Health innovation networks to help developing countries address neglected diseases

Science

Volumn 309, Issue 5733, 2005, Pages 401-404

  Morel, Carlos M ^a   Acharya, Tara ^b   Broun, Denis ^c   Dangi, Ajit ^d   Elias, Christopher ^e   Ganguly, N K ^f   Gardner, Charles A ^g   Gupta, R K ^h   Haycock, Jane ⁱ   Heher, Anthony D ^j   Hotez, Peter J ^k   Kettler, Hannah E ^l   Keusch, Gerald T ^m   Krattiger, Anatole F ⁿ   Kreutz, Fernando T ^o   Lall, Sanjaya ^p   Lee, Keun ^q   Mahoney, Richard ⁿ   Martinez Palomo, Adolfo ^r   Mashelkar, R A ^h   Matlin, Stephen A ^s   Mzimba, Mandi ^b   Oehler, Joachim ^t   Ridley, Robert G ^u   Senanayake, Pramilla ^v   Singer, Peter ^w   Yun, Mikyung ^x   more..

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^b Apartment 18A ^*  (Belgium)

^c Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS   (India)

^d Peninsula Chambers   (India)

^e Prog Appropriate Technol Hlth   (United States)

^f INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (India)

^g ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION   (United States)

^h NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY   (India)

ⁱ UNITED NATIONS   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^k GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^l BILL AND MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION   (United States)

^m BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁿ ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^o FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^p UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^q Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^r Ministry of Health   (Mexico)

^s Global Forum for Health Research   (Switzerland)

^t Global Forum for Health Research ^*  (Thailand)

^u WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^v Global Forum for Health Research   (Sri Lanka)

^w UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^x Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP)   (South Korea)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRUG PRODUCTS; HEALTH CARE; VACCINES;

MARSHALED RESOURCES; ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES; SHEER MAGNITUDE;

DISEASES;

MEDICINE;

DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; INDUSTRIALIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION; DRUG INDUSTRY; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PATENTS; PRIVATE SECTOR; PUBLIC SECTOR; PUBLISHING; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER;

EID: 22244433853     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1115538     Document Type: Review

References (45)

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2. M. Moran, submissions to the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health of the WHO: New Approaches to Funding Drug R&D for Neglected Diseases (www.who.int/entity/ intellectualproperty/submissions/ Mary.Moran.pdf)
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4. C. Morel et al., Innovation Strategy Today 1, 1 (2005); available at www.biodevelopments.org/innovation/ index.htm.
5. These concepts spring from the meeting "Accelerating Product Development and Ensuring Product Access for Diseases of Poverty: The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Developing Countries" held in Bellagio, Italy, on 10 to 13 May 2004.
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9. This is an estimate by C. A. Gardner based on annual-reports and grant applications from the product development PPPs and personal communications with individual PPP chief executive officers.
10. These PPPs include the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, the International Partnership for Microbicides, the Medicines for Malaria Venture, the Malaria Vaccine Initiative, the Global Alliance for Tuberculosis (TB) Drug Development, and Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation.
11. Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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29. In 2002, the Brazilian Ministry of Health created an International Cooperation Programme (ICP) for HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Activities for Developing Countries "to provide funds for the establishment of ten pilot projects to the annual value of U.S. $100,000 each [for] technical assistance and antiretroviral drug supply" (47). Brazil has provided support and antiretroviral drugs to several African and Latin American countries, and both Brazil and Thailand have pledged to assist several African countries to develop antiretroviral manufacturing capacity. Brazil is also the largest producer of yellow fever vaccine in the world.
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31. The data in (42) support the observation that the public sector accounts for 40% of health R&D infrastructure in developed countries but 60% in developing countries. These data refer to R&D in general and are not specific to health.
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33. For example, the Organization of Pharmaceutical Producers of India and Monitor Company Group estimate that basic drug production costs in India are at least 50% less than in the United States, and in some cases the manufacturer's selling price in India is below production costs of the same product in the United States (43).
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36. Examples of such organizations are the Global Forum for Health Research; the UN University Institute for New Technology; the Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics; the Science and Technology Policy Research Unit of Sussex University; the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health; the Global Network for the Economics of Learning, Innovation, and Competence Building Systems; the World Bank Millennium Science Initiative; and a proposed Research Agency Collaborative on Health.
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40. The global health community, however, has recently embraced the application of systems theory to national health systems.
41. These issues were discussed in April 2005 during a meeting at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Conference Center, which brought together leading experts from these two fields to recommend a plan of action.
42. Ministry of Health of Brazil, Scaling Up an International Response to AIDS-The Brazilian Initiative (White Paper, National Program on Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS), available at www.aids.gov.br.
43. World Development Report (World Bank, Washington DC, 2005), chap. 3.
44. Organization of Pharmaceutical Producers of India and Monitor Company Group, in Outsourcing Opportunities in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry (Mumbai, India, 2004); available at www.indiaoppi.com/puboutsourcing2003. htm., pp. 24-25.
45. The authors are grateful to all who contributed to this paper and to The Rockefeller Foundation for financial support The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors in their individual capacities and do not necessarily reflect those of their respective institutions. We dedicate this work to Professor Sanjaya Lall,co-author, Friend, and colleague to us all, who passed away on 18 June 2005.