhof MC, Anzion RB, Noordhoek J, Bos RP. Environmental contamination and assessment of exposure to antineoplastic agents by determination of cyclophosphamide in urine of exposed pharmacy technicians: is skin absorption an important exposure route? 12. Arch Environ Health. 1994;49: 165-169.
26. Minoia C, Turci R, Sottani C, et al. Application of high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in the environmental and biological monitoring of health care personnel occupationally exposed to cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide 1. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 1998;12:1485-1493.
27. Schreiber C, Radon K, Pethran A et al. Uptake of antineoplastic agents in pharmacy personnel. Part II: study of work-related risk factors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76:11-16.
28. Selevan SG, Lindbohm ML, Hornung RW, Hemminki K. A study of occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and fetal loss in nurses. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1173-1178.
29. Rogers B. Health hazards to personnel handling antineoplastic agents. Occup Med. 1987;2:513-524.
30. Stucker I, Caillard JF, Collin R, Gout M, Poyen D, Hemon D. Risk of spontaneous abortion among nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1990;16:102-107.
31. Valants B, Vollmer WM, Steele P. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents: self-reported miscarriages and stillbirths among nurses and pharmacists. J Occup Environ Med. 1999;41:632-638.
32. Hemminki K, Kyronen P, Lindbohm ML. Spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of nurses exposed to anaesthetic gases, cytostatic drugs, and other potential hazards in hospitals, based on registered information of outcome. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1985;39: 141-147.
33. Valants B, Vollmer W, Labuhn K, Glass A. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents and self-reported infertility among nurses and pharmacists 2. J Occup Environ Med. 1997;39:574-580.
34. Stucker I, Mandereau L, Hemon D. Relationship between birthweight and occupational exposure to cytostatic drugs during or before pregnancy 2. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993;19:148-153.
35. Shortridge LA, Lemasters GK, Valanis B, Hertzberg V. Menstrual cycles in nurses handling antineoplastic drugs 1. Cancer Nurs. 1995;18:439-444.
36. McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Armstrong B et al. Congenital defects and work in pregnancy. Br J Ind Med. 1988; 45:581-588.
37. Zielhuis G, Peelen SJ, Florack EI, Roeleveld N. Hospital work and fecundability. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999; 25(Suppl 1):47-48.
38. McDiarmid MA. Public health policy activity on the safe handling of hazardous anti-cancer drugs in the healthcare workplace. Eur J Oncol., in press.
39. US Census Bureau. Standard Industry Codes (SIC), from County Business Patterns 1998 (Mid March employee numbers). Released December 13, 2000, Washington, DC: CD-CBP98.
40. US Department of Labor. 2001 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor; 2002.
41. Kusnetz E, Condon M. Acute effects from occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in a para-professional health care worker. Am J Ind Med. 2003;44: 107-109.
42. Fransman W, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H. Occupational dermal exposure to cyclophosphamide in dutch hospitals: a pilot study. Ann Occup Hyg. 2004;48: 237-244.
43. Kleinberg ML, Quinn MJ. Airborne drug levels in a laminar-flow hood. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981;38:1301-1303.
44. deWerk NA, Wadden RA, Chiou WL. Exposure of hospital workers to airborne antineoplastic agents. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1983;40:597-601.
45. McDiarmid MA, Egan T, Furio M, Bonacci M, Watts SR. Sampling for airborne fluorouracil in a hospital drug preparation area. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1986;43:1942-1945.
46. Connor TH, Shults M, Fraser MP. Determination of the vaporization of solutions of mutagenic antineoplastic agents at 23 and 37 degrees C using a desiccator technique. Mutat Res. 2000;470:85-92.
47. Ben Ami S, Shaham J, Rabin S, Melzer A, Ribak J. The influence of nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and health beliefs on their safe behavior with cytotoxic drugs in Israel. Cancer Nurs. 2001;24: 192-200.
48. OSHA. Controlling Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Drugs. Washington, DC: OSHA; 1995.
49. OSHA. Guidelines for Antineoplastic (Cytotoxic) Drugs. Washington, DC: OSHA; 1986.
50. Valanis B, McNeil V, Driscoll K. Staff members' compliance with their facility's antineoplastic drug handling policy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1991;18:571-576.
51. Valanis B, Vollmer WM, Labuhn K, Glass A, Corelle C. Antineoplastic drug handling protection after OSHA guidelines. Comparison by profession, handling activity, and work site. J Occup Med. 1992;34:149-155.
52. Mahon SM, Casperson DS, Yackzan S et al. Safe handling practices of cytotoxic drugs: the results of a chapter survey. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1994;21:1157-1165.
53. Nieweg RM, de Boer M, Dubbleman RC et al. Safe handling of antineoplastic drugs. Results of a survey. Cancer Nurs. 1994;17:501-511.
54. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH Alert: Preventing Occupational Exposures to Antineoplastic and other Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings. Atlanta, GA: NIOSH; 004.
55. Stajicj GV, Barnett CW, Turner SV, Henderson CA. Protective measures used by oncologic office nurses handling parenteral antineopl agents. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1986;13:47-49.
56. Cohen I, Newland S, Kirking D. Injectable-antineoplastic drug practices in Michigan hospitals. Am J Hosp Pharmacies. 1987;44:1090-1095.
57. Valanis B, Shortridge L. Self protective practices of nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1987;14: 23-27.
58. Rogers B. Work practices of nurses who handle antineoplastic agents. AAOHN J. 1987;35:24-31.
59. McDiarmid MA, Kolodner K, Humphrey F, Putman D, Jacobson-Kram D. Baseline and phosphoramide mustard-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in pharmacists handling anti-cancer drugs. Mutat Res. 1992;279:199-204.
60. McDiarmid MA, Kolodner K, Humphrey F, Putman D, Jacobson-Kram D. Baseline and mutagen-induced sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of pharmacists handling anticancer drugs. Environ Epiemiol Toxicol. 2000;2:254-260.
61. Valanis B, McNeil V, Driscoll K. Staff members' compliance with their facility's antineoplastic drug handling policy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1991;18:571-576.
62. Mahon SM, Casperson DS, Yackzan S et al. Safe handling practices of cytotoxic drugs: the results of a chapter survey. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1994;21:1157-1165.
63. Nieweg RM, de Boer M, Dubbleman RC et al. Safe handling of antineoplastic drugs. Results of a survey. Cancer Nurs. 1994;17:501-511.
64. Undeger U, Basaran N, Kars A, Guc D. Assessment of DNA damage in nurses handling antineoplastic drugs by the alkaline COMET assay. Mutat Res. 1999; 439:277-285.
65. Ben Ami S, Shaham J, Rabin S, Melzer A, Ribak J. The influence of nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and health beliefs on their safe behavior with cytotoxic drugs in Israel. Cancer Nurs. 2001;24: 192-200.
66. Martin S, Larson E. Chemotherapy-handling practices of outpatient and office-based oncology nurses. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2003;30:575-581.
67. Krstev S, Perunicic B, Vidakovic A. Work practice and some adverse health effects in nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Med Lav. 2003;94:432-439.
68. Stajicj GV, Barnett CW, Turner SV, Henderson CA. Protective measures used by oncologic office nurses handling parenteral antineopl agents 3. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1986;13:47-49.
69. Valanis B, Shortridge L. Self protective practices of nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1987;14: 23-27.
70. Rogers B. Work practices of nurses who handle antineoplastic agents. AAOHN J. 1987;35:24-31.
71. Cohen I, Newland S, Kirking D. Injectable-antineoplastic drug practices in Michigan hospitals. Am J Hosp Pharmacies. 1987;44:1090-1095.
72. Mayer DK. Hazards of chemotherapy. Implementing safe handling practices. Cancer. 1992;70:988-992.
73. Martin S, Larson E. Chemotherapy-handling practices of outpatient and office-based oncology nurses. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2003;30:575-581.
74. Undeger U, Basaran N, Kars A, Guc D. Assessment of DNA damage in nurses handling antineoplastic drugs by the alkaline COMET assay. Mutat Res. 1999; 439:277-285.
75. Fuchs J, Hengstler JG, Jung D, Hiltl G, Konietzko J, Oesch F. DNA damage in nurses handling antineoplastic agents. Mutat Res. 1995;342:17-23.
76. Grummt T, Grummt HJ, Schott G. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of nurses and physicians handling antineoplastic drugs. Mutat Res. 1993;302:19-24.
77. Oestreicher U, Stephan G, Glatzel M. Chromosome and SCE analysis in peripheral lymphocytes of persons occupationally exposed to cytostatic drugs handled with and without use of safety covers. Mutat Res. 1990;242:271-277.
78. Anderson RW, Puckett WH, Jr., Dana WJ, Nguyen TV, Theiss JC, Matney TS. Risk of handling injectable antineoplastic agents 1. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1982;39: 1881-1887.
79. Andersen RW, Puckett WH, Jr., Dana WJ, Nguyen TV, Theiss JC, Matney TS. Risk of handling injectable antineoplastic agents. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1982;39: 1881-1887.
80. Oestreicher U, Stephan G, Glatzel M. Chromosome and SCE analysis in peripheral lymphocytes of persons occupationally exposed to cytostatic drugs handled with and without use of safety covers. Mutat Res. 1990;242:271-277.
81. Grummt T, Grummt HJ, Schott G. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of nurses and physicians handling antineoplastic drugs. Mutat Res. 1993;302:19-24.
82. Fuchs J, Hengstler JG, Jung D, Hiltl G, Konietzko J, Oesch F. DNA damage in nurses handling antineoplastic agents. Mutat Res. 1995;342:17-23.
83. US Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) Bloodborne pathogens. 1910.1030. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration web site; 2001.
84. Gershon RR, Karkashian C, Felknor S. Universal precautions: an update. Heart Lung. 1994;23:352-358.
85. White CM, Berger MC. Using force field analysis to promote use of personal protective equipment 1. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992;13:752-755.
86. DeJoy DM, Gershon RR, Murphy LR, Wilson MG. A work-systems analysis of compliance with universal precautions among health care workers. Health Educ Q. 1996;23:159-174.
87. DeJoy DM, Searcy CA, Murphy LR, Gershon RR. Behavioral-diagnostic analysis of compliance with universal precautions among nurses. J Occup Health Psychol. 2000;5:127-141.
88. Grosch JW, Gershon RR, Murphy LR, DeJoy DM. Safety climate dimensions associated with occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens in nurses. Am J Ind Med. 1999;(Suppl 1):122-124.
89. Gershon RR, Vlahov D, Felknor SA et al. Compliance with universal precautions among health care workers at three regional hospitals. Am J Infect Control. 1995;23:225-236.
90. Gershon RR, Karkashian CD, Grosch JW et al. Hospital safety climate and its relationship with safe work practices and workplace exposure incidents. Am J Infect Control. 2000;28:211-221.
91. Gershon RR, Stone PW, Bakken S, Larson E. Measurement of organizational culture and climate in healthcare 2. J Nurs Adm. 2004;34:33-40.
92. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). Process Safety Management: Standards. Washington, DC: OSHA; 2004.
93. Gershon RR, Karkashian CD, Grosch JW et al. Hospital safety climate and its relationship with safe work practices and workplace exposure incidents. Am J Infect Control. 2000;28:211-221.
94. National Research Council (NRC). Improving Risk Communication. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.