Ancient hunters and their modern representatives: William Sollas's (1849-1936) anthropology from disappointed bridge to trunkless tree and the instrumentalisation of racial conflict

Journal of the History of Biology

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 327-365

  Sommer, Marianne ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Anthropology; Beginning of 20th century; Britain; Diversity vs. linearity; Grafton Elliot Smith; Gustav Schwalbe; Henri Breuil; Human evolution; Ideology; Imperialism; Marcellin Boule; Neanderthal; Phylogenetic trees; Piltdown; Pithecanthropus; Race

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANTHROPOLOGY; ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; EVOLUTION; GENETIC SELECTION; HISTORY; HOMINID; HUMAN; PHYLOGENY; RACE; UNITED KINGDOM;

ANIMALS; ANTHROPOLOGY; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CULTURAL EVOLUTION; EVOLUTION; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; SELECTION (GENETICS);

HOMINIDAE; HOMO ERECTUS; MAMMALIA; PITHECANTHROPUS;

EID: 22144479103     PISSN: 00225010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10739-004-5428-2     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. "Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives (Review)". (1925). The American Historical Review. 30(3): 630-631
2. Marcellin. Boule 1908 "l'Homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints (Corrèze)" L'Anthropologie 19 519 525
3. Boule Marcellin. (1911, 1912, 1913). "l'Homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints". Annales de Paléontologie. 6-8: 1-64, 65-208, 209-279
4. Boule Marcellin. (1914). (1912). "l' Homo Néanderthalensis et sa place dans la nature". In Comptes Rendus, 14e Congrès International d'Anthropologie et d'Archéologie Préhistoriques, Genève. Geneva: Kündig
5. Boule Marcellin. (1923). (1921). Fossil Men: Elements of Human Palaeontology. Translated by Ritchie. James and Elliot, Jessie. 2nd ed. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh
6. J. Bowler Peter 1986 Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844-1944 Blackwell Oxford
7. Peter J. Bowler 1989 The Invention of Progress The Victorians and the Past. Blackwell Oxford
8. Bowler Peter J. (1993). Biology and Social Thought: 1850-1914. Five Lectures Delivered at the International Summer School in History of Science, Uppsala, July 1990, Berkeley Papers in the History of Science 15. Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley
9. Dawkins. Boyd William. 1874 Cave Hunting, Researches on the Evidence of Caves Respecting the Early Inhabitants of Europe Macmillan London
10. Dawkins. Boyd William. 1880 Early Man in Britain and His Place in the Tertiary Period Macmillan London
11. Dawkins. Boyd William. 1910 "The Arrival of Man in Britain in the Pleistocene Age" Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 40 233 263
12. Loring C. Brace 1997 "Modern Human Origins: Narrow Focus or Broad Spectrum?" G.A. Clark C.M. Willermet Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research Aldine de Gruyter New York
13. Breuil Henri. (1913). (1912). "Les subdivisions du paléolithique supérieur et leur signification". In Comptes Rendus, 14e Congrès International d'Anthropologie et d' Archéologie Préhistoriques, Genève. Geneva: Kündig
14. W.C. Brice 1955 "The Study of Prehistory (Review of Ancient Hunters)" Man. 55 9
15. Robert M. Brown 1912 "Ancient Hunters, and Their Modern Representatives (Review)" Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. 44 9 702
16. Edward D. Cope 1893 "The Genealogy of Man" American Naturalist 27 316 335
17. Raymond A. Dart 1974 "Sir Grafton Elliot Smith and the Evolution of Man" A.P. Elkin N.W.G. Macintosh Grafton Elliot Smith: The Man and his Work Sydney University Press Sydney
18. R.G. Delisle 2000 "The Biology/Culture Link in Human Evolution, 1750-1950: The Problem of Integration in Science" Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 31 4 531 556
19. Eugène. Dubois 1894 Pithecanthropus erectus: Eine menschenähnliche Übergangsform aus Java Landsdrukkerij Batavia
20. A.P. Elkin N.W.G. Macintosh 1974 Grafton Elliot Smith: The Man and his Work Sydney University Press Sydney
21. Elliot Smith., Grafton. (1911). The Ancient Egyptians and Their Influence Upon the Civilisation of Europe. London
22. Smith. Elliot Gafton. 1914 "Report of a Paper Read Before the Royal Society" Nature. 92 2313 729
23. Smith. Elliot Gafton. 1924 The Evolution of Man: Essays Oxford University Press London
24. Smith. Elliot Gafton. 1929 Human History W. W. Norton and Company New York
25. Smith. Elliot Gafton. 1933 The Diffusion of Culture Watts and Co London
26. G.H. Findlay 1972 Dr Robert Broom, F.R.S., Palaeontologist and Physician / 1866-1951: A Biography, Appreciation and Bibliography, South African Biographical and Historical Studies A. A. Balkema Cape Town
27. Franzen. Lorenz. Jens 1994 100 Years of Pithecanthropus: The Homo Erectus Problem, Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main 171 Senckenbergsche Naturforschende Gesellschaft Frankfurt am Main
28. Vivian. Green 1993 "The University and the Nation" J. Prest The Illustrated History of Oxford University. Oxford University Press Oxford
29. Gregory. King. William 1920 "The Origin and Evolution of the Human Dentition: A Palaeontological Review (Part 4)" The Journal of Dental Research 4 607 689
30. Michael. Hammond 1979 "A Framework of Plausibility for an Anthropological Forgery: The Piltdown Case" Anthropology 3 47 58
31. Michael. Hammond 1982 "The Expulsion of the Neanderthals from Human Ancestry: Marcellin Boule and the Social Context of Scientific Research" Social Studies of Science. 12 1 1 36
32. Michael. Hammond 1988 "The Shadow Man Paradigm in Paleoanthropology: 1911-1945" G.W. Stocking Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology. University of Wisconsin Press Wisconsin
33. Warren S. Hazzledine 1912 "Palaeolithic Man and his Art (Review of Ancient Hunters)" Man 12 203 206
34. Warren S. Hazzledine 1916 "Archaeology: Palaeolithic Art (Review of Ancient Hunters)" Man 16 79 80
35. Brodrick. Houghton Alan. 1963 Father of Prehistory The Abbé Henri Breuil: His Life and Times. William Morrow & Company New York
36. Howell Clark F. (1994). (1991). "Thoughts on Eugène Dubois and the " Pithecanthropus" Saga". In J.L. Franzen (ed.), 100 Years of Pithecanthropus: The Homo Erectus Problem. Frankfurt am Main: Senckenbergsche Naturforschende Gesellschaft
37. Thomas H. Huxley 1894 Man's Place in Nature and Other Anthropological Essays, Collected Essays by T.H. Huxley VII Macmillan and Co London
38. Paul. Jordan 1999 Neanderthal: Neanderthal Man and the Story of Human Origins Sutton Publishing Stroud
39. William. King 1864 "The Reputed Fossil Man of Neanderthal" Quarterly Journal of Science 1 88 97
40. Frederica de Laguna 1932 "A Comparison of Eskimo and Palaeolithic Art" American Journal of Archaeology. 36 4 477 511
41. Robert H. Lowie 1915 "Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives (Review)" American Anthropologist, New Series. 17 3 575 576
42. Lubbock Sir John. (1869) (1865). Pre-Historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customes of Modern Savages. 2nd ed. Williams and Norgate, London
43. MacCurdy. Grant. George 1915 "Ancient Hunters and their Modern Representatives (Review)" The American Historical Review. 21 1 135 137
44. Matthew., William Diller. (1915) (1911). "Climate and Evolution". Annals of the New York Academy of Science 24: 171-318
45. Osborn. Fairfield. Henry 1928 "The Plateau Habitat of the Pro-Dawn Man" Science, New Series. 67 1745 570 571
46. E.A P. 1925 "Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives (Review)" Geographical Review. 65 6 541 543
47. William Z. Ripley 1899 'The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study' D. Appleton and Company New York
48. Gustav. Schwalbe 1906 Studien zur Vorgeschichte des Menschen Schweizerbartsche Stuttgart
49. Pat. Shipman Paul. Storm 2002 "Missing Links: Eugène Dubois and the Origin of Paleoanthropology" Evolutionary Anthropology. 11 108 116
50. Woodward. Smith Arthur. 1925 "The Origin of Man" Scientific Monthly. 21 1 13 19
51. Sollas Johnson. William 1880 (1879). "On Some Eskimos' Bone Implements from the East Coast of Greenland" Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 9 329 336
52. Sollas Johnson. William 1895 ""Pithecanthropus erectus" and the Evolution of the Human Race" Nature. 53 1364 150 151
53. Sollas, William Johnson. (1908)(1907). "On the Cranial and Facial Characters of the Neandertal Race". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of Biological Character 199: 281-339
54. Sollas Johnson. William 1910 "The Anniversary Address of the President (On the Evolution of Man)" Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 66 54 88
55. Sollas Johnson. William 1911 Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives Macmillan London
56. Sollas, William Johnson. (1915) (1911). Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives. 2nd ed. Macmillan, London
57. Sollas, William Johnson. (1924) (1911). Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives. 3rd ed. Macmillan, London
58. Sollas, William Johnson. (1926) (1925). "On a Sagittal Section of the Skull of Australopithecus Africanus". The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.82(325): 1-11
59. Sollas Johnson. William 1927 "The Chancelade Skull" Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 57 89 122
60. Sollas Johnson. William 1933 "The Sagittal Section of the Human Skull" Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 63 389 431
61. Sommer, Marianne. in print. "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... Neanderthal as Image and "Distortion" in Early 20th Century French Science and Press". Social Science Studies
62. Frank. Spencer 1984 "The Neanderthals and Their Evolutionary Significance: A Brief Historical Survey" F. Spencer F.H. Smith The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence. Alan R. Liss New York
63. Frank. Spencer 1988 "Prologue to a Scientific Forgery: The British Eolithic Movement from Abbeville to Piltdown" G.W. Stocking Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology. University of Wisconsin Press Wisconsin
64. Frank. Spencer 1990 The Piltdown Papers, 1908-1955. The Correspondence and other Documents Relating to the Piltdown Forgery, Natural History Museum Publications Oxford University Press Oxford
65. Spencer Frank. (1995). "Pithekus to Pithecanthropus: An Abbreviated Review of Changing Scientific Views on the Relationship of the Anthropoid Apes to Homo". In: Corbey R., Theunissen B. (ed). Ape, Man, Apeman: Changing Views since 1600. Evaluative Proceedings of the Symposium Ape, Man, Apeman: Changing Views since 1600, Leiden, the Netherlands, 28 June-1 July, 1993. Leiden University, Leiden
66. Frank. Spencer Fred H. Smith 1981 "The Significance of Ales Hrdlicka's "Neanderthal Phase of Man": A Historical and Current Assessment" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56 435 459
67. Nancy Leys. Stepan 1986 "Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science" Isis. 77 2 261 277
68. George W. Stocking 1994 "The Turn-of-the-Century Concept of Race" Modernism/Modernity. 1 1 4 16
69. George W. Stocking 1995 After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888-1951 The University of Wisconsin Press Madison
70. W.L. Straus A.J.E. Cave 1957 "Pathology and Posture of Neanderthal Man" Quarterly Review of Biology. 32 4 348 363
71. Richard. Symonds 1986 Oxford and Empire The Last Lost Cause?. St. Martin's Press New York
72. Symonds Richard. (2000). "Oxford and the Empire". In: Brock M.G., Curthoys M.C. (ed). The History of the University of Oxford. Volume VII: 19th-Century Oxford, Part 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford
73. Léo. Testut 1890 "Recherches anthropologiques sur le squelette quaternaire de Chancelade, Dordogne" Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie de Lyon. 8 131 246
74. Bert. Theunissen 1989 Eugene Dubois and the Ape-Man from Java Kluwer Dordrecht
75. Trinkaus Erik., Shipman Pat. (1993) (1992). The Neanderthals: Changing the Image of Mankind. Alfred A. Knopf, New York
76. Tylor Edward Burnett. (1958) (1871). Primitive Culture. 2 Vols, The Library of Religion and Culture. Harper, New York
77. Antonello La Vergata 1994 "Evolution and War, 1871-1918" Nuncius. 9 1 143 163
78. Weiner Joseph S., Oakley Kenneth P., Clark., Wilfrid E. Le Gros. November (1953). "The Solution to the Piltdown Problem". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 2: 141-146
79. J.M. Winter 1994 "Oxford and the First World War" B. Harrison The History of the University of Oxford. Vol. VIII. The Twentieth Century Clarendon Oxford 1 2